• Caspases, while dispensable for cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis, inhibit activation of pro-inflammatory pathways after MOMP. (nature.com)
  • The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) inhibit apoptosis by interacting with and then regulating the functions of caspase-8 or caspase-9, -3 and -7 ( 9 , 11 , 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • ΔNp63α has been reported to transcriptionally inhibit the tumour suppression protein p53. (researchsquare.com)
  • Likewise, dexamethasone can reduce cerebral cell apoptosis and inhibit inflammation [ 10 ,] and deferoxamine (DFX) provides new therapy target [ 11 ]. (karger.com)
  • Apoptosis is induced through the mitochondrial pathway resulting in caspase-9 activation and downstream caspase-3 activation. (cdc.gov)
  • We observed that the WNV-Cp protein is a pathogenic protein, which drives apoptosis in vitro through the mitochodrial/caspase-9 pathway. (cdc.gov)
  • Radiation induces caspase activation fundamentally via the mitochondrial pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The extrinsic pathway is triggered by binding of death ligands, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, to death receptors of the TNF family, which results in the assembly of a receptor-associated complex. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The central element in the mitochondrial pathway is a specialised protein complex, the apoptosome, which enables and facilitates the activation of procaspase 9. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Radiation and other agents induce caspase activation fundamentally via the mitochondrial pathway, which includes mitochondrial integration of apoptotic signals and the subsequent release of cytochrome c into the cytosol ( 5 , 9 , 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Apoptosis can be activated through two pathways: The extrinsic pathway (mediated by death receptors) or the intrinsic pathway (mediated by mitochondria). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is known as the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. (medscape.com)
  • The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. (medscape.com)
  • An NRAS mutation has been identified that represents the first identified case of ALPS resulting from a defect in the intrinsic, or mitochondrial, apoptotic pathway. (medscape.com)
  • The General Control Nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) kinase is a conserved member of the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway that represses protein translation and helps cells to adapt to conditions of nutrient shortage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the precise mechanism underlying activation of the ALT pathway is unclear, mutations in the chromatin remodeling protein ATRX, histone chaperone DAXX, and the histone variant H3.3 correlate with ALT status. (oncotarget.com)
  • There are two well-characterized apoptotic pathways that converge in caspase activation: the death receptor pathway and the mitochondrial pathway [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some sequences are similar to those proven to be targets for effective intervention in other protozoan parasites, and include not only proteases, antioxidant enzymes, and heat shock proteins, but also those associated with relict plastids, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase and methyl erythrithol phosphate pathway components, and those involved in glycan assembly, protein folding/secretion, and parasite-host interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and the intrinsic pathway, which is activated by cellular stress and is regulated primarily at the level of mitochondria by the Bcl-2 family of proteins ( Fig. 1 ). (biologists.com)
  • The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated in response to a variety of stress signals ( Willis and Adams, 2005 ), and a complex interplay of Bcl-2 proteins relays this signal to the mitochondrial outer membrane (OM) to initiate Bak and Bax activation, oligomerisation and OM damage ( Fig. 1 ). (biologists.com)
  • However, in certain cell types, the extrinsic pathway also induces mitochondrial damage by cleaving the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Bid to its activated truncated form (tBid), which leads to Bak and Bax activation. (biologists.com)
  • Understanding the regulation of apoptosis during hypoxia and the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis might lead to more specific treatments for solid tumours. (bmj.com)
  • HO-1 and their products exert beneficial effects through the protection against oxidative injury, regulation of apoptosis, modulation of inflammation as well as contribution to angiogenesis. (springer.com)
  • In this Commentary, we discuss the implications of these findings for the regulation of apoptosis by Bcl-2 family proteins. (biologists.com)
  • In particular, we will discuss the modifications in intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways caused by proteins encoded by HPV early genes. (mdpi.com)
  • After irradiation, the expression of DDR-related genes and proteins in ΔNp63α-expressing and control cells was analysed by RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. (researchsquare.com)
  • Transcriptomic analysis showed decreased RNA expression of cell cycle-related genes and increased expression of programmed cell death-related genes in sip63 cells compared to scr cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Gene expression profiling revealed that various genes related to apoptosis and proliferation are altered during BCL11A siRNA-mediated SUDHL6 cell apoptosis (WH and Gao Yangjun, unpublished data). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mitochondrial translation, essential for synthesis of the electron transport chain complexes in the mitochondria, is governed by nuclear encoded genes. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Several components of the electron transport chain are encoded in the mitochondrial genome, the translation of which is governed largely by nuclear encoded genes. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
