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MosquitoesPlasmodiumAedesVectorEpitheliumAnterior midgutMosquito midgutsInsecticide resistanceGenesOocystsDipteraVectorsFunestusColonySpeciesSalivaryStrainsPopulationsGenomeOokineteTrypsinLumenDetoxificationAdultInfectionCompartmentsParasitesFemalesSignificantlyCellular immuneDeltamethrinIdentificationFemaleSignificantMiceMealHumans
Mosquitoes15
  • The susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitoes to Plasmodium infections relies on complex interactions between the insect vector and the malaria parasite. (pasteur.fr)
  • A. gambiae mosquitoes collected in natural breeding sites from Cameroon were experimentally challenged with a wild P. falciparum isolate, and their gut bacterial content was submitted for pyrosequencing analysis. (pasteur.fr)
  • We show that observed differences in gut bacterial flora of adult mosquitoes is a result of breeding in distinct sites, suggesting that the native aquatic source where larvae were grown determines the composition of the midgut microbiota. (pasteur.fr)
  • E anophelis , a gram-negative bacteria, has been isolated from Anopheles mosquitoes and has been known to cause respiratory tract illness in humans. (medscape.com)
  • The sulfated glycosaminoglycan heparin has been delivered in membrane feeding assays together with Plasmodium berghei-infected blood to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Hypersulfated heparin is a more efficient blocker of ookinete development than native heparin, significantly reducing the number of oocysts per midgut when offered to mosquitoes at 5 µg/mL in membrane feeding assays. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Anopheles mosquitoes. (medscape.com)
  • Larval mosquitoes utilize an alkaline digestive environment in the lumen of their anterior midgut, and we have also demonstrated a critical link between alkalization of the gut and carbonic anhydrase(s). (silverchair.com)
  • To predict Anopheles drivers of malaria transmission, such as mosquito age, blood feeding and Plasmodium infection, we evaluated artificial neural networks (ANNs) coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and analysed the impact on the proteome of laboratory-reared Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. (nature.com)
  • The Vector Genetics lab, in collaboration with the laboratory of Dr. Shirley Luckhart in the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine at UC Davis, have chosen to address this issue using a SNP association approach with field-collected mosquitoes from Mali and Cameroon, countries with high malaria transmission that include the geographic distribution of the most genetically diverged A. gambiae populations yet described. (ucdavis.edu)
  • These studies will facilitate selection of appropriate gene targets for strategies involving genetically modified mosquitoes for malaria control and provide critical new insights into the immunity in A. gambiae populations. (ucdavis.edu)
  • This facilitates determination of HS disaccharide compositional analysis from minute samples of selected tissues, as demonstrated by analysis of HS isolated from the midguts of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes that was achieved without approaching the limit of detection. (keele.ac.uk)
  • The colony of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes at the GSK R&D, Tres Cantos insectary in Spain began to lose its ability to become infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum . (beds.ac.uk)
  • Passage of ingested Mansonella ozzardi (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) microfilariae through the midgut of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). (ajtmh.org)
  • Similarly, the researchers found that in A. gambiae mosquitoes, glyphosate inhibits melanin production and melanization, and thereby makes the mosquitoes more susceptible to infection by Plasmodium falciparum, the most dangerous species of malaria parasite. (sustainablepulse.com)
Plasmodium11
  • Importantly, the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in the mosquito midgut correlates significantly with the Plasmodium infection status. (pasteur.fr)
  • The interplay between tubulins and P450 cytochromes during Plasmodium berghei invasion of Anopheles gambiae midgut. (unl.pt)
  • Plasmodium infection increases the oxidative stress inside the mosquito, leading to a significant alteration on transcription of Anopheles gambiae detoxification genes. (unl.pt)
  • All these factors are relevant in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) which is characterized by high transmission (i.e. more than 1 case per 1000 population per year) of Plasmodium falciparum by the highly efficient vectors, Anopheles funestus , Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Anopheles gambiae has been shown to change its global gene expression patterns upon Plasmodium infection. (unl.pt)
  • The current study aimed at identifying which loci coding for detoxification enzymes are differentially expressed as a function of Plasmodium berghei infection in midgut and fat body tissues. (unl.pt)
  • Mosquito species that belong to the genus Anopheles have the capacity to transmit parasites such as Plasmodium species, which are the agents of malaria. (nature.com)
