Mitosis dna damage. Medical search. Frequent questions

Proteins promoting endogenous DNA damage were identified in a 2019 paper as the DNA "damage-up" proteins (DDPs). (wikipedia.org)
Whereas the different DNA repair pathways and the proteins they involve are know pretty well described, how they are regulated relative to each other in time and space remains to be deciphered. (cea.fr)
It seems now clear that posttranslational modification of both DNA repair and checkpoint proteins is of importance for the regulation of their activities but how these modifications are regulated and how they affect the activity of the proteins only begins to be described. (cea.fr)
One feature of nuclear organization is the existence of subcompartments in which specific DNA sequences and proteins associate creating microenvironments that can be more or less favorable for specific processes. (cea.fr)
Moreover, the group started projects related to DNA damage and mitosis, and took the first steps into studying the function of epigenetic proteins in cancer. (icr.ac.uk)
Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
For instance, SMC proteins (COOH-terminal fragments) are capable of binding DNA in the absence of Mcd1p. (rupress.org)
J-H Lee et al also have provided the first evidence showing that PIG3 is closely associated with the induction and maintenance of the phosphorylation of H2AX and some other DDR proteins after DNA damage induced by NCS ( 8 ). (ijbs.com)
Changes to the cellular genome can generate errors in the transcription of DNA and ensuing translation into proteins necessary for signaling and cellular function. (kerafast.com)
The principal etiologic factor is ultraviolet B radiation (UVB), which triggers changes to proteins and DNA that initiate and promote dysplastic changes to the epidermis 4,5 . (bvsalud.org)

controls the timing of entry into mitosis/meiosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/CDK1 by phosphorylation, and coordinates the activation of cyclin B/CDK1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus. (proteopedia.org)
regulates homologous recombination-dependent repair by phosphorylating BRCA2, this phosphorylation is low in S phase when recombination is active, but increases as cells progress towards mitosis. (proteopedia.org)
In response to DNA damage, double-strand break repair by homologous recombination a reduction of CDK2-mediated BRCA2 phosphorylation. (proteopedia.org)
Once recruited to DSB, these complexes get activated and induce the phosphorylation of numerous targets including transducing kinases, which subsequently phosphorylate downstream effectors to delay cell cycle and promote DNA repair. (cea.fr)
Additionally, the checkpoint kinases modify the chromatin surrounding DNA damages through phosphorylation of the H2A histone (H2AX in mammals). (cea.fr)
Although phosphorylation of H2A represents a major histone modification that functions in DNA repair, a growing body of literature has implicated additional histone modifications. (cea.fr)
PIG3 knockdown led to an abnormal DNA damage response, including decreased IR-induced phosphorylation of H2AX, Chk1, Chk2 and Kap-1 as well as a prolonged G2-M arrest and aberrant mitotic progression. (ijbs.com)
This protein was found to also interact with DNA polymerase alpha/primase and mediate the phosphorylation of the large p180 subunit, which suggests a regulatory role in DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle. (cancerindex.org)

G2 checkpoint checks for damaged DNA and DNA replication completeness. (wikipedia.org)
Likewise, a checkpoint during mitosis ensures that the cell's spindle fibres are properly aligned in metaphase before the chromosomes are separated in anaphase. (britannica.com)
For example, mutations in a protein called p53 , which normally detects abnormalities in DNA at the G1 checkpoint, can enable cancer-causing mutations to bypass this checkpoint and allow the cell to escape apoptosis. (britannica.com)
DSBs are first detected and signaled by the DNA damage checkpoint that triggers cell cycle arrest, providing time for the cell to repair damaged chromosomes before entering mitosis. (cea.fr)
The studies on checkpoint control have identified a mechanism by which entry into mitosis is regulated in response to incomplete DNA replication and DNA damage and the identification of a potential target for therapeutic intervention. (actrec.gov.in)
Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 (MDC1) regulates mitotic progression. (ox.ac.uk)
Human mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 (hMDC1) is an essential component of the cellular response to DNA double strand breaks. (ox.ac.uk)

Up until now, scientists thought that one of the key roles of PLK1 was to help chromosomes to be stably captured for partition during mitosis. (news-medical.net)
To gain insight into these mechanisms, we studied the behavior of cells entering mitosis with damaged chromosomes. (ca.gov)