  • The major characteristics of Nrf2 are to some extent mimicked by Nrf2-dependent genes and their proteins including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which besides removing toxic heme, produces biliverdin, iron ions and carbon monoxide. (springer.com)
  • It provides a very informative, albeit preliminary, glimpse into the expression of genes encoding functionally relevant proteins as potential targets for chemotherapy, and evidence for the presence of a relict plastid. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most cases of early-onset AD are linked to autosomal dominant inherited mutations in the genes encoding amyloid precursor protein ( APP ), presenilin 1 ( PSEN1 ), and presenilin 2 ( PSEN2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Potential C. elegans orthologs for II of the 12 protein-coding genes predicted in the B. malayi sequence were identified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 3- 5 Therefore, during severe hypoxia or anoxia, the cell initiates a cascade of events that leads to apoptotic cell death, thereby preventing the accumulation of cells with hypoxia induced mutations. (bmj.com)
  • Capsid gene delivery into the striatum of mouse brain or interskeletal muscle resulted in cell death and inflammation, likely through capsid-induced apoptosis in vivo. (cdc.gov)
  • We also observed that expression of Cp protein in mouse muscle resulted in apoptosis and inflammation of muscle cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Mitochondria have recently emerged as key drivers of inflammation associated with cell death. (nature.com)
  • Permeabilised mitochondria trigger inflammation, in part, through the release of mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). (nature.com)
  • The bacterial origin of mitochondria suggests that inflammatory pathways found in cytosol-invading bacteria may be relevant to mitochondrial-driven inflammation after MOMP. (nature.com)
  • In this review, we discuss how mitochondria can initiate inflammation during cell death highlighting parallels with bacterial activation of inflammation. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, we discuss the roles of mitochondrial inflammation during cell death and how these processes may potentially be harnessed therapeutically, for instance to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
  • Apoptotic caspase activity inhibits cell death-associated inflammation. (nature.com)
  • Mitochondrial-driven inflammation can enhance the immunogenicity of cell death. (nature.com)
  • Is mitochondrial-driven inflammation during cell death driven by bacterial-like DAMPs? (nature.com)
  • What physiological functions has mitochondrial inflammation during cell death? (nature.com)
  • Unlike inflammation, apoptosis is a 'programmed cell death' mechanism, whereby enzymatic reactions lead to cell apoptosis and phagocytes remove the debris without stimulating an inflammatory response. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These are as follows: sustained proliferative signalling, cell death resistance, replicative immortality, genome instability and increased mutations, tumour-promoted inflammation, insensibility to growth repressors, deregulation of cellular energetics, evasion of immune destruction, induction of metastasis, and promotion of angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
  • Adhesion proteins control leukocyte migration from the blood stream to the tissue and each step of this migration event is regulated by specific adhesion molecules both on leukocytes and endothelial cells, which increase during inflammation [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present study performed immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and western blot analysis and identified no significant changes in the expression of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) following radiation (P>0.05). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI (Smac/DIABLO) is a proapoptogenic mitochondrial protein that is released to the cytosol in response to diverse apoptotic stimuli, including commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This protein family is comprised by X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), cellular IAP-1 (c-IAP1), cellular IAP-2 (c-IAP2), Testis specific IAP (Ts-IAP), survivin, livin and BRUCE/Apollon [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Smac (Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase) protein, also known as DIABLO (Direct Inhibitor of Apoptosis-Binding protein with LOw pI), is codified by a nuclear gene. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Acanthamoeba -mediated brain endothelial cell death was abolished using LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor. (asm.org)
  • Nrf2 consists of six functional Neh domains (Neh1-Neh6), from which, the amino-terminal Neh2 domain controls binding Keap1-the inhibitor protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, that is responsible for the cytosolic sequestration of Nrf2 under physiological conditions (Fig. 2 a). (springer.com)
  • We report that the WNV-capsid (Cp) by itself induces rapid nuclear condensation and cell death in tissue culture. (cdc.gov)
  • This in turn induces the recruitment of adapter proteins (FADD, TRADD o RAIDD) to form the so-called death-inducing signal complex (DISC), which activates caspase-8. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using an apoptosis-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we showed that Acanthamoeba induces programmed cell death in brain microvascular endothelial cells. (asm.org)
