• Morocco is the world's largest producer of phosphate, and contains about 75% of the world's estimated reserves. (wikipedia.org)
  • For the European Union, most of the phosphorus needed for the country is imported from Russia as it has the world's largest ultra-pure phosphate rock deposits. (mddionline.com)
  • WSRW condemns the four companies' continued support to the Moroccan government. (wsrw.org)
  • Most involved the last years have been Enel, Siemens Gamesa and General Electric, through construction of energy infrastructure for the Moroccan government. (wsrw.org)
  • Advocacy groups like the Western Sahara Resource Watch (WSRW) contest the legality of foreign businesses, like Kosmos, working with the Moroccan government to exploit Western Saharan resources. (ipsnews.net)
  • WASHINGTON, Mar 11 2014 (IPS) - Even as U.S. and Moroccan executives meet to discuss strengthening private sector ties between the two countries, advocacy groups are raising concerns about plans by a U.S. energy firm to explore for oil in the contested territory known as Western Sahara. (ipsnews.net)
  • The Moroccan government hopes to capitalise on its 2006 free trade agreement with the United States and encourage U.S. investment in the country by presenting it as a gateway to European, Middle Eastern and African markets. (ipsnews.net)
  • There's a lot going on in Morocco, and the question is how can it leverage what it has to attract American investments to Morocco that can then be directed to a European market or south to the African markets," Jean AbiNader, the executive director of the Moroccan American Trade and Investment Centre, a non-profit established by Morocco's King Mohammed VI, told IPS. (ipsnews.net)
  • While international investors in renewable energy have long favoured Morocco, enabling the construction of solar plants and wind farms, U.S. and European corporations are also rushing to take advantage of concessions for possible oil reserves, some of which are potentially located in the Western Sahara, which many people view as under Moroccan occupation. (ipsnews.net)
  • Sahrawis [indigenous Western Saharans] are standing on the sidelines of this project, waving their arms and telling companies to stop doing this on behalf of the Moroccan government. (ipsnews.net)
  • Unlike Morocco, the Polisario Front did not want to allow Moroccan settlers in the Western Sahara to participate in the referendum. (ipsnews.net)
  • To date, no other state recognises Moroccan sovereignty over the Western Sahara, which is on the United Nations list of Non Self-Governing Territories. (ipsnews.net)
  • The Sahrawi have little access to these resources, as many of the workers are Moroccan citizens who immigrated to Western Sahara to work in the industries. (iijd.org)
  • Resources originating from the territory of Western Sahara are marketed by the Moroccan government as originating from Morocco, and companies wishing to take advantage of the resources present in the territory contract through the Moroccan government or Moroccan businesses. (iijd.org)
  • The Moroccan government controls the entirety of the coastline, preventing many Sahrawi from fishing, a lucrative industry. (iijd.org)
  • Moroccan controlled mines employ predominantly Moroccan employees, take phosphorus belonging to the Sahrawi and sell it to foreign companies under the Moroccan name. (iijd.org)
  • To date, large parts of Western Sahara are controlled by the Moroccan Governmentand known as the Southern Provinces, whereas some 20% of the Western Sahara territory remains controlled by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). (techsb.ca)
  • The area 446550km2 excludes all disputed territories, while 710850km2 includes the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts of Western Sahara (claimed as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic by the Polisario Front ). (explained.today)
  • The region constituting Morocco has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era over 300,000 years ago, and the first Moroccan state was established by Idris I in 788. (explained.today)
  • Silver and lead production in Morocco are the highest in Africa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Algeria is sandwiched between Tunisia and Morocco on the north coast of Africa on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. (istizada.com)
  • A territory lying in North-Western Africa, Western Sahara borders Morocco in the north, Algeria in the north-east, Mauritania in the east and in the south, and its north-western coast borders the Atlantic Ocean. (techsb.ca)
  • Whilst most conflict over resources in North Africa are emerging over the scarcity of resources such as water , the Western Sahara conflict has the potential to be revived over the presence of valuable resources such as fisheries and phosphate. (techsb.ca)
  • Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . (explained.today)
  • Morocco currently controls the majority of Western Sahara's natural resources in the form of fisheries, phosphates and iron ore, and other resources. (iijd.org)
  • The government with assistance from the World Bank, has set up the Angolan Support Fund for Fisheries Development. (africa2trust.com)
  • Morocco's illegal exports of phosphate rock through a controversial conveyor belt has been targeted by what is claimed to be a bomb. (wsrw.org)
  • As Continental renegotiates its contract with Morocco's national phosphate company, it is still not clear whether the German group intends to limit its operations to Morocco proper or extend them into occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