Here we show that cell cycle progression through mitosis following double-stranded DNA breaks leads to the formation of micronuclei, which precede activation of inflammatory signalling and are a repository for the pattern-recognition receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). (nature.com)
Inhibiting progression through mitosis or loss of pattern recognition by stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-cGAS impaired interferon signalling. (nature.com)
Figure 2: Progression through mitosis underlies inflammatory pathway activation. (nature.com)
For instance, DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints delay cell cycle progression until each chromosome is fully replicated and physically intact. (rupress.org)
282, 32053-32064), a key regulator of mitosis, suggesting a possible role for hMDC1 in controlling normal cell cycle progression. (ox.ac.uk)
PP4IP interacts with PP4 complex, which is affected by DNA damage and cell cycle progression and decreases the dephosphorylational activity of PP4. (molcells.org)

Binds to tubulin, arrests cells in mitosis and induces apoptosis. (tocris.com)
If DNA damage or abnormalities in spindle formation are detected at these checkpoints, the cell is forced to undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis . (britannica.com)
As a group leader in Copenhagen and in Italy, his lab focused on understanding the role of the E2F transcription factors in cell cycle control, DNA replication and apoptosis. (icr.ac.uk)
Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) is a crucial protein complex that plays an important role in DNA damage response (DDR), including DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (molcells.org)
To prevent these detrimental consequences, eukaryotic cells have evolved an elaborate and complex system, so called DNA damage response (DDR) comprising of DNA DSB repair, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and transcriptional regulation ( Jackson and Bartek, 2009 ). (molcells.org)
Examples DNA repair and apoptosis path- concept is that there is a distinct dif- of DNA damage are DNA adducts ways, which are described in detail ference between DNA damage and (i.e. a molecule bound covalently to by Ciccia and El edge (2010) . (who.int)
Other types repair the damage but instead pro- mutagens produce DNA damage, of DNA damage are oxidized or frag- cess it into a mutation, or direct the and they might more appropriately mented bases and the intercalation cell to undergo apoptosis. (who.int)

Throughout the cell cycle there are various checkpoints to ensure the cell is in good condition to progress to mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
G1 and G2 checkpoints involve scanning for damaged DNA. (wikipedia.org)
In order to maintain genome integrity cells employ a set of well conserved DNA damage checkpoints. (duke.edu)
DNA damage checkpoints are active during interphase and serve to prevent mitosis with broken DNA. (duke.edu)
Checkpoints at the end of G1 and at the beginning of G2 are designed to assess DNA for damage before and after S phase. (britannica.com)
Furthermore, sperm DNA damage appears to be linked to the most important checkpoints of fertility such as reduced fertilization rates, lower embryo quality and pregnancy rates, higher miscarriage rates, malformations, and childhood diseases [ 22 ]. (hindawi.com)
J-H Lee et al extensively investigated the participation of PIG3 in DNA damage checkpoints after UV irradiation or after treatment using the radiomimetic drug neocarzinostatin (NCS) ( 8 ). (ijbs.com)

