Microbial regulation genes bacterial. Medical search. Frequent questions

Research training is offered in bacterial genetics and physiology, microbial development, molecular biology of viruses and bacterial pathogens, mechanisms of bacterial and viral pathogenesis, molecular biology of gene regulation, antibiotic resistance, antiviral and vaccine development. (emory.edu)
We track and study the movement and spread of antibiotic resistance genes around bacterial populations, particularly those that are acquired in hospitals, like the ESKAPEE pathogens. (thecainlab.com)
We use functional genomics techniques like RNA-seq and TraDIS to understand genetic networks during antibiotic exposure in highly-resistant hospital-acquired bacterial pathogens and ultimately uncover new antibiotic targets. (thecainlab.com)
As such, AMPs exhibit abilities to defend their hosts against broad spectrum of infectious microbial pathogens (bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic) and are thought to be promising alternatives to the use of antibiotics in human health and agriculture. (usda.gov)
Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of autophagy manipulation in improving therapeutics and vaccines against bacterial pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review the many functions of autophagy in bacterial infections with a focus on macrophages, the first line of host defenses, and the replicative niche of numerous pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Our areas of interest include molecular research on bacterial, viral, or eukaryotic pathogens and their beneficial/or antagonistic interactions with vertebrate/or invertebrate hosts, vector biology, system biology of microbial networks, and/ or impact of the microbiome on health and diseases. (memberclicks.net)
ABSTRACT We aimed to identify bacterial pathogens/contaminants in dairy product samples collected by environmental health inspectors of the Palestinian Ministry of Health from 2001-04. (who.int)

Meghan Lybecker obtained her Ph.D in the Division of Biological Sciences at the University of Montana in Missoula, MT, where she studied gene regulation and pathogenesis of Borrelia burgdorferi. (lymediseaseassociation.org)
Dr. Lybecker merged her research in bacterial pathogenesis and RNA biology as an Associate Professor at the University of Colorado Colorado Springs for seven years. (lymediseaseassociation.org)
Dr. Lybecker's research utilizes interdisciplinary approaches including biochemical, molecular genetic, bioinformatics and immunological to examine microbial disease pathogenesis. (lymediseaseassociation.org)
At present, infectious disease research in the Division of Biology spans a wide range of topics including bacterial, viral and fungal pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, gene regulation, pathogen evolution, neuro-immunology, structure function studies of microbial communities (microbiome). (memberclicks.net)

In essence, this is the packaging of bacterial DNA into a viral envelope. (tedxhongkong.org)
This T4 head gets a tail and becomes a viral particle and is capable of infecting another bacterial cell. (tedxhongkong.org)
New host cells infected by these viral particles received bacterial DNA instead of viral DNA. (tedxhongkong.org)
Generalized transduction is the process by which any bacterial gene may be transferred to another bacterium via a bacteriophage, and typically carries only bacterial DNA and no viral DNA. (tedxhongkong.org)
Viral particles received bacterial DNA remains attached to the site of prophage are. (tedxhongkong.org)
Today we know that biofilms are involved in most (probably all) microbial, and even some viral or mixed multispecies (bacterial, viral, fungal) infections in the body. (blogspot.com)
Evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Mycoplasma species, Chlamydia pneumoniae, human herpesvirus-1, -6 and -7 and other bacterial (Ehrlichia/Anaplasma, Babesia, Coxiella, Bartonella) and viral (Herpes Simplex, TBA-virus) infections revealed high infection rates in the patients affected by the above listed illnesses that were less likely or not found at all in controls. (blogspot.com)