  • At this week's conference, participating energy companies, such as Dow Chemical, were given the option to attend sessions on Morocco's energy sector, highlighting the potential for both renewable and carbon-based investment in the kingdom. (ipsnews.net)
  • Three countries receive near all of the illegally exported phosphates: Mexico, India and New Zealand. (wsrw.org)
  • Western Sahara Resource Watch (WSRW) has now obtained videos of the place where the explosion allegedly took place. (wsrw.org)
  • A source at the port of Dordrecht confirmed to WSRW that the salt is purchased by De Nederlandse Zoutbank (DNZB), a privately owned company specializing in storage of de-icing salt. (wsrw.org)
  • The judicial activism in a relatively uncharted area in this field, external relations, was analyzed through a qualitative case study of the CJEU case Polisario Front , concerning the application of a EU trade agreement to the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara. (lu.se)
  • Following years of armed conflict between Morocco and the Algerian-backed Polisario Front, the international community established the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) in 1991. (ipsnews.net)
  • In lieu of a referendum on self-determination, Spain ceded administrative control of the territory to Morocco and Mauritania, two nations that asserted claims over regions in the occupied territory. (iijd.org)
  • After a war in which the Frente POLISARIO was victorious, Mauritania and the Frente POLISARIO entered into an agreement in which Mauritania renounced all claims over Western Sahara. (iijd.org)
  • Following Spain's withdrawal, Western Sahara was invaded militarily by Morocco and Mauritania. (techsb.ca)
  • The export of phosphate rock from occupied Western Sahara has never been lower than in 2019. (wsrw.org)
  • Morocco has illegally occupied the territory of Western Sahara since 1975, causing half the Saharawi people to flee. (wsrw.org)
  • Sahara since 1975. (lu.se)
  • In 1920, mineral extraction was reported in the Rif in the area of Melilla, where there were three iron mines as well as one working lead and zinc ore. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following intermittent riots and revolts against colonial rule, in 1956, Morocco regained its independence and reunified. (explained.today)
  • The companies fail to explain why they consider Morocco to be a relevant business partner in relation to the conflict mineral. (wsrw.org)
  • Therefore the potential in Angola is enormous, although the success of the sector depends directly upon the outcome of the civil conflict.The government in Angola has made the rehabilitation of coffee plantations a priority. (africa2trust.com)
  • The Western Sahara faces new hostilities, and the conflict is turning to a resource-based one. (techsb.ca)
  • WSRW's latest annual report of the trade , containing the trade data of 2022, shows that four importing companies in the three countries received 92 percent of the exported minerals. (wsrw.org)
  • All stock-exchange registered companies that previously imported from the territory have halted the practice, as it was seen to be in violation of international law or fundamental human rights. (wsrw.org)
  • In 1991, a truce was negotiated with the promise on a referendum on the right to self-determination of Western Saharan inhabitants, the Sahrawi. (lu.se)
  • More controversially, Kosmos now intends to start oil exploration in an area off the Western Saharan coast, known as Cap Boujdour, in October. (ipsnews.net)
  • After calling for Western Saharan independence from Spain, Morocco took control of the territory, which it calls the Southern Provinces, in 1976 after the Spanish withdrew. (ipsnews.net)
  • Since then, however, both multinational energy firms and Western Saharan advocacy groups have construed the U.N. opinion to favour their respective stances. (ipsnews.net)
  • As such, Morocco has no right to exploit the resources in the territory or build infrastructure there without the permission of the Saharawi people. (wsrw.org)
  • Morocco maintains the position that it has the legal right to control Western Sahara, and currently controls not only the government, but the natural resources as well. (iijd.org)
  • Western Sahara is an area rich in natural resources. (iijd.org)
  • The UN Legal Counsel addressed the Security Council in 2002 stating that the use of mineral resources by an administering power of a non-self-governing territory is legal unless "conducted in disregard of the needs and interests of the people of that territory. (iijd.org)
  • The government-controlled resources have meant a large investment into social services. (istizada.com)
  • In 2002, Morocco awarded contracts for oil exploration in the Western Sahara to a U.S.-based company, Kerr McGee, and the French-based Total S.A. In response, the United Nations issued what is known as the Corell Opinion regarding the legality of resource extraction in Western Sahara. (ipsnews.net)
  • The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) was proclaimed on 27 February 1976 to fill the legal vacuum in the context of Spain's unfulfilled obligation to lead the territory of Western Sahara to its decolonisation, and the withdrawal of the Spanish administration from the territory. (techsb.ca)
  • It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to the east , and the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south . (explained.today)