Un-repaired DNA damages accumulate in non-replicating cells, such as cells in the brains or muscles of adult mammals, and can cause aging. (wikipedia.org)
In replicating cells, such as cells lining the colon, errors occur upon replication past damages in the template strand of DNA or during repair of DNA damages. (wikipedia.org)
measured average amounts of selected steady state endogenous DNA damages in mammalian cells. (wikipedia.org)
Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (proteopedia.org)
activated by interaction with cyclin E during the early stages of DNA synthesis to permit G1-S transition, and subsequently activated by cyclin A2 (cyclin A1 in germ cells) during the late stages of DNA replication to drive the transition from S phase to mitosis, the G2 phase. (proteopedia.org)
To this end, we assessed the relative frequency of mitotic phases and nuclear damage (detected by in situ end-labeling of DNA strand breaks) in CD30+ large cells of nodular sclerosis and mixed cellularity HD. (nih.gov)
Our results show that a) most CD30+ cells in HD exhibit abortive mitoses, with a highly significant arrest at the metaphase-ana/telophase transition, and b) many of these elements, i.e. mainly H-RS cells, show fragmentation of nuclear DNA, suggesting imminent or actual death. (nih.gov)
Percentages of CD30+ cells that entered mitosis and those with DNA strand breaks were of a similar order of magnitude and correlated significantly in a linear fashion. (nih.gov)
But scientists at the Genome Damage and Stability Centre (GDSC) at the University of Sussex, have found that it also plays a crucial protective role, guarding against severe DNA damage caused during mitosis in cultured human cells. (news-medical.net)
It casts doubts over theories that by inhibiting PLK1, fast-growing cancerous cells could be stopped from dividing and replicating, suggesting that this technique needs further research to avoid damaging side effects. (news-medical.net)
Interestingly, Dr Chan believes that the identification of the new role played by PLK1 could help clinicians develop cancer treatments which better target fast growing cells by not just blocking their division but also by simultaneously damaging their chromosome integrity. (news-medical.net)
In the first part of this study we tried to investigate the effects of patulin and resveratrol on DNA stability in V79 cells. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Incubations of cells with patulin led to an increased number of multinucleated cells and multipolar mitoses. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Comet assay with cells of kidney and liver revealed a slight protective impact of Dacapo extract on DNA damage compared to the other groups. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
The role of chemotherapeutic agents is to target the DNA of foreign cells in order to kill them. (fqresearch.org)
However, in some cases, the person taking the drugs already has DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, or nutritional deficiencies from various reasons, they will be at high risk of being overwhelmed by this damage to the cells, and becoming ill or even becoming disabled because of it. (fqresearch.org)
This process involves the current skin cells dividing to make more cells in a process known as cellular mitosis. (fqresearch.org)
What happens in the case of the Fluoroquinolone antibiotics is that they damage the DNA of healthy cells. (fqresearch.org)
These cells then activate mechanisms to fix the damage in the body, but these mechanisms fail due to inflammation, nutritional deficiencies, or existing DNA damage. (fqresearch.org)
These damaged cells then end up reproducing, passing on the damaged DNA to the new cells in a vicious cycle. (fqresearch.org)
Ironically, not only do the Fluoroquinolones damage the cells and the cellular DNA, but they also remove magnesium from the cells, preventing the cells from repairing the damage caused to the DNA, and allowing the damaged DNA to pass from one cell to the next. (fqresearch.org)
However, these techniques have to be carried out very carefully as they, if applied wrongly, bear risks of generating ROS damaging the germ cells and preventing fertilization. (hindawi.com)
In the past week, the science and medicine Nobel Prizes have gone to the creators of two anti-parasite drugs, the discoverers of how cells repair their DNA, and researchers who demonstrated that neutrinos have mass. (dailymaverick.co.za)
While in single cells, the tiniest fibres were excised to study mitosis (cell division) and DNA damage was induced to characterise DNA repair. (coherent.com.au)
DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
The second model defines the relation between the percentage of cells in the different cell cycle states and the corresponding IUdR-DNA incorporation at a particular time point. (aacrjournals.org)
In Drosophila with depleted RACK1 in all muscle cells or, specifically, in SC lineage resulted in a delayed recovery of skeletal muscle after physical damage as well as the low presence of active SC in the wound area. (sdbonline.org)
Thus, the products of chromosome replication (sister chromatids) generated during S-phase must be identified over time until mitosis when sisters associate with the mitotic spindle and segregate away from each other into the newly forming daughter cells. (rupress.org)
One of the treatments applied in cancer is radiotherapy (RT), a therapeutic modality that uses ionizing radiation to induce damage in unwanted cells. (frontiersin.org)
The main goal of RT consists in delivering a precise dose of radiation in a target volume, such as tumor, promoting the tumor cells eradication with as minimal damage as possible in surrounding normal tissues ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
Re-expression of PIG3 effectively rescued the depression of DNA-PKcs in PIG3-depleted cells. (ijbs.com)
However, a compensatory feedback of increased mRNA expression of DNA-PKcs was formed in PIG3-depleted cells after a few passages or cell cycles of subculture, which led the recovery of the DNA-PKcs protein level and the consequent recovered efficiency of the DNA damage response. (ijbs.com)
Genomic mutations can also be carried over into daughter generations of cells if the mutation is not repaired prior to mitosis. (kerafast.com)
Both overexpression and depletion of PP4IP impairs DSB repairs and sensitizes cells to genotoxic stress, suggesting timely inhibition of PP4 to be indispensable for cells in responding to DNA damage. (molcells.org)
A reconstruction of tumour phylogenies reveals that UV damage can precede the acquisition of alterations associated with malignant transformation, implicating sun exposure of plasmacytoid dendritic cells or committed precursors during BPDCN pathogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, in cultured Fanconi anemia cells, cell cycle arrest in gap 2/mitosis (G2/M) occurs at lower concentrations of clastogens than in normal cells. (medscape.com)
this metabolite can modify DNA methylation of normal neural and glial progenitor cells causing them to produce neoplastic glioma cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Genome integrity is constantly threatened by DNA lesions. (cea.fr)
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by ionizing radiation (IR) and replication stress are the most deleterious lesions that lead to genomic instability and cellular transformation. (molcells.org)

