ALDH2EthanolCytosolic and mitochondrialDehydrogenaseDrinking alcoholMetabolismDysfunctionToxinsExposureDirect toxic effectEnzymes involvedVivoBacterialIndividualsFunctionLiverSubstancesChemicalsDigestivePesticidesFormMiceEffectsProductStudiesSpecificallyEffectCellsProblemsBloodAgentsLevelsBodyDietHealth
ALDH27
- This can be summarized as follows: Acetaldehyde + NAD+ + Coenzyme A ↔ Acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+ In humans, there are three known genes which encode this enzymatic activity, ALDH1A1, ALDH2, and the more recently discovered ALDH1B1 (also known as ALDH5). (wikipedia.org)
- ALDH2, which has a lower KM for acetaldehydes than ALDH1 and acts predominantly in the mitochondrial matrix, is the main enzyme in acetaldehyde metabolism and has three genotypes. (wikipedia.org)
- Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) enzymatic activity is involved in this process. (bvsalud.org)
- The main objective of the study was to investigate retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDHs), of which retinal is the main substrate and ALDH2, the mitochondrial isoform, having acetaldehyde as the main substrate. (silverchair.com)
- Mice with combined inactivation of aldehyde catabolism (through Aldh2 knockout) and the Fanconi anaemia DNA-repair pathway (Fancd2 knockout) display developmental defects, a predisposition to leukaemia, and are susceptible to the toxic effects of ethanol-an exogenous source of acetaldehyde. (ox.ac.uk)
- Unexpectedly, we find that only HSPCs, and not more mature blood precursors, require Aldh2 for protection against acetaldehyde toxicity. (ox.ac.uk)
- reduce "Asian flush", which is said to be a result of a genetic ALDH2 deficiency that impairs the breakdown of acetaldehyde. (avalonofficial.com)
Ethanol9
- In the first step, ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
- This demonstrates that many of ethanol's toxic effects are mediated via the acetaldehyde metabolite and can therefore be mitigated by substances such as fomepizole which effectively reduces the conversion rate of ethanol to acetaldehyde in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, as summarized by Lemasters, who originally coined the term mitophagy, damage in the form of depolarization is beneficial because it helps to rapidly remove ethanol, specifically the toxic byproduct acetaldehyde. (medicalxpress.com)
- Blocking depolarization after ethanol exposure also blocks mitophagy, preventing mitochondrial depletion. (medicalxpress.com)
- However, although these mechanisms may play a role in selected patients, most evidence in the literature indicates that the effects of alcohol on the myocardium are independent of these factors and that the effect is a direct toxic result of ethanol or its metabolites. (medscape.com)
- Mechanisms for mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver and tissue injury - Dr. Song and his lab members have studied regulations and roles of the two enzymes involved in metabolism of alcohol and acetaldehyde: ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). (nih.gov)
- In addition, Song and colleagues have investigated the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis signaling pathway in liver injury caused by potentially toxic compounds, including binge alcohol (ethanol), acetaminophen (APAP, a major ingredient of Tylenol), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and high-fat diets. (nih.gov)
- While the alcohol itself doesn't increase the risk for oral cancer, research has found that ethanol oxidizes into acetaldehyde , which is a toxic metabolite and is known to increase a person's risk for oral cancer. (herbshealthhappiness.com)
- When yeast transforms into fungal form, it produces two very toxic substances - ethanol and acetaldehyde. (nutriplanet.org)
Cytosolic and mitochondrial3
- The residue is alkylated by iodoacetamide in both the cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes, with modifications to Cys-302 indicative of catalytic activity with other residues. (wikipedia.org)
- Such a finding is consistent with evidence suggesting the early evolutionary divergence between cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes, as seen in the 50% homology between pig mitochondrial and cytosolic aspartate aminotransferases. (wikipedia.org)
- The results so far indicated that many cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins are oxidized, nitrated, and/or phosphorylated at early time points following exposure to alcohol, APAP, or CCl 4 . (nih.gov)
Dehydrogenase8
- Acetaldehyde dehydrogenases (EC 1.2.1.10) are dehydrogenase enzymes which catalyze the conversion of acetaldehyde into acetyl-CoA. (wikipedia.org)
- As discovered by site-directed mutagenesis, glutamate-268 is a key component of liver acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and is also critical to catalytic activity. (wikipedia.org)
- In bacteria, acylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase forms a bifunctional heterodimer with metal-dependent 4-hydroxy-2-ketovalerate aldolase. (wikipedia.org)