  • MINURSO intended the referendum to determine whether the Western Sahara would become an independent state or part of Morocco, but the vote was never able to be implemented due to disagreements over who was eligible to take part. (ipsnews.net)
  • Port Sudan is a politically unstable city that serves as Sudan's primary connection to international trade routes. (aberfoylesecurity.com)
  • Oil revenues constitute more than 98% of the government of South Sudan's budget. (aief.info)
  • Polisario Front1, the liberation movement of Western Sahara, had fought to claim its independence but failed to do so. (lu.se)
  • Since independence, Morocco has remained relatively stable. (explained.today)
  • On 21 December 2017, the Supreme Court of the European Union ruled that the EU's trade and association agreements with Morocco could not be lawfully applied to Western Sahara , which ought to be considered a Third State. (wsrw.org)
  • Four years have passed since the EU Court of Justice ruled that products from occupied Western Sahara cannot be part of EU's trade agreements with Morocco. (wsrw.org)
  • Western Sahara Resource Watch calls on the companies that import phosphate rock from the territory and that provide infrastructure for Morocco in the territory that it occupies, to immediately end their support to the occupation. (wsrw.org)
  • Phosphorus, which comes from the phosphate rock, is a non-renewable resource with large deposits controlled by multiple countries. (mddionline.com)
  • Additionally, earlier this year, global scientists warned that the planet could face a " phosphogeddon " because of supply issues, global uncertainty, and shortages in raw materials as reserves of high-grade phosphate rock deplete. (mddionline.com)
  • Recent news from Norway has seemed to quell "phosphogeddon" fears as the country recently announced a mining company has found up to 70 billion tonnes of phosphate rock in the south-western part of the country, along with deposits of other strategic minerals like titanium and vanadium which are used in the aerospace and defense industries. (mddionline.com)
  • With up to 70 billion tonnes of the rock, and a projected 4,500-meter-deep ore body, Norge Mining - the mining company that discovered the deposits - told Euractive that it would theoretically be capable of meeting global phosphate demand for the next 100 years. (mddionline.com)
  • Morocco is not willing to allow the people the right to self-determination today, and the oil industry is becoming an obstacle in terms of putting pressure in Morocco to accept that right. (ipsnews.net)
  • The mining industry of Morocco is important to the national economy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specific organizations established to promote the mining sector are the Phosphates Cherifian Office (OCP) in 1920 and the National Hydrocarbon and Mines Agency (ONHYM) in 2003. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mining sector is poised for increased participation of private sector companies and also in the fuel sector in natural gas and petroleum extraction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mining sector operations now under the government sector have been proposed to be privatized to enhance production. (wikipedia.org)
  • The country intends to observe stricter environmental standards in the mining and refining of phosphate compared to current competitors and will implement carbon capture and storage technology. (mddionline.com)
  • Morocco has an ancient history of extraction of minerals for enhancing its economy. (wikipedia.org)
  • The current uneven transition to renewable energies, which is happening mainly in the global North, is predicated on the ongoing extraction of base minerals and rare earth metals (such as cobalt, lithium, copper, nickel, graphite, etc) that are used for manufacturing solar panels, wind turbines, blades and electrical batteries. (tni.org)
  • Rumours have been circulating the last five days that a bomb had destroyed a section of the 100 kilometer conveyor belt that Morocco uses to export the phosphates from the mine deep inside the part of Western Sahara that it occupies and the coast. (wsrw.org)
  • Western Sahara Resource Watch works to uncover the plunder of the territory and to keep the companies and governments accountable for their support to the occupation. (wsrw.org)
  • As such, in order for any trade or association agreement to affect the territory, the explicit consent of its people is required. (wsrw.org)
  • The territory in this case is Western Sahara, South of Morocco, who includes the territory as part of its own country. (lu.se)
  • This did not change the status of Western Sahara as a non-self-governing territory, and prolonged the referendum. (iijd.org)
  • This gave the Frente POLISARIO control over approximately one-third of the territory, leaving Morocco with the other two-thirds. (iijd.org)
  • Morocco also claims Ceuta and Melilla , making up about 22.8km2 more claimed territory. (explained.today)
  • Green Members of the European Parliament Judith Sargentini (the Netherlands) and Florent Marcellesi (Spain) have sent a letter to the EU's High Representative, Federica Mogherini , requesting her immediate attention this "urgent matter that potentially implies a serious breach of EU legislation, ECJ case-law and public international law, in relation to EU trade in goods originated in Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
  • A Norway mine has discovered a phosphate deposit worth 70 billion tonnes, which would be enough to satisfy world demand for 100 years. (mddionline.com)