In vitro and in vivo studies have suggested many deleterious effects of carbon nanotube exposure including granulomatous inflammation, release of cytosolic enzymes, pulmonary fibrosis, reactive oxygen damage, cellular atypia, DNA fragmentation, mutation and errors in chromosome number as well as mitotic spindle disruption. (cdc.gov)

Damage to DNA that occurs naturally can result from metabolic or hydrolytic processes. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, one of the major sites of DNA Damage occurs in the mitochondria of the cell, damaging the vital energy centers of the body. (fqresearch.org)
Cellular mitosis occurs millions of times every day in virtually every part of the body. (fqresearch.org)
the processing of the DNA damage replication erro r (Shaughnessy and When DNA damage occurs, the by the cel , which may or may not DeMarini, 2009 ). (who.int)

In the context of the process of a necessary role in the potential mu- agents were found to be mutagens, mutagenesis described above, the tagenic activity of such compounds, leading to the conclusion that carcin- term "mutagen" refers to an agent or even that DNA, as opposed to ogens were general y not mutagenic. (who.int)

In eukaryotes, DNA replication is separated in time from chromosome segregation. (rupress.org)

Oxidative DNA damage can produce more than 20 types of altered bases as well as single strand breaks. (wikipedia.org)
Replication forks can be stalled due to damaged DNA and double strand breaks are also a form of DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
Radiation therapy causes single and double strand breaks in DNA. (avmi.net)

NU 7026 is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). (tocris.com)
Veuger et al (2003) Radiosensitization and DNA repair inhibition by the combined use of novel inhibitors of DNA-dependent protein kinase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-I. Cancer Res. (tocris.com)
The new findings, published in Nature Communications , suggest that any interference with the function of this essential protein could remove a protective barrier, resulting in specific DNA damage and chromosome rearrangements. (news-medical.net)
The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
The role of the protein Mcl-1 in regulating the cellular response to DNA damage has resulted in the determination that drugs targeting Mcl-1 might serve as therapeutics in oral cancer. (actrec.gov.in)
Notably, PIG3 knockdown resulted in a striking depression of cellular DNA-PKcs protein level, and was accompanied by a downregulation of ATM. (ijbs.com)
This negative regulation of DNA-PKcs by depleting PIG3 seemed to take place at the translational level but not at the levels of transcription or protein degradation. (ijbs.com)
Telomere length, DNA-methylation, gene expression of Trf1, Trf2, ATM, and APP, protein expression of p-Tau, alpha-synuclein, and presenilin 1 and 2 were assessed in whole brain tissue at 12wk after WF exposure ended. (cdc.gov)

essential for meiosis, but dispensable for mitosis. (proteopedia.org)

Unrepaired or incorrectly repaired DNA damage may lead to loss of heterozygosity, mutations, deletions, genomic rearrangements and chromosome loss. (cea.fr)
Genomic damage could be reduced by food components through different mechanisms such as scavenging of reactive oxygen species. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)

Transcription is the process by which DNA is converted into RNA . (britannica.com)