- Utilized in the bacterial degradation of toxic aromatic compounds, the enzyme's crystal structure indicates that intermediates are shuttled directly between active sites through a hydrophobic intermediary channel, providing an unreactive environment in which to move the reactive acetaldehyde intermediate from the aldolase active site to the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase active site. (wikipedia.org)
- In the second step, the acetaldehyde is converted to acetyl CoA by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
- About 50% of people of Northeast Asian descent have a dominant mutation in their acetaldehyde dehydrogenase gene, making this enzyme less effective, which causes the alcohol flush reaction, also known as Asian flush syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
- Individuals with deficient acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity are far less likely to become alcoholics, but seem to be at a greater risk of liver damage, alcohol-induced asthma, and contracting cancers of the oro-pharynx and esophagus due to acetaldehyde overexposure. (wikipedia.org)
- DHM triggers the liver to produce more alcohol-gobbling enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) & acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). (avalonofficial.com)
Drinking alcohol1
- In these people, acetaldehyde accumulates after drinking alcohol, leading to symptoms of acetaldehyde poisoning, including the characteristic flushing of the skin and increased heart and respiration rates. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolism2
- Over many years, several theories have arisen based on clinical and scientific data obtained in human and animal studies, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, derangements of fatty acid metabolism/transport, and accelerated protein catabolism. (medscape.com)
- Its role in carbohydrate metabolism is the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid in the blood and a-ketoacids to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. (nih.gov)
Dysfunction3
- In fact, it has been poorly understood which proteins are modified and how various post-translational modifications (PTMs) alter the function of modified target proteins to promote ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell/tissue damage. (nih.gov)
- By correlating time-dependent changes in the levels of PTMs and enzyme or functional activities of covalently-modified proteins with the severity of liver injury after exposure to toxic agents, Song and colleagues have concluded that PTMs of cellular proteins play causal roles in promoting ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and fatty liver injury. (nih.gov)
- The specific methods for identifying oxidized, nitrated, and phosphorylated proteins are being applied to translational research in evaluating the effectiveness of or response to treatment with potentially beneficial agents (e.g., anti-oxidants from natural and synthetic origins), as demonstrated with a diet containing polyunsaturated fatty acids that prevents protein oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately alcoholic fatty liver in rats. (nih.gov)
Toxins2
- Question: I have had CFS for more than 30 years and have just found out through an OAT test that a fungal infection (along with toxins) is behind my poor mitochondrial function. (canxida.com)
- in fact, the modified, or activated toxins it produces can be more, or much more toxic than in their original form. (healthknot.com)
Exposure3
- Their findings, published online on March 16 in the journal Autophagy , demonstrated that exposure to alcohol causes a specific type of mitochondrial damage called depolarization. (medicalxpress.com)
- However, in chronic (or long-term) conditions of alcohol exposure-such as that which occurs after years of alcohol consumption as seen in alcohol addiction-the continual cycle of mitochondrial damage followed by their removal becomes pathogenic, as fewer healthy mitochondria remain each time. (medicalxpress.com)
- s study in 2009 revealed that dyes were technically safe, the results also revealed that repeated exposure could have toxic consequences. (herbshealthhappiness.com)
Direct toxic effect1
- Epidemics of heart failure in persons who had consumed beer contaminated with arsenic in the 1900s and cobalt in the 1960s also obscured the observation that alcohol could exhibit a direct toxic effect. (medscape.com)
Enzymes involved1
- These by-products can inhibit or slow down multiple enzymes involved in methylation and mitochondrial function, affecting the hosts' ability to detoxify, make neurotransmitters and repair their own cells. (mthfrdoctors.com)
Vivo1
- The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines. (lookformedical.com)
Bacterial1
- The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (lookformedical.com)
Individuals1