  • Changes in dopaminergic neural function can be induced by an acute inflammatory state that, by altering the integrity of the neurovasculature, induces neuronal stress, cell death and causes functional deficits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To test this hypothesis, we inhibited vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1), a membrane-bound protein expressed on the endothelial cell surface, that mediates leukocyte extravasation and induces oxidative stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many of the pro-inflammatory pathways activated during cell death occur upon mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the pivotal commitment point to cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis. (nature.com)
  • Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP) is the point of no return in many forms of apoptotic cell death. (biologists.com)
  • The current development of anti-cancer agents that target the Bcl-2 protein family is showing considerable promise, although how this targeting triggers Bak and Bax to perform their crucial function of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP) is not clear. (biologists.com)
  • There is increasing evidence that neuronal cell death occurs via extrinsic (death receptors) and intrinsic (mitochondria) pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • To avoid elimination by this mechanism, human papillomaviruses (HPV) have developed several mechanisms that enable the cells they infect to elude both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. (mdpi.com)
  • Some of these mitochondrial-activated inflammatory pathways can be traced back to the bacterial ancestry of mitochondria. (nature.com)
  • Thus, in order to avoid excessive ROS generation, they switch the utilization of metabolic pathways that require mitochondrial respiration to fermentation [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • More specifically, substrates with certain FYVE domains (named after the first four proteins in this motif, Fab1, YotB, Vac1p, and EEA1) bind PIP, and these pathways have been implicated in vesicular trafficking or receptor-mediated endocytosis ( 5 ). (asm.org)
  • The proteostasis network (PN) is an assembly of distinct dynamic molecular pathways that control the functionality of the proteome (proteome homeodynamics) during protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation. (hindawi.com)
  • The linker region between the BIR1 and BIR2 is implicated in the inhibition of caspase-3 and -7 whereas the BIR2 domain inhibits caspase-7 in a non-competitive manner [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As such, GCN2 is required for longevity and stress resistance induced by dietary restriction (DR). IMPACT is an ancient protein that inhibits GCN2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have shown that clusterin directly interacts with TDP-43 in vitro and potently inhibits its aggregation, and observed that in ER stressed neuronal cells, clusterin co-localized with TDP-43 and specifically reduced the numbers of cytoplasmic inclusions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 7 Severe hypoxia in the presence of energy stimulates cells to undergo apoptosis, whereas oxygen levels above 0.5% prevent cell death. (bmj.com)
  • Many of the current efforts regarding anti-cancer drug development are focused on directing tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. (mdpi.com)
  • The proteases involved are of different origins and types: (i) present as precursor in plasma, (ii) secreted into the plasma by activated platelets or other blood cells, or (iii) intracellularly activated and cleaving cytosolic receptor domains. (frontiersin.org)
  • An interconnected highly integrated system of mitochondrial and cytosolic chaperones and proteases along with the fission/fusion machinery represents the surveillance scaffold of mitostasis. (hindawi.com)
  • Whilst CLU is predominantly a secreted protein, multiple independent studies have now clearly established that during conditions of ER stress, CLU secretion is inhibited, and full-length CLU exits the secretory system to enter the cytosol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is known to interact with cellular and viral survival-promoting proteins, such as BCL2 and the Epstein-Barr virus in order to enhance programmed cell death. (wikipedia.org)
  • this results in cytoplasmic recruitment of a protein known as the Fas-associated death domain (FADD), followed by recruitment of procaspase 8 and procaspase 10 and resultant cellular apoptosis. (medscape.com)
  • Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a secreted growth and differentiation factor that influences vital cellular processes like proliferation, adhesion, motility, and apoptosis. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Using in vitro and cellular techniques, we present a mVP40 assembly model highlighting two distinct oligomerization interfaces: the (N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD)) in mVP40. (uci.edu)
  • In this review, we discuss the functional cross talk of proteostasis and mitostasis in cellular homeodynamics and the impairment of mitochondrial quality control during ageing, cancer, and neurodegeneration. (hindawi.com)
  • Cells express a pool of thousands of different proteins that need to be tightly controlled for proper cellular structure, organization, and function. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, mitochondria control cell death through apoptosis and supply Ca 2+ and metabolites required for cellular homeodynamics [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Oxidative stress generated during such stressful conditions may damage DNA and proteins, and as a consequence the cellular processes are disturbed. (springer.com)