DNA damage can occur naturally or via environmental factors, but is distinctly different from mutation, although both are types of error in DNA. (wikipedia.org)
DNA damage is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, while a mutation is a change in the sequence of base pairs. (wikipedia.org)
DNA damage and mutation have different biological consequences. (wikipedia.org)
The process of agent-induced mu- the mutation - either through faulty not a mutation and general y does tagenesis consists of three parts: the DNA repair of the mutagen-induced not alter the linear sequence of nu- induction of DNA damage, the sen- or spontaneous DNA damage, or cleotides. (who.int)
A mutation is defined as a sing of the DNA damage by the cel by replicating past the unrepaired change in the sequence or number (the DNA damage response), and DNA damage, thereby introducing a of nucleotides in the DNA. (who.int)
cell detects it by means of the DNA result in a mutation. (who.int)
possibility is that the damage is not induces mutations in a mutation integrated viral genome ( Todaro and repaired at al , and when the cell rep- assay permits it to be classified as Huebner, 1972) , and alteration of im- licates, the DNA polymerase correct- mutagenic. (who.int)

In the present study, the potential mechanism of PIG3 participation in the DNA damage response induced by ionizing radiation (IR) was investigated in multiple cell lines with depleted expression of PIG3 transiently or stably by the small interference RNA and lentivirus-mediated shRNA expression strategies. (ijbs.com)
The DNA double-strand break (DSB) is considered to be the most severe type of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation, and this form of DNA damage must be repaired immediately to prevent cell death. (ijbs.com)
AC is most common among white-skinned people, males, individuals over the age of 50 and those who engage in outdoor activities and/or have a history of chronic exposure to the sun 3,5 , since the lower lip is the structure that is most vulnerable to solar radiation damage 6,7 . (bvsalud.org)

Bioinformatic analysis of the gene expression data identified significant enrichment of several diseases/biological function categories (for example, cancer, leukocyte migration, inflammatory response, mitosis, and movement of phagocytes) and canonical pathways (for example, kinetochore metaphase signaling pathway, granulocyte and agranulocyte adhesion and diapedesis, acute phase response, and LXR/RXR activation). (cdc.gov)

While most DNA damages can undergo DNA repair, such repair is not 100% efficient. (wikipedia.org)
However, a more important measure may be the steady-state level in DNA, reflecting both rate of occurrence and rate of DNA repair. (wikipedia.org)
This points out that some DNA damages produced at a low rate may be difficult to repair and remain in DNA at a high steady-state level. (wikipedia.org)
Steady-state levels of DNA damages represent the balance between formation and repair. (wikipedia.org)
Consequently, DNA repair processes have to be tightly regulated. (cea.fr)
The three dimensional organization of the genome in the nucleus, previously known to impact on gene expression, has recently emerged as a key regulator of DNA repair. (cea.fr)
A healthy person can repair this DNA damage and stop the oxidative stress. (fqresearch.org)
Indeed, our studies showed that MMR is involved in the repair (removal) of IUdR-DNA, principally the G:IU mispair. (aacrjournals.org)
Over the last 15 years, DNA mismatch repair (MMR) has been well characterized with respect to its effect on determining the predisposition toward hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). (aacrjournals.org)
DNA Damage/Repair Transformed MEF Cell Lin. (kerafast.com)
Then we investigated that how PP4IP affects the cellular functions of PP4 by immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair assays. (molcells.org)
Several pathways involved in cell cycle and DNA repair were affected upon NV651 treatment. (lu.se)

The level of sperm DNA fragmentation may give a sense of guidance as to the appropriate method of ARTs to employ especially between IVF and ICSI [ 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
As a result, numerous authors have suggested an introduction of sperm DNA damage testing into the andrological laboratory workup as an independent tool as DNA fragmentation apart from normal sperm morphology appears to be a reliable and more robust parameter than conventional semen analysis due to its low biological variability and thus is a useful biomarker that should be implemented in any andrological diagnostic workup [ 19 - 21 ]. (hindawi.com)

The DNA in a human cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events per day, generated by both external (exogenous) and internal metabolic (endogenous) processes. (kerafast.com)

The G 2 gap phase further separates S-phase from mitosis, allowing for continued cell growth and maturation before cell division. (rupress.org)
munological factors by carcinogens, ly bypasses the damage, resulting in permitting the formation and growth a normal DNA sequence. (who.int)