  • Plasmodium falciparum infected and uninfected A. gambiae are being collected from sites in Mali and Cameroon. (ucdavis.edu)
  • D. tsuruhatensis TC1 inhibits early stages of Plasmodium development and subsequent transmission by the Anopheles mosquito through secretion of a small-molecule inhibitor. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • To understand the differential gene expression in Anopheles following infection with drug-resistant Plasmodium , we conducted a genome-wide transcriptomic profiling analysis of Anopheles stephensi following feeding on mice with drug-resistant or drug-sensitive P. yoelii , observed changes in gene expression profiles and identified transcripts affected by the drug-resistant parasite. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results highlight the need for a better understanding of selective pressures from these differentially expressed genes of the drug-resistant Plasmodium in the mosquito and the different transmission patterns of drug-resistant Plasmodium by Anopheles . (biomedcentral.com)
Aedes1
Vector7
Epithelium10
  • In type I formation, the peritrophic matrix is secreted by the entire midgut, and is formed simply by delamination from the surface of the midgut epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
  • When formed in response to feeding, a single matrix is secreted by the midgut epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following feeding, the food bolus is surrounded by the peritrophic matrix, effectively isolating it from the midgut epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
  • This compartmentalization of the midgut provides three general advantages: prevention of non-specific binding of undigested material to the epithelium wall, conservation and concentration of enzymes and substrates and rapid removal of indigestible molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prevention of non-specific binding is particularly important, as it increases the efficiency of the absorption process by filtering out undigested material which would otherwise block access to the midgut epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the small pore size of the matrix, only small molecules which have been broken down by enzymes or can already be effectively absorbed come in contact with the midgut epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
  • 100 kDa) that are usually linked to the plasma membrane of the midgut epithelium and hydrolyze the ends of small proteins and peptides (N-terminus or C-terminus) [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The yellow hemolymph and yellow cocoon are dependent on transportation of carotenoids through the midgut epithelium. (hsp70inhibitor.com)
  • The Y gene, which controls uptake of carotenoids from Aurora B inhibitor the midgut epithelium and larvae of mutants with the Y phenotype can't absorb dietary carotenoids. (hsp70inhibitor.com)
  • The protein is expressed along the brush border of columnar cells in the epithelium of the midgut that is consistent with its purpose in aiding absorption of carotenoids. (hsp70inhibitor.com)
Anterior midgut1
  • In type II formation, the peritrophic matrix is produced by a specialized group of cells present on the proventriculus of the anterior midgut. (wikipedia.org)
Mosquito midguts1
  • The bacterium was isolated from mosquito midguts and shown to reduce the number of malaria parasites infecting the colony in the Tres Cantos insectary. (beds.ac.uk)
Insecticide resistance4
  • While most gene expression changes were tissue-related, CYP6M2, a CYP previously associated with insecticide resistance, was over-expressed both in the midgut and fat body during ookinete invasion. (unl.pt)
  • Strong up-regulation of CYP6M2 in the midgut and the fat body as well as its previous association with insecticide resistance shows its broad role in metabolic detoxification. (unl.pt)
  • A similar approach could be envisaged for the identification of blood meal source and the detection of insecticide resistance in Anopheles and to other arthropods and pathogens. (nature.com)
  • In addition, the increase in insecticide resistance among Anopheles mosquito populations worldwide is of considerable concern 3 . (nature.com)
Genes2
  • Bioinformatic analyses using the Ensembl automatic analysis pipeline show that there are at least 14 carbonic anhydrase genes in the Anopheles gambiae genome, including a homologue to the GPI-linked gene product described herein. (silverchair.com)
  • In addition, proteomic analysis allowed us to confidently assign the expression of two trypsin genes and one chymotrypsin gene to the midgut of this mosquito. (biomedcentral.com)
Oocysts1
Diptera1
Vectors2
Funestus1
Colony1
Species4
  • A. stephensi and A. gambiae - actually a group, or "complex," of nearly identical species - wreak havoc on human populations throughout their ranges in Asia and tropical Africa, passing along developed spores in their saliva. (mongabay.com)