  • NFPs are mainly found in bacteria where formyl modified methionine initiates protein synthesis [ 7 ]. (nature.com)
  • For instance, the association of mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in a juxtaposition known as Mitochondria-Associated Membrane (MAM), has an important role in controlling mitochondria biogenesis, Ca 2+ release, and lipid synthesis and apoptosis [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Additionally, we detected increased levels of active glycogen synthase kinase 3 β, a physiological kinase of TAU, in neurons derived from AD iPSCs, as well as significant upregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) synthesis and APP carboxy-terminal fragment cleavage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because its activity is suppressed in the presence of survival-promoting proteins, this protein is suggested as a likely target for antiapoptotic proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • During hypoxia, an intricate balance exists between factors that induce or counteract apoptosis, or even stimulate proliferation. (bmj.com)
  • Increasing evidence indicates that EBV miRNAs target the host mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and transformation. (ijbs.com)
  • Our results show that 2HF induced apoptosis in both histological types of lung cancer and inhibited proliferation and growth through suppression of CDK4, CCNB1, PIK3CA, AKT and RPS6KB1 (P70S6K) signaling. (oncotarget.com)
  • To further explore the effects of BCL11A siRNA on the enhanced cytotoxicity of a chemotherapeutic drug, we investigated the effects of BCL11A siRNA combined with vincristine (VCR) on SUDHL6 cell proliferation and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mitochondria contain several DAMPs that can be released upon mitochondrial stress or damage (Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)
  • In line with this notion, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion and move into the cell along the microtubules to generate the mitochondrial network [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The mitochondria have their own chaperones and proteolytic enzymes that remove damaged or unfolded proteins [ 18 - 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Smac/Diablo is a recently identified protein that is released from mitochondria after apoptotic stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mitochondria are one of the molecular targets of statins, and these drugs have been known to uncover otherwise silent mitochondrial mutations. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The primary function of the mitochondria is the aerobic production of ATP, a process that is reliant on a series of protein complexes that comprise the electron transport chain. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Because of its ability to induce cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in normal and pre-malignant cells, TGFβ has been described as a potent tumor suppressor [ 8 ] [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • harakiri, a novel regulator of cell death, encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)". EMBO J. 16 (7): 1686-94. (wikipedia.org)
  • But if this is not possible, oxidative stress finally activates signals that will lead to cell death. (hindawi.com)
  • APOE is also involved in the formation of chylomicrons and VLDL and affects the activity of other lipid metabolism-associated proteins and enzymes, such as hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase. (dovepress.com)
  • it both initiates a proteolytic cascade of pro-apoptotic enzymes and damages mitochondrial function. (biologists.com)
  • Following acute membrane damage, MG53 senses an oxidized intracellular environment and forms an oxidation-dependent oligomerization repair complex by tethering to phosphatidylserine domains present on intracellular vesicles and in the inner aspect of the plasma membrane [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have examined in this study whether or not increased expression of clusterin is able to protect neuronal cells against intracellular protein aggregation and cytotoxicity, characteristics that are strongly implicated in a range of neurodegenerative diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
  • Two well-defined pathological hallmarks of AD have been described: the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and the development of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed by aggregated hyperphosphorylated TAU protein [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
  • In cells undergoing apoptosis, IAPs are inactivated by interaction with proteins containing the so-called IBM (IAP-binding motif) [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is most often associated with heterozygous mutations in the gene that encodes the Fas protein tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 6 ( TNFRSF6 ) and other related effector proteins that regulate lymphocyte survival. (medscape.com)
  • DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
  • Here we describe the 3.2 Å cryo-EM structure of human DEC-205, thereby illuminating the structure of the mannose receptor protein family. (uci.edu)
  • The more studied member is XIAP, formed by three BIR (Baculoviral IAP Repeat) domains located in the NH 2 -terminus and one RING (Really Interesting New Gene) domain in the CO 2 H-terminus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell Death Differ. (wikipedia.org)
  • In vitro apoptosis in individual cells was determined by terminal desoxyriboxyl-desoxyriboxyl transferase-mediated DVTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay with the In Situ Cell Death Assay Kit (Roche Diagnostic Corp., Indianapolis, IN) and visualized by fluorescent microscopy. (cdc.gov)