Persistent DNA damage signalling triggers senescence-associated inflammatory cytokine secretion. (nature.com)

When the cell eventually attempts mitosis, the damaged cell undergoes a mitotic catastrophe and death. (avmi.net)

DNA damages cause changes in the structure of the genetic material and prevents the replication mechanism from functioning and performing properly. (wikipedia.org)
We hypothized a mechanism via cross-linking of DNA, which was confirmed by a modified version of comet assay. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
The p53-inducible gene 3 (PIG3) recently has been reported to be a new player in DNA damage signaling and response, but the crucial mechanism remains unclear. (ijbs.com)
These results provide a new insight into the mechanism of PIG3's functioning in DNA damage signaling and the regulation network of cellular DNA-PKcs expression homeostasis. (ijbs.com)

The DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex signal transduction pathway which recognizes when DNA is damaged and initiates the cellular response to the damage. (wikipedia.org)
Recently, PIG3 has been shown to participate in the DNA damage response as well ( 6 - 8 ). (ijbs.com)
This was the first evidence suggesting the involvement of PIG3 in the IR-induced DNA damage response. (ijbs.com)
and the response to DNA DAMAGE. (bvsalud.org)
a cel ular process, frequently invol- tion of DNA damage by an endoge- the DNA damage response includes ving DNA replication. (who.int)

Such dichotomous kinetics implicate additional rate-limiting steps that are essential for DNA-damage-induced inflammation. (nature.com)

Repeated treatments allow DNA damage to accumulate within a cell. (avmi.net)

The data obtained in this study suggest that [Ciprofloxacin]-induced DNA damage might be related to oxidative stress and should be considered for further mechanistic studies of central nervous system toxicity of [Ciprofloxacin]. (fqresearch.org)

The acentric chromatid poleward movement is mediated through DNA tethers decorated with BubR1, Polo, INCENP, and Aurora-B. Reduced BubR1 or Polo function results in abnormal segregation of acentric chromatids, a decrease in acentric chromosome tethering, and a great reduction in adult survival. (ca.gov)

estimated that there were 24,000 steady state oxidative DNA adducts per cell in young rats and 66,000 adducts per cell in old rats. (wikipedia.org)

Polo-like kinase (PLK1) was previously thought to have a major function - helping chromosome alignment during mitosis for cell division. (news-medical.net)

A poorly understood feature of these responses is the delayed onset (days), in contrast to the acute DNA-damage responses that occur in minutes to hours. (nature.com)

Metabolism releases compounds that damage DNA including reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, reactive carbonyl species, lipid peroxidation products, and alkylating agents, among others, while hydrolysis cleaves chemical bonds in DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Cell damage was assessed using MTT assays, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate and flow cytometry were used to detect the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential respectively. (sdbonline.org)

The recent Encyclopedia of studies in the 1950s and 1960s in Escherichia coli and then by DNA Elements (ENCODE) project showed binding of carcinogens to nu- Szybalski (1958) , who tested more indicates that at least 80% of the cleic acids ( Wiest and Heidelberger, than 400 compounds in E. coli . (who.int)

BubR1- and Polo-coated DNA tethers facilitate poleward segregation of acentric chromatids. (ca.gov)

Our results establish a crucial role for E4F during early embryonic cell cycles and reveal an unexpected function for E4F in mitosis. (cnrs.fr)

Between them, they have sorted out the way living organisms keep the genetic information encoded in DNA readable, unscrambled, and largely undamaged. (dailymaverick.co.za)

Anatomy27

Organisms11

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs114

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes92

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Proteins11

Phosphorylation8

Checkpoint7

Chromosomes2

Progression6

Apoptosis7

Checkpoints7

Cells37

Lesions2

Mitotic spindle1

Occurs4

Mutagens1

Chromosome segregation1

Strand breaks3

Protein8

Meiosis1

Genomic3

Transcription1

Mutation7

Radiation3

Metaphase1

Repair12

Fragmentation2

Exogenous1

Growth2

Triggers1

Undergoes1

Mechanism4

Response5

Inflammation1

Accumulate1

Oxidative stress1

Abnormal1

Adducts1

Cell Division1

Occur1

Reactive2

Compounds1

Polo1

Role1

Genetic1