This regulation controls parts of the sulfur metabolism of marine bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Her research is focused on non-coding RNA-dependent molecular mechanisms of gene regulation at the bacteria/host interfaces and research and development of molecular diagnostics for Lyme disease. (lymediseaseassociation.org)
Traditional urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are deficiently efficient in eliminating most contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), comprising antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARB & ARGs). (scirp.org)
Targeting at the microbial demobilization, disinfecting wastewater can constitute a chance to restrict the liberation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) into nature and play a part in the reduction of the environmentally-related danger of diffusing resistance determinants. (scirp.org)
MICR 335 will provide a fundamental knowledge of the mechanisms that bacteria use to sense their environment and adapt their gene expression to optimise their growth and survival. (otago.ac.nz)
always results in the same few genes being transferred between bacteria. (tedxhongkong.org)
Bacteria and integrates its genome within the host cell 's bacterial DNA remains attached the. (tedxhongkong.org)
By enabling beneficial bacteria colonization in the gut, we believe our novel Activated Bacterial Therapeutic (ABT) delivery platform technology will revolutionize therapeutic interventions for diseases associated with the GI and gut-brain axis. (sciotobiosciences.com)
Research in the Paczkowski laboratory focuses on the mechanisms of regulation of quorum sensing (QS) in Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Vibrio cholerae , Aeromonas hydrophila , and Chromobacterium violaceum . (wadsworth.org)
QS allows bacteria to synchronously alter gene expression patterns that underpin collective behaviors. (wadsworth.org)
Learning how bacteria correctly interpret these blends of AIs and elicit appropriate gene expression responses is essential to understand how bacteria communicate, and, more globally, to understand how all organisms decode environmental stimuli. (wadsworth.org)
We use a combination of bacterial genetics, biochemistry, structural biology, and chemical biology to understand how bacteria respond appropriately to signals in a complex environment. (wadsworth.org)
and datamining publicly available metagenomic datasets from the human vaginal tract, to identify protein-coding gene clusters in the bacteria that make up the majority of the microbiome of the vagina. (lu.se)

however, the lateral gene transfer and diffusion of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) [11], may be promoted in the UWTPs, due to the elevated microbial density and supplementary selection pressures [12]. (scirp.org)
Fecal indicators and antibiotic resistance genes exhibit diurnal trends in the Chattahoochee River: Implications for water quality monitoring. (cdc.gov)

Rediscovery of a microbiologic phenomenon, first described by van Leeuwenhoek, that microorganisms attach to and grow universally on exposed surfaces led to studies that revealed surface-associated microorganisms (biofilms) exhibited a distinct phenotype with respect to gene transcription and growth rate. (cdc.gov)
Van Leeuwenhoek, using his simple microscopes, first observed microorganisms on tooth surfaces and can be credited with the discovery of microbial biofilms. (cdc.gov)
Heukelekian and Heller ( 1 ) observed the "bottle effect" for marine microorganisms, i.e., bacterial growth and activity were substantially enhanced by the incorporation of a surface to which these organisms could attach. (cdc.gov)
The Program in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (MMG) provides training in the study of microorganisms as well as in the use of microbial models to investigate basic problems in molecular genetics. (emory.edu)
Variations in the antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) and virulence genes of the selected 20 MAGs were characterized to predict the ecology and evolution of biosafety level (BSL) 2 microorganisms in space. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcriptional regulation of the genes in metabolic pathways is a highly successful strategy, which is virtually universal in microorganisms. (lu.se)
A number of studies have explored how regulation of generally, and at least to a first approximation, it is obvious that metabolic pathways affects the growth rate of microorganisms, gene regulation only is useful if the environmental conditions vary both in the steady state and in response to changes in the local with time. (lu.se)

2012. Regulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression by nutrients and by-products of microbial metabolism. . (oregonstate.edu)
The gut microbiome has recently emerged as a key modifier of human health that can affect the development and progression of obesity, largely due to its involvement in the regulation of food intake and metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Topics include regulation and coordination of microbial metabolism, bacterial cell cycle, global control of gene expression, signal transduction, and microbial cell differentiation. (unh.edu)
With a minimalist model of metabolism, cell growth and transcriptional regulation in a microorganism, we explore how the interaction between environmental conditions and gene regulation set the growth rate of cells in the phase of exponential growth. (lu.se)
A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)

A research project will provide hands-on experience with many of the skills and techniques that are used in a microbial genetics laboratory. (otago.ac.nz)
MCQs in Bacterial Genetics (Part II) Category: Bacteriology Bacterial genetics section will test your understanding regarding Bacteriophage, Plasmids, Transposons, Bacterial gene transfer (Conjugation, Transformation and Transduction) and Recombinant DNA Technology. (tedxhongkong.org)