  • In previous studies we characterized the peptidase profile of pre-imaginal stages of A. albopictus and we reported the first proteomic analysis of the midgut from sugar-fed females of this insect species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Midgut trypsin and lectin levels were determined in three tsetse species, namely Glossina morsitans morsitans, G. longipennis and G. fuscipes fuscipes. (ac.ke)
  • For example, the capacity of artemisinin-resistant parasites to infect such highly diverse Anopheles species may explain the rapid expansion of these parasites in Cambodia and neighboring countries and further compromises efforts to prevent their global spread [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Salivary1
  • Mosquito immunity in the three primary immune-competent compartments: the hemocoel (body cavity), the midgut, and the salivary glands. (vanderbilt.edu)
Strains1
  • Two genetically distinct strains of A. gambiae , which have been genotyped for the SNPs of interest will be used in the laboratory studies. (ucdavis.edu)
Populations1
  • CYP6M2 is over-expressed in wild populations of permethrin resistant A. gambiae but its role in detoxification is not clear. (lstmed.ac.uk)
Genome1
  • Additionally we take advantage of the recently published genome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae to assess the complexity of the carbonic anhydrase gene family in these insects. (silverchair.com)
Ookinete2
  • The transition between ookinete and oocyst pathogen stages in the mosquito has been studied in vivo through oocyst counting in dissected insect midguts, whereas ookinete interactions with heparin have been followed ex vivo by flow cytometry. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • The greatest changes in gene expression were observed in the midgut in response to ookinete invasion. (unl.pt)
Trypsin2
  • Our proteomic approach allowed the identification of two different trypsin-like serine peptidases and one chymotrypsin in protein spots of the alkaline region in 2DE map of the A. albopictus female midgut. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results allowed us to detect, identify and characterize the expression of active trypsin-like serine peptidases in the midgut of sugar-fed A. albopictus females. (biomedcentral.com)
Lumen1
  • Further experiments showed that the inhibitor worked very early in development of the parasite, when within the midgut lumen, in a dose dependent manner. (beds.ac.uk)
Detoxification1
Adult2
  • Future studies must assess the field validity of this new approach in wild-caught adult Anopheles . (nature.com)
  • By inserting a fluorescent gene into Delftia to track it, the researchers found that the bacterium persisted through the pupal stage to infect adult midguts, but, unfortunately, it did not infect mosquito ovaries and was not transmitted vertically to the next generation. (beds.ac.uk)
Infection2
  • ANNs were sensitive to Anopheles proteome changes and specifically recognized spectral patterns associated with mosquito age (0-10 days, 11-20 days and 21-28 days), blood feeding and P. berghei infection, with best prediction accuracies of 73%, 89% and 78%, respectively. (nature.com)
  • Midguts were dissected at day 5 post-infection, fixed and permeabilised. (pasteur.fr)
Compartments1
  • This isolation creates two distinct compartments within the midgut, the endoperitrophic space and ectoperitrophic space. (wikipedia.org)
Parasites1
  • A microscope view of the midgut of an A. stephensi mosquito infected with malaria parasites (the round circles). (mongabay.com)
Females2
  • In the present work, we further analyzed the peptidase expression in the midgut of sugar-fed females using 1DE-substrate gel zymography, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE), mass spectrometry (MS), and protein identification based on similarity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The combination of zymography, in solution assays using fluorescent substrates and 2DE-MS/MS allowed us to identify the active serine peptidase "fingerprint" in the midgut of A. albopictus females. (biomedcentral.com)
Significantly1
  • Concentrating enzymes and food substrate within the endoperitrophic space significantly decreases the time required for digestion in the midgut. (wikipedia.org)
Cellular immune1
  • The purpose of this study was to create a quantitative physical map of hemocyte distribution in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae , and to describe the cellular immune response in an organismal context. (biomedcentral.com)
Deltamethrin1
  • Rates were enhanced by A. gambiae cytochrome b(5) with kinetic parameters of K(M)=11±1μM and k(cat)=6.1±0.4 per min for permethrin (1:1 cis-trans) and K(M)=2.0±0.3μM and k(cat)=1.2±0.1 per min for deltamethrin. (lstmed.ac.uk)
Identification1
Female3
Significant1
  • Significant data implicate various signaling pathways in the mosquito immune system in the regulation of malaria parasite development in the Anopheles gambiae midgut. (ucdavis.edu)
Mice1
Meal1
  • Most toxicity-related reactions occur in the midgut shortly after the ingestion of an infected blood meal. (unl.pt)
Humans1
  • The researchers investigated the effects of glyphosate on two evolutionarily distant insects, Galleria mellonella, the greater wax moth, and Anopheles gambiae, a mosquito that is an important transmitter of malaria to humans in Africa. (sustainablepulse.com)