Mice th2 cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

The initiation of type 2 immune responses by the epithelial cell-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP has been an area of extensive research in the past decade. (nature.com)
These group 2 or type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells) represent a critical source of type 2 cytokines in vivo and serve an important role in orchestrating the type 2 response to helminths and allergens. (nature.com)
Saenz, S.A., Taylor, B.C. & Artis, D. Welcome to the neighborhood: epithelial cell-derived cytokines license innate and adaptive immune responses at mucosal sites. (nature.com)
Bottomly K, Luqman M, Greenbaum L. A monoclonal antibody to murine CD45R distinguishes CD4 T cell populations that produce different cytokines. (bdbiosciences.com)
IL-33 activates group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) to produce the type 2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 that initiate innate immunity-driven allergic responses. (justia.com)
Finally, a number of biologics that target CD4 + T cell differentiation into inflammatory subsets or their byproducts (i.e., cytokines) have shown efficacy in treating patients with IBD ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Given the importance of CD4 + Th cells in the disease process, this review will focus on how Th cells differentiate in the inflamed intestinal tract during IBD and how the Th lineage-specific cytokines and transcription factors (TFs) contribute to disease. (frontiersin.org)
Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, cytokines induced during early stages of IBD, play important roles in differentiation of interferon (IFN)-γ/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-producing Th1 cells as well as IL-17-producing Th17 cells. (frontiersin.org)
The infiltration of immune cells, such as Th2 cytokines in the lungs, and the lung histology, were assessed in the OVA-challenged mice in the presence and absence of an intratracheal administration of bvPLA2. (blogspot.com)
Furthermore, the suppression was associated with a significant decrease in the production of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and a reduction in the number of total cells, including eosinophils, macrophages, and neutrophils in the airway. (blogspot.com)
Methods Wild-type or cytokine-deficient (IL-13 -/- or IL-4 -/- ) eosinophils treated with cytokines (GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-33) were adoptively transferred into eosinophil-deficient recipient mice subjected to allergen provocation using established models of respiratory inflammation. (elsevierpure.com)
These stimuli induce the activation of immune cells residing within fat tissues, called M1 macrophages, which in turn release pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFalpha, that cause fat tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. (webwire.com)
Cytokines are messenger chemicals that enable communication between immune cells but could also be produced by fat cells. (webwire.com)
What activates the M2 pathway within fat tissues, Lee and his colleagues discovered, is the fat cells production of the kind of cytokines that activate M2 macrophages. (webwire.com)
These so-called Th2 cytokines include IL 13 and IL4. (webwire.com)
Notably, PDLIM2 deficient mice exhibited increased susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), a Th1 and/or Th17 cell-mediated inflammatory disease model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Mechanistic studies further indicate that PDLIM2 was required for restricting expression of Th1 and Th17 cytokines, which was in accordance with the role of PDLIM2 in the termination of NF-B and STAT activation. (listlabs.com)
CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes play an import role in the inflammatory response, as these cells may manage the profile of cytokines produced against an infectious agent 4 . (bvsalud.org)
Progression of periodontal lesions is caused by dysregulation of molecules (cytokines) released by specific cell populations 5 . (bvsalud.org)
They can be distinguished based on the profile of cytokines produced: Th1 cells produce characteristic cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-β, IL-12, while active Th2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-136. (bvsalud.org)
Using mice lacking the DNA hydroxymethylase TET2, we showed the requirement for TET2 in optimal production of hallmark cytokines by ILC3s and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by inflammatory ILC2s. (stanford.edu)
Upregulation of the Th2 cytokines suggests that repeated exposure to NO 2 has the potential to exert a "pro-allergic" effect on the bronchial epithelium. (bmj.com)
M2 macrophages derived from human monocyte cell line THP-1 secreted high levels of IL-8 and leukotriene D4 (LTD4), which induced colon cancer cell migration, and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) to maintain a tumoral immunosuppressive environment. (lu.se)