Two major thrusts in the last decade have dramatically impacted our understanding of biofilms: the utilization of the confocal laser scanning microscope to characterize biofilm ultrastructure, and an investigation of the genes involved in cell adhesion and biofilm formation. (cdc.gov)
It is estimated that 80% of all (and likely 100% of chronic) infections are biofilm related as biofilm formation is the preferred bacterial life style. (blogspot.com)
QS is a process of bacterial cell-cell communication that controls virulence and biofilm formation in many bacterial species. (wadsworth.org)
MAGs were further used to analyze if genes involved in AMR and biofilm formation of viable microbes in ISS have variation due to generational evolution in microgravity and radiation pressure. (biomedcentral.com)

Figure 1: OTU number as a function of percentage sequence difference for 90 pyrosequenced 16S rRNA gene clones of known sequence. (nature.com)
Figure 2: Proportion of sequences assigned to the correct OTU as a function of percentage sequence difference for pyrosequenced 16S rRNA gene clones of known sequence. (nature.com)
Previous studies have mostly been based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which is limited in taxonomic resolution at the genus level and inferred functionality. (frontiersin.org)

The lab is also beginning to study interspecies interactions between different fungal and bacterial species. (ucmerced.edu)

Although we have been aware of polymicrobial infections, arguably for centuries, only recently has biotechnology allowed the delicate dissection of the role of individual microbial species in infections. (asmblog.org)
Interaction between species also contributes to successful microbial persistence. (asmblog.org)
In particular, obese women with uncontrolled eating behavior were mostly characterized by low-diversity microbial steady states, with few and poorly interconnected species (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
Using QS as a model will allow us to understand long-standing questions in the field related to signal recognition preferences in single species and multi-species environments and the regulation of the interrelated signaling cascade that exists to coordinate behavior. (wadsworth.org)
In marine environments, organisms are confronted with numerous microbial challenges, although the differential regulation of xenophagy in response to different pathogenic bacterial species remains relatively unknown. (echinobase.org)
Our present results provide the first evidence showing that xenophagy could be differentially induced by different bacterial species to yield differential autophagy levels in echinoderms. (echinobase.org)
Among 46 MAGs retrieved, 18 bacterial species were identified, including one novel genus/species combination ( Kalamiella piersonii ) and one novel bacterial species ( Methylobacterium ajmalii ). (biomedcentral.com)
Phylogenetic analyses of five bacterial species showed ISS-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
microbial richness, diversity, and differential species abundance were assessed. (cdc.gov)

Although Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, who discovered microbial attachment to his own tooth surface, is credited with the discovery of biofilm nearly 40 years ago, one of the major breakthroughs happened when Dr. G.D. Ehrlich confirmed the hypothesis in 2006, that indeed chronic middle-ear disorders are 'chronic' biofilm related and don't recur due to new infections. (blogspot.com)
Autophagy is a well-conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that plays key roles in bacterial infections. (frontiersin.org)
In 1952, Colonel Ogden Bruton noted the absence of immunoglobulins (Ig) in a boy with a history of pneumonia and other bacterial sinopulmonary infections. (medscape.com)
As Bruton originally described, XLA manifests as pneumonia and other bacterial sinopulmonary infections in 80% of cases. (medscape.com)
This undermines the effectiveness of the available treatment options and thus contributes to the persistence of microbial infections. (who.int)

I will focus on a few recent discoveries that illustrate types of microbial collaborations during infection. (asmblog.org)

Professor Nobile's research is directed toward understanding the molecular and mechanistic basis of microbial communities. (ucmerced.edu)

These results provide a major step towards the potential benefits of microbial colonization in early life is beneficial in extending life span. (radeps.com)

2014. Regulation of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in primary immune cells. . (oregonstate.edu)
2014. Synergistic induction of human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene expression by vitamin D and stilbenoids. . (oregonstate.edu)
2013. Curcumin induces human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene expression through a vitamin D receptor-independent pathway. . (oregonstate.edu)
Six new antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with sequence homology to the Nk-lysin (Nkl) family of proteins have been characterized and their patterns of gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) described. (usda.gov)
Antimicrobial properties may include bacteriostasis, which is related to its ability to sequester free iron and thus inhibit microbial growth, as well as direct bactericidal properties leading to the release of lipopolysaccharides from the bacterial outer membrane. (icr.ac.uk)
Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)