  • Low ATP concentrations in hypoxic tumour cells disable the apoptotic cascade and induce cell death by necrosis. (bmj.com)
  • Studies on the molecular mechanism of neuronal cell apoptosis following radiation have enriched the number of protective therapeutic strategies against radiation-induced neuronal cell death ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This type of cell death is fundamental for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and immune system development [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ALPS is the first disease known to be caused by a primary defect in programmed cell death and is the first autoimmune disease with a defined genetic basis. (medscape.com)
  • The maintenance of the steady-state equilibrium between ROS generation and elimination is crucial for cell survival, while its loss causes cell death by different mechanisms triggered by oxidative damage. (hindawi.com)
  • Commonly used radio- and chemotherapies are prooxidant strategies that alter cancer cells through ROS modulation and induce cell death [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This is the first demonstration that Acanthamoeba -mediated brain microvascular endothelial cell death is dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. (asm.org)
  • Since cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated cells with limited self-renewal capacity, and membrane rupture is a major cause of cardiomyocyte cell death following injury, membrane repair is a necessary process for preserving cardiomyocyte viability [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IPC suppressed IR-induced infarction in wild type (WT) mouse hearts whereas overexpression of GFP-MG53 fusion protein reduced hypoxia- or H 2 O 2 -induced cell death [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Linoleic acid (50 and 100 μM) significantly reduced MPP + -induced cell death back to ~85-90% of the control value. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, EF-G2mt silenced cell lines have increased susceptibility to cell death in the presence of atorvastatin. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Mitsugumin 53 (MG53), also known as TRIM72, is a TRIM family protein that was found to be involved in cell membrane repair and primarily found in striated muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mitsugumin-53 (MG53), also known as TRIM72, is a cell membrane repair protein that is part of the tripartite motif family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
  • We used the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated protein TDP-43 as a primary model to investigate the effects of clusterin on protein aggregation and neurotoxicity in complementary in vitro, neuronal cell and Drosophila systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These studies demonstrate that the capsid protein of WNV may be responsible for aspects of viral pathogenesis through induction of the apoptotic cascade. (cdc.gov)
  • More importantly, direct in vivo expression of WNV-Cp protein in mouse brain resulted in an induction of apoptosis similar to what is observed in natural infection. (cdc.gov)
  • A hypoxic environment devoid of nutrients prevents the cell undergoing energy dependent apoptosis and cells become necrotic. (bmj.com)
  • Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-transport protein abundantly expressed in most neurons in the central nervous system. (dovepress.com)
  • Several APOE isoforms with major structural differences were discovered and shown to influence the brain lipid transport, glucose metabolism, neuronal signaling, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial function. (dovepress.com)
  • Lipid-specific oligomerization of the Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 is regulated by two distinct interfaces for virion assembly. (uci.edu)
  • The amino acid changes could alter the protein charge and stability, inducing distinct physiological functions. (dovepress.com)
  • The key regulator of this process, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), can initiate apoptosis by inducing high concentrations of proapoptotic proteins, such as BNIP3, and can cause stabilisation of p53. (bmj.com)
  • We describe how these are activated, which are their target proteins, and how their proteolytic activity modulates platelet functions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Extended subsite profiling of the pyroptosis effector protein gasdermin D reveals a region recognized by inflammatory caspase-11. (salvesenlab.org)
  • We recently reported that a key step leading to Bak homo-oligomerisation following an apoptotic stimulus involves transient exposure of the Bak BH3 domain before it binds to the hydrophobic groove of another activated Bak molecule to form a novel symmetric dimer. (biologists.com)
  • Tumor cells are subjected to stressful internal and external environments, but nevertheless are resistant to apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The human ortholog of MEF2 is the Elongation Factor Gene (EF-G) 2, which has previously been shown to play a specific role in mitochondrial ribosome recycling. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Cells adapt to this environmental stress, so that after repeated periods of hypoxia, selection for resistance to hypoxia induced apoptosis occurs. (bmj.com)
  • Cancer cells share six features that distinguish them from normal cells: Autocrine production of growth signals, inability to respond to anti-growth signals, sustained angiogenesis, limitless replicative potential, tissue invasion and metastasis, and apoptosis avoidance [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Changes in the redox state of cells affect proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in different ways. (hindawi.com)