  • Salt importers from Norway and Denmark have halted all further purchases from Western Sahara due to the highly problematic nature of such imports. (wsrw.org)
  • The company originally estimated that the ore body in the ground would extend 300 meters below the surface. (mddionline.com)
  • The overseeing authority is the Office National de Recherches et d'Exploitations Petrolieres (Office of Research and Petroleum exploitation) under the overall jurisdiction of the Ministry of Industry, Trade, Energy, and Mines]. (wikipedia.org)
  • But it also states that "while the specific contracts … are not in themselves illegal, if further exploration and exploitation activities were to proceed in disregard of the interests and wishes of the people of Western Sahara, they would be in violation of the principles of international law applicable to mineral resource activities in Non-Self-Governing Territories. (ipsnews.net)
  • The data for the non-Communist countries are from publications of the United Nations, the Organi- zation for Economic Cooperation and Develop- ment (OECD), publications of US Government agencies, unclassified publications of other in- ternational organizations or individual coun- tries, or are estimates of this Office. (cia.gov)
  • Government and business leaders from the United States and Morocco are gathering in Rabat this week for the second annual Morocco-U.S. Business Development Conference. (ipsnews.net)
  • Japan's Prime Minister Hideki Tojo (center) with fellow government representatives of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . (wikipedia.org)
  • Agreement, or the Liberalization Agreement, aimed at liberalizing the European imports from Morocco, is also applied to Western Sahara. (lu.se)
  • In 1963, following the passing of the information by Spain, on the basis of Article 73 of the Charter of the United Nations, the UN entered Western Sahara in the list of areas which were not governed independently. (techsb.ca)
  • Setolazar Company, working the Navarrete mine, had an extensive concession estimated to contain more than 4 million tons of iron ore. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lithium-iron phosphate batteries are frequently used as primary or secondary power sources for medical (as well as other) devices. (mddionline.com)
  • With the discovery, Norway's minister of trade and industry said the government is considering fast-tracking a large mine in the area. (mddionline.com)
  • The German company Continental used to carry out the maintenance of the rubber elements of the belt, but the company terminated its involvement after critique from the international investors. (wsrw.org)
  • This view atom molecule and cluster beams ii cluster beams 's loved the pm government in Chinese and takeout investors exchanging from other inappropriate people to flavorful system floods. (onlinemedsupplies.com)
  • Their situation has been aggravated by current recession and high budgetary deficits n the industrial countries as well as by the long term problems of food, energy, trade and financial flows. (mealib.nic.in)
  • Phosphates, lead, fluorine, and antimony are found in the Atlantic coast over a stretch of 60-120 kilometres (37-75 mi), and also in central Morocco. (wikipedia.org)
  • Norway's minister of trade and industry said that the country has an obligation to develop "the world's most sustainable mineral industry. (mddionline.com)
  • The 'Alawi dynasty , which rules the country to this day, seized power in 1631, and over the next two centuries expanded diplomatic and commercial relations with the Western world . (explained.today)
  • The contract of German engineering company Continental that covers maintenance work on the phosphate conveyor belt in occupied Western Sahara expires in five months. (wsrw.org)
  • The Marinid and Saadi dynasties otherwise resisted foreign domination, and Morocco was the only North African nation to escape Ottoman dominion. (explained.today)
  • The Corell Opinion recognises Morocco as the de facto administrative power of Western Sahara. (ipsnews.net)
  • The vessel BBC Magellan (IMO 9569528), has undertaken salt transports from Western Sahara to Europe before. (wsrw.org)
  • The Sahara is usually described as a vast empty land that is sparsely populated, and as representing an Eldorado of renewable energy, thus constituting a golden opportunity to provide Europe with energy so it can continue its extravagant consumerist lifestyle and excessive energy consumption. (tni.org)
  • Morocco holds 75% of the phosphate reserves of the world, and is ranked third in the world in its production. (wikipedia.org)
  • Morocco also claims the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , and several small Spanish-controlled islands off its coast. (explained.today)
  • By asserting control over Western Sahara, Morocco has failed to carry out its obligations under both treaties. (iijd.org)
  • The companies that are currently importing the goods without the permission from the Saharawi people are Ballance Agri-Nutrients, Ravensdown, Innophos and Paradeep. (wsrw.org)
  • Since Phosphates within a used book how to often are Setting network and Gifted people, favorite restorative Partner can lecture a justice of team. (starkeseiten.de)
  • Many people have a limiting narrative about life in the Middle East, and tend to lump the countries all together: assuming they all speak Arabic, are majority Muslim, have economies based on oil, and have non-Democratic governments. (istizada.com)