Here, we show that expression of SPDEF or FOXA3 in airway epithelial cells in neonatal mice caused goblet cell differentiation, spontaneous eosinophilic inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. (nih.gov)
SPDEF was required for goblet cell differentiation and pulmonary Th2 inflammation in response to house dust mite (HDM) extract, as both were decreased in neonatal and adult Spdef(-/-) mice compared with control animals. (nih.gov)
Together, our results indicate that SPDEF causes goblet cell differentiation and Th2 inflammation during postnatal development and is required for goblet cell metaplasia and normal Th2 inflammatory responses to HDM aeroallergen. (nih.gov)
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin as a key initiator of allergic airway inflammation in mice. (nature.com)
TSLP acts on infiltrating effector T cells to drive allergic skin inflammation. (nature.com)
Knockout studies in mice suggested that this gene plays a role in T helper cell activation, and may be involved in inflammation and immune regulation. (wikipedia.org)
Allergic asthma, which is present in as many as 10% of individuals in industrialized nations, is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity induced by allergen-specific Th2 cells secreting interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5. (jci.org)
OVA-specific Th2 and Th0 cells induced significant airway hyperreactivity and inflammation. (jci.org)
Surprisingly, Th1 cells did not attenuate Th2 cell-induced airway hyperreactivity and inflammation in either SCID mice or in OVA-immunized immunocompetent BALB/c mice, but rather caused severe airway inflammation. (jci.org)
Conversely, intranasal reconstitution of P to P(-/-) mice at the challenge phase restored airway inflammation to wild-type levels. (nih.gov)
Notably, C3a levels in the BAL of OVA-challenged P(-/-) mice were significantly lower than in wild-type mice, and intranasal coadministration of an anti-C3a mAb with P to P(-/-) mice prevented restoration of airway inflammation. (nih.gov)
Our work suggests that respirable pollutants activate the innate immune response with enhanced DC activation, pulmonary inflammation and Th2-immune responsiveness. (cdc.gov)
Many subsets of CD4 + T cells have been identified as players in perpetuating chronic intestinal inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
Inflammatory bowel disease is a complex set of diseases that includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), each with multiple bacterial, immune, and non-immune cell types contributing to inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
2016). Thus, mice lacking B cells had less TFH cells and an increase Tedalinab in TRM cells, explaining why B cell deficient mice had increased airway inflammation when challenged with HDM inhalation long after the priming period (Hondowicz et al. (icem2012.org)
Functionally, 'TGF-beta-converted' T(reg) cells generated from TIEG1-deficient mice were unable to suppress airway inflammation in vivo. (nih.gov)
The clinical signs and inflammation caused by MC903 are drastically reduced in MyD88 -/- mice with diminished eosinophil, neutrophil infiltration and Th2 cytokine expression. (nih.gov)
IL-33 is expressed in keratinocytes, and MyD88 signaling in dendritic cells (DCs) is crucial for AD development as inflammation was drastically reduced in DC-specific MyD88 -/- mice (CD11c-cre × MyD88-floxed). (nih.gov)
We showed that the intratracheal administration of bvPLA2 markedly suppressed the OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation by reducing AHR, overall area of inflammation, and goblet cell hyperplasia. (blogspot.com)
Background Eosinophils are hallmark cells of allergic Th2 respiratory inflammation. (elsevierpure.com)
In turn, these LDLN eosinophils elicited the accumulation of dendritic cells and CD4 + T cells to these same LDLNs without inducing pulmonary inflammation. (elsevierpure.com)
Boston, MA -- Scientists have discovered a previously unknown molecular signaling pathway in body fat cells that normally acts to suppress harmful inflammation. (webwire.com)
Reporting in the journal Cell Metabolism, researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) said they have shown for the first time that fat-storing cells, or adipocytes, contain a protective anti-inflammatory immune mechanism that prevents the cells from over-reacting to inflammation-causing stimuli, such as fatty acids in the diet. (webwire.com)
Platz and Charles Drake, M.D., Ph.D., co-director of the Prostate Cancer Multidisciplinary Clinic at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, began looking at a possible connection between asthma and prostate cancer based on work in mice showing that the immune cells that infiltrate prostate tumors produce an immune response known as Th2 inflammation. (news-medical.net)
Asthma is often considered to be a disease of chronic inflammation, particularly Th2 inflammation,' Drake explains. (news-medical.net)
And cancer is often thought of as mediated by Th2 inflammation. (news-medical.net)
It's possible that the Th2 inflammation that drives asthma is not the same as the Th2 inflammation that drives cancer,' he notes. (news-medical.net)
Mice in the OVA + PM/OVA group displayed significantly increased airway inflammation compared to OVA/OVA animals. (cdc.gov)

Increased Il4, Il13, Ccl17, and Il25 expression was accompanied by recruitment of Th2 lymphocytes, group 2 innate lymphoid cells, and eosinophils to the lung. (nih.gov)

In addition, IL-33 polarizes naïve CD4 T cells to differentiate into effector T helper 2 (Th2) cells, which produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 that are responsible for adaptive immunity-mediated allergen-induced responses. (justia.com)
Critical factors in the differentiation of effector Th cells during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (frontiersin.org)
Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3 + CD4 + T-regulatory cell and CD4 + T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1-Tr1 switch. (frontiersin.org)
A big question in the field is whether subsets of cDC2s exist Tedalinab that would preferentially induce TFH over effector Th2 immune responses. (icem2012.org)
Here, we show that the modular transcriptional signature in the blood of susceptible mice infected with a clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis resembles that of active human TB disease, with dominance of a type I interferon response and neutrophil activation and recruitment, together with a loss in B lymphocyte, natural killer and T cell effector responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
However, the relative importance of eosinophil activation and the induction of effector functions such as the expression of IL-13 to allergic Th2 pulmonary disease remain to be defined. (elsevierpure.com)
DC exposed to GA induce effector IL-4-secreting Th2 cells and enhanced levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. (aai.org)
In the T cell areas of lymphoid organs, mature effector DC not only present pathogen-derived peptides to T cells, but also adapt the class of immune response to the type of invading pathogen by driving the development of protective effector Th cell subsets. (aai.org)
For instance, DC that have been activated by intracellular pathogens or their compounds, commit CD4 + Th cells to become protective IFN-γ-producing effector Th1 cells. (aai.org)