Several investigations on the microbial diversity and functional properties of the International Space Station (ISS) environment were carried out to understand the influence of spaceflight conditions on the microbial population. (biomedcentral.com)
Compared to HCs, children with CF were found to have lower bacterial richness, alpha-diversity, and a different microbial composition. (cdc.gov)

Her lab is interested in investigating how transcriptional networks underlie the regulation of gene expression during biofilm development. (ucmerced.edu)
Clearly, interspecies bacterial communication influences the regulation of gene expression. (asmblog.org)
The bacterial nucleoid and its influence on gene expression. (otago.ac.nz)
Regulation of gene expression by proteins and small RNAs. (otago.ac.nz)
Biochemical regulation of gene expression. (entrance-exam.net)
Often driven by chemotaxis (i.e. biased migration in response to gradients of chemical effectors) and quorum sensing (i.e. number density dependent regulation of gene expression), bacterial population dynamics and emergent behavior play a key role in regulating their own life and their impact on their immediate environment. (vt.edu)
In this study, we identified six genes with sequence homology to Nkl and characterized their patterns of mRNA expression and abundances in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (usda.gov)
Autophagy can further be regulated by several transcriptional factors such as NFkappaB and TFEB to promote expression of different autophagy genes and thus prolong autophagy activation ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
These products have several anti-inflammatory properties of any/multiple islet autoantibodies (242 and 151 events, respec- such as regulation of immune-related gene expression and cy- tively) and T1D (71 events) by soluble fiber intake were calculated tokine release (8). (lu.se)

Conners EM, Karthikeyan R, Singh R. Bose A. Electroactive biofilms: how microbial electron transfer enables bioprocessing. (wustl.edu)

Class discussions will center on such key discoveries as the chemical nature of genetic material, the genetic code, oxygen producing light-spectrum, cell-cell signaling, transcriptional regulation, the random nature of mutation, and cell cycle regulation. (wustl.edu)
Activation of Btk results in a cascade of signaling events resulting in calcium mobilization and fluxes, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and transcriptional regulation involving nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). (medscape.com)
Citation: Troein C, Ahre´n D, Krogh M, Peterson C (2007) Is Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic Pathways an Optimal Strategy for Fitness? (lu.se)
INTRODUCTION broken, which in realistic situations can severly constrain the Transcriptional regulation of effector genes is a highly successful regulatory options. (lu.se)

Many factors have contributed to the persistence and increase in the occurrence of infectious diseases, such as societal changes, health care, food production, human behaviour, environmental change, public health infrastructure and microbial adaptation [2]. (who.int)

Phylogenetic analysis revealed a conserved structure of Nkls among the teleosts and further protein sequence analyses suggests that all six nkl genes fall within the Nkl sub-family of the Saposin family of proteins. (usda.gov)

An established biofilm structure comprises microbial cells and EPS, has a defined architecture, and provides an optimal environment for the exchange of genetic material between cells. (cdc.gov)
Finally, we show that the model can be used to predictively design synthetic genetic components towards programmed microbial behavior. (vt.edu)

We also use functional genomics techniques to understand the mechanism(s) by which the antibiotic targets the bacterial cell. (thecainlab.com)
be able to carry out a functional analysis of (part of) a microbial genome using bioinformatic tools. (bbk.ac.uk)

An introductory medical microbiology course that provides a background in all aspects of microbial agents and disease including cell biology, impact on human health, and public health approaches to microbial disease. (und.edu)

A blog for sharing appreciation of the width and depth of microbes and microbial activities on this planet. (asmblog.org)
Computational models that accurately and robustly describe bacterial population behavior and response to environmental stimuli are crucial to both understanding the dynamics of microbial communities and efficiently utilizing engineered microbes in practice. (vt.edu)

Since microbial virulence increases in microgravity, AMR gene sequences of MAGs were compared with genomes of respective ISS isolates and corresponding type strains. (biomedcentral.com)