  • The ability of the host to trigger apoptosis in infected cells is perhaps the most powerful tool by which viruses can be cleared from the host organism. (mdpi.com)
  • In this manuscript, we review the current literature regarding how HPV-infected cells avoid apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms involved in these events. (mdpi.com)
  • Acanthamoeba binding to HBMEC is mediated by a mannose-binding protein expressed on the surface of Acanthamoeba cells ( 2 ). (asm.org)
  • From development to aging and disease, the brain parenchyma is under the constant threat of debris accumulation, in the form of dead cells and protein aggregates. (frontiersin.org)
  • Then, we will discuss several principles that govern macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including the existence of redundant recognition mechanisms ("find-me" and "eat-me") that lead to a tight coupling between apoptosis and phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • The DNA damage response (DDR) is a mechanism that protects cells against radiation-induced oxidative DNA damage by causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (researchsquare.com)
  • On the other hand, both the ectopic and entopic expression of ΔNp63α in apoptosis-sensitive hiPSCs reduced the expression levels of BAX after irradiation and significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells induced by radiation. (researchsquare.com)
  • The DNA guardian protein p53 plays the most important role in DDR: it promotes DNA repair and the elimination of cells that are unable to repair the damage caused by oxidative stresses, including radiation. (researchsquare.com)
  • The combination of BCL11A siRNA and VCR increases apoptosis in SUDHL6 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Apoptosis can be induced in response to hypoxia. (bmj.com)
  • One of the underlying mechanisms of long COVID may be mitochondrial dysfunction. (mdpi.com)
  • In this review, we summarize the biological function of MG53 with its potential mechanisms in cardiac tissue (Fig. 1 ), discuss current debates regarding the role of MG53 in diabetic cardiomyopathy (Table 1 ), and potential clinical applications of recombinant MG53 protein in the management and treatment of heart diseases (Table 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hexon and penton structures form the capsid of AdV, and fiber protein mediates the binding of the virion to the cell surface and is a major determinant of viral tropism. (genemedi.com)
  • Then the endosome acidifies, resulting in disassociation of capsid proteins and transportation of viral DNA into nucleus. (genemedi.com)
  • Ageing leads to a gradual dysfunction of the proteostasis network and thus to proteome instability due to accumulation of damaged and/or misfolded proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction has also been associated with ageing and most of the so-called age-related diseases [ 13 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A rat model of notexin-induced skeletal muscle injury was established, and plasma injury markers creatine kinase (CK) and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) were used to assess the therapeutic effect of Tuina on skeletal muscle injury. (bvsalud.org)
  • This review describes recent advances in the role of human HMGB proteins and other proteins interacting with them, in cancerous processes related to oxidative stress, with special reference to ovarian and prostate cancer. (hindawi.com)
  • Western blot analysis of HD brain tissue shows full-length huntingtin protein in the nuclear fraction as well as abundant immunopositive bands at lower molecular weight, suggesting proteolytic products in the nucleus. (jci.org)
  • Some of these mitochondrial DAMPs share similarities with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) found in bacteria and may be derived from their bacterial ancestors. (nature.com)
  • [ 1 ] In 1995, defective lymphocyte apoptosis secondary to mutations in the FAS gene was identified as a molecular basis for ALPS. (medscape.com)
  • The ability of neurons to manage the burden of misfolded proteins and to resist their accumulation into insoluble protein deposits depends critically on the functioning of molecular chaperones. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In view of the possible role of Smac in cervical carcinogenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target, we have investigated the expression of this apoptotic protein in cervical cancer patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These DAMPs include mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cardiolipin, N-formyl peptides (NFPs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also metabolites such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and succinate [ 3 ]. (nature.com)
  • C-reactive protein (CRP) was often increased and very high CRPs were associated with a less favorable outcome for the patient. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The EST analysis reported herein, together with the recently completed sequence of the P. marinus genome and the development of transfection methodology, should result in improved intervention strategies against dermo disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Extracellular CLU-client protein complexes are susceptible to endocytic clearance by monocytes and hepatocytes, and this action is thought to form a central plank in the operation of a co-ordinated system to maintain extracellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Defective apoptosis results in inappropriate persistence and accumulation of autoreactive or potentially oncogenic lymphocytes, leading to splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy with an increased risk of lymphoma. (medscape.com)