Epithelial cells that line the conducting airways provide the initial barrier and innate immune responses to the abundant particles, microbes, and allergens that are inhaled throughout life. (nih.gov)
Further characterization of ILC2 cell biology will enhance the understanding of type 2 responses and may identify new treatments for asthma, allergies and parasitic infections. (nature.com)
Paul, W.E. & Zhu, J. How are TH2-type immune responses initiated and amplified? (nature.com)
New IL-17 family members promote Th1 or Th2 responses in the lung: in vivo function of the novel cytokine IL-25. (nature.com)
These findings have significant implications with regard to current therapeutic goals in asthma and allergy and suggest that conversion of Th2-dominated allergic inflammatory responses into Th1-dominated responses may lead to further problems. (jci.org)
Activation of pulmonary dendritic cells and Th2-type inflammatory responses on instillation of engineered, environmental diesel emission source or ambient air pollutant particles in vivo. (cdc.gov)
CRTH-2 binds Prostaglandin D2 and induces chemotaxis of these cells in allergic and inflammatory immune responses. (rndsystems.com)
CTSB also plays significant roles in immune responses including both T and B cell apoptosis and Th1/Th2 polarization. (biolegend.com)
CD4 + T cells are key in mediating the host protective and homeostatic responses. (frontiersin.org)
These cells primarily produce interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that, respectively, activate macrophages and direct cytotoxic CD8 + T cell responses, that in turn promote elimination of intracellular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Studies with anti-T1 monoclonal antibodies have suggested that T1 is critical for development of normal Th2-type responses. (gla.ac.uk)
Therefore, in contrast to previous suggestions, we conclude that the T1 protein is not obligatory for normal development of Th2 immune responses. (gla.ac.uk)
2017). Understanding induction of such mixed Th2/Th17 responses is important, since this profile is often seen in steroid-resistant difficult-to-treat allergic diseases. (icem2012.org)
B cells can induce Th2 and TFH responses and elicit help from CD4+ T cells in an MHC-II dependent manner, but using T cell antigen receptor Tedalinab (TCR) transgenic Tedalinab 1-DER mice that react to the type 2 antigen Der p 1 of the house dust mite (Dullaers et al. (icem2012.org)
Macrophages capture large amounts of type 2 allergens and become M2 polarized in type 2 immune responses such as helminth infection and asthma in mouse and man (Girodet et al. (icem2012.org)
Programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), the interacting ligand for PD-1, widely expressed in many cell types, acts as a tissue-specific negative regulator of pathogenic T-cell responses. (diabetesjournals.org)
These findings suggest that PDLIM2 is a key modulator of T-cell-mediated immune responses that may be targeted for the therapy of human autoimmune diseases. (listlabs.com)
The goal of this study was to explore a RIG-I agonist (SDI-nanogel) and a TLR7/8 agonist (Imidazoquinoline (IMDQ)‐PEG‐Chol) as adjuvants, when co-administered with a licensed quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (QIV), and to determine the role of these adjuvants in directing helper T (Th) cell responses for their role in the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching. (researchsquare.com)
Administration of QIV with the two adjuvants, individually or combined, resulted in enhanced HA-specific serum ELISA IgG titers, serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers and splenic T cell responses as examined by IFN-γ and IL-4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays, 4-weeks post-prime and post-boost vaccination in BALB/c mice. (researchsquare.com)
While QIV+SDI-nanogel largely induced antigen-specific IgG1 responses, QIV+IMDQ-PEG-Chol predominantly induced IgG2a antibody isotypes post-prime vaccination, suggesting efficient induction of Th2 (IL-4) and Th1 (IFN-γ) responses, respectively. (researchsquare.com)
Vaccine-induced antibody and T cell responses correlated with protection against lethal influenza virus infection. (researchsquare.com)
Protective anti-influenza immunity often correlates with antibody responses to influenza surface glycoproteins, particularly hemagglutinin (HA), the main antigenic determinant on the surface of both influenza virus and infected cells. (researchsquare.com)
Although it has become clear that GA induces protective degenerate Th2/IL-10 responses, its precise mode of action remains elusive. (aai.org)

The 16A monoclonal antibody specifically recognizes an exon B-dependent epitope of CD45 lycoprotein, which is found at high density on peripheral B cells, T cytotoxic/suppressor cells, a subset of T helper cells, and most thymocytes, and at low density on macrophages and dendritic cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Although CD4 T cells are the main targets of HIV infection, macrophages also become infected and resist the cytopathic effects of infection, contributing potentially to HIV reservoir persistence. (nih.gov)
Inhibition of release of inflammatory mediators in rat peritoneal mast cells and murine macrophages by a Chinese herbal medicine formula (RCM-102). (wikidata.org