We identified 39 conserved autophagy-related genes by genome-wide screening, which provided a molecular basis for autophagy regulation in sea cucumbers. (echinobase.org)

Using mRNA sequencing, whole-body pools of juvenile trout fry (1 g bw) exposed to Flavobacterium psychrophilum infection, we observed modest up-regulation (2-3 fold) of five (nkl 2-4 and nkl-like a & b) of the six nkl mRNAs over the five-day post-challenge time-course. (usda.gov)

All isolates expressing the mefA gene displayed the M phenotype whilst all those expressing ermB displayed the constitutive macrolide resistance (cMLS(B)) phenotype. (lenus.ie)
Of 19 isolates that expressed the ermTR gene, 16 displayed the inducible macrolide resistance (iMLS(B)) phenotype. (lenus.ie)
24. Yet another alarming signal was China's detection last year, in animal and human samples, of a mechanism of drug resistance, involving the mcr-1 gene, that is easily transferred from one bacterial strain to others, including some with epidemic potential. (who.int)
Sometimes molecular methods can be used to detect specific resistance genes. (msdmanuals.com)
This report presents the status of AMR in Africa by analysing the main types of resistance and the underlying genes where possible. (who.int)

To bridge this gap, we have created and experimentally validated a scalable, computationally-efficient, agent-based model of bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing (QS) which robustly simulates the stochastic behavior of each cell across a wide range of bacterial populations, ranging from a few to several hundred cells. (vt.edu)
We quantitatively and accurately capture emergent behavior in both isogenic QS populations and the altered QS response in a mixed QS and quorum quenching (QQ) microbial community. (vt.edu)

In particular, soluble fiber may be important in and 48 mo from 3358 children from the United States and Germany this respect, because it is converted to the short-chain fatty acids prospectively followed in the TEDDY (The Environmental Deter- acetate, propionate, and butyrate by bacterial fermentation in the minants of Diabetes in the Young) study. (lu.se)

However, ionizing radiation carries the risk of damage to host immune cells and engineered microbial cells 31 . (nature.com)

In general, Western diets are characterized by at UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA on October 14, 2015 ations of the microbial composition in the gut. (lu.se)

Microbial Community and Potential Pathogen Shifts Along an Ornamental Fish Supply Chain. (mbl.edu)

We pyrosequenced a known mixture of microbial 16S rDNA sequences extracted from a lake and found that without noise reduction the number of operational taxonomic units is overestimated but using PyroNoise it can be accurately calculated. (nature.com)

This technology provides a critical tool for the spatiotemporal targeting of potent bacterial therapeutics in a variety of biological and clinical scenarios. (nature.com)

With MetaRon, we were able to remove two notable limitations of existing whole-genome operon prediction methods: (1) generalizability (ability to predict operons in unrelated bacterial genomes), and (2) whole-genome and metagenomic data management. (biomedcentral.com)

As bioactive molecule, ceramide is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. (elifesciences.org)
This course integrates information into the context of regulation of cellular function. (charlotte.edu)

A. Specialised Transduction: In this process, the bacteriophage gets attached to a bacterial cell wall at the receptor site and the nucleic acid of bacteriophage is transferred into the cyto-plasm of â ¦ Mutations. (tedxhongkong.org)
Questions Name the three types of bacterial exchange of DNA The donor bacterial cell in transfomation is probaly dead. (tedxhongkong.org)
Of host cell DNA bacterium and transfers the bacterial genes that are close to the site of are! (tedxhongkong.org)
Cycle and infects another bacterium and transfers the bacterial DNA instead of T4 genome, a piece of cell. (tedxhongkong.org)
E. Coli RecA protein the donor bacterium bacterial cell in transfomation is probaly dead bacterium to another by virus. (tedxhongkong.org)
At times, a piece of host cell 's bacterial DNA is in. (tedxhongkong.org)
Main ways, recombination and headful packaging and transfers the bacterial genes from the donor cell. (tedxhongkong.org)
The genes pertaining to cell membranes, such as transmembrane transport, cell wall organization, and regulation of cell shape, were enriched. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, the function of regulation is quite clear: expressing energy and carbon, that a number around 0.2% would be the right genes at the right time will enable the cell to make the expected, and that the difference is more or less specific to the lac most of the resources within its reach, by maximizing the uptake operon [7]. (lu.se)