- Individuals with certain mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mutations and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes (DD genotype) may be particularly susceptible to the damaging effects of alcohol. (medscape.com)
Function4
- To understand more fully how alcohol damages mitochondria, and how this leads to mitophagy, researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) used an advanced imaging technique to investigate changes in mitochondrial function within the livers of mice that were exposed to alcohol. (medicalxpress.com)
- Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. (nih.gov)
- Defective mitochondrial function as a possible mechanism. (cdc.gov)
- The researchers found conclusive evidence that CPC causes problems with cellular function, specifically mitochondrial inhibition - wherein CPC disturb cellular ability to produce energy. (herbshealthhappiness.com)
Liver3
- During alcohol processing in the liver, the toxic molecule acetaldehyde (AcAld) is produced, which can harm cells. (medicalxpress.com)
- Mitochondrial DAMPs are associated with liver cell damage and may be able to be used as a biomarker to see a correlation between the severity of disease and liver damage," Zhong said. (medicalxpress.com)
- Candida produces more than 75 toxic substances that contaminate the tissues and weaken the immune system, lungs, kidneys, gallbladder, liver and brain. (nutriplanet.org)
Substances1
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (cdc.gov)
Chemicals2
- Though E-cig aerosol contains less number of toxic chemicals than cigarette smoke, but it may produce adverse health effects. (researchsquare.com)
- E-cig aerosol contains ultra-fine particles, heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, and numerous toxic chemicals including acetaldehyde, acrolein, toluene, and formaldehyde in lower concentration than cigarette smoke (2, 3). (researchsquare.com)
Digestive1
- OBJECTIVE: Acetaldehyde can accumulate in cells and form acetaldehyde-DNA adducts that result in digestive tract cancer development. (bvsalud.org)
Pesticides1
- For example, pesticides and heavy metals are toxic for sperm - they're designed to disrupt the reproductive cycle of the insect, fungus, or weed they're trying to kill. (emiliesalomons.com)
Form1
- Alcohol breaks down in the body to form acetaldehyde, which is toxic to sperm. (emiliesalomons.com)
Mice1
- Finally, there is more than a 600-fold reduction in the HSC pool of mice deficient in both Fanconi anaemia pathway-mediated DNA repair and acetaldehyde detoxification. (ox.ac.uk)
Effects1
- Toxic effects were observed at every dose level. (canada.ca)
Product2
- WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. (nih.gov)
- Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a potent flavonoid compound found in the Japanese Raisin Tree Extract (Hovenia dulcis) which has been observed to accelerate the body's ability to break down acetaldehyde, a toxic product of alcohol metabolisation. (avalonofficial.com)
Studies1
- A series of longitudinal and neuro-imaging studies in the elderly have shown that light to moderate wine consumption is neuro-protective although heavy or abusive alcohol consumption is neuro-toxic. (iospress.com)
Specifically1
- The current study determined that mitochondrial injury, specifically depolarization, initiates mitophagy to prevent damaged mitochondria from accumulating in cells. (medicalxpress.com)
Effect1
- In the 1950s, evidence began to emerge that supported the idea of a direct toxic myocardial effect of alcohol, and research during the last 25 years has been particularly productive in characterizing the disease entity of alcoholic cardiomyopathy (AC). (medscape.com)
Cells1
- These so-called "bad" mitochondria, which have been damaged by the toxic AcAld, can release their toxic DAMPs into the cells if not segregated and degraded. (medicalxpress.com)
Problems1
- Consistent removal of so many injured mitochondria leads to problems such as mitochondrial depletion syndrome, where not enough ATP (or energy) is produced. (medicalxpress.com)
Blood1
- There is toxic buildup (in the bowels, blood, lymph or kidneys). (nutriplanet.org)
Agents1
- These vitamins are structurally diverse (derivatives of sugar, pyridine, purines, pyrimidine, organic acid complexes and nucleotide complex) and act as coenzymes, as oxidation-reduction agents, possibly as mitochondrial agents. (nih.gov)
Levels1
- The study found that use of alcohol-containing mouthwash increases levels of salivary acetaldehyde beyond safe levels - and that repeated use of alcohol-containing mouthwash could indeed increase oral cancer risk. (herbshealthhappiness.com)
Body1
- Chances are, those days when you don't feel great, your body can't handle its toxic load satisfactorily. (healthknot.com)
Diet1
- We eat diet high in toxic foods, refined carbohydrates (sugar, white flour, white rice) and low in fresh fruit and vegetables. (nutriplanet.org)
Health1
- Herbs Health & Happiness 9 Toxic Ingredients Found In Your Mouthwash… Are You Accidentally Ruining Your Teeth? (herbshealthhappiness.com)