Current antibiotics work by interfering with bacterial growth, which is a fine game plan… until it stops working. (wadsworth.org)

How are microbial communities regulated? (ucmerced.edu)
How have microbial communities evolved? (ucmerced.edu)
Both projects also share similar end goals, in that I hope to be able to contribute to better medical care for people infected by P. aeruginosa , as well as contribute to a greater understanding of how healthy (or unhealthy) vaginal microbial communities develop or are maintained. (lu.se)

Comparative analyses of MAGs and whole-genome sequences of related ISS isolates and their type strains were characterized to understand the variation related to the microbial evolution under microgravity. (biomedcentral.com)

These findings provide a powerful resource for studying innate lymphocyte epigenetic regulation and decode the regulatory logic governing their identity. (stanford.edu)

Biofilm-associated cells can be differentiated from their suspended counterparts by generation of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, reduced growth rates, and the up- and down- regulation of specific genes. (cdc.gov)
A biofilm is an assemblage of surface-associated microbial cells that is enclosed in an extracellular polymeric substance matrix. (cdc.gov)
C/EBPα and the Vitamin D Receptor Cooperate in the Regulation of Cathelicidin in Lung Epithelial Cells. (oregonstate.edu)
AGEs-Induced IL-6 Synthesis Precedes RAGE Up-Regulation in HEK 293 Cells: An Alternative Inflammatory Mechanism? (mdpi.com)
The insects will then be challenged with Serratia marcescens by microinjection of bacterial suspensions (~107 cells/ml) using a FemtoJet Microinjector (Eppendorf, Inc., Fremont. (citrusrdf.org)
The fact that our bodies have way more microbial cells than human cells might hit home the most. (wustl.edu)

Brain expressed X-linked gene 2 (BEX2) encoded protein was originally identified to promote transcription by interacting with several transcription factors in the DNA-binding complexes. (bvsalud.org)

microbial corrosion and plastic degradation using Synbio approaches. (thecainlab.com)

Optimizing the parameters of the regulatory system allows us to quantify the fitness benefit of regulation. (lu.se)
In unicellular organisms like E. coli and yeast, the benefits of between potential cost and benefit, regulation can make the most a well-adapted regulatory system are readily quantified, as the difference to the long-term growth rate if the resource in question fitness of an individual can be estimated by its growth rate in is only available a similarly small fraction of the time. (lu.se)
Over evolutionary time scales, regulation must provide a fitness benefit that offsets the costs of maintaining the regulatory system. (lu.se)

Subject to confirmation of the hypotheses herein generated, our work could help guide the design of microbiome-based precision interventions, aimed at rewiring microbial networks to support a healthy diet-microbiome-gut-brain axis, thus counteracting obesity and related complications. (biomedcentral.com)

Genomic DNA of the nkl1-4 genes consisted of five exons and four introns, whereas the nkl-like a & b genes consisted of four exons and three introns. (usda.gov)
The BTK gene is large and consists of 19 exons that encode the 659 amino acids that form the Btk cytosolic tyrosine kinase. (medscape.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms6

Diseases1

Phenomena and Processes1

Pathogens8

Pathogenesis4

Viral7

Bacteria13

Antibiotic resistance genes2

Microorganisms7

Metabolism5

Genetics2

Biofilm formation4

RRNA gene3

Fungal1

Species9

Infections5

Types of microbial1

Basis of microbial1

Benefits of microbial1

Antimicrobial6

Diversity2

Expression9

Biofilms1

Transcriptional regulation4

Infectious1

Proteins1

Genetic2

Functional2

Microbiology1

Microbes2

Virulence1

Genome-wide1

Infection1

Resistance5

Populations2

Fermentation1

Immune1

Composition1

Pathogen1

Taxonomic1

Therapeutics1

Methods1

Cellular2

Cell9

Antibiotics1

Communities3

Analyses1

Innate1

Cells6

Transcription1

Degradation1

Regulatory3

Microbiome1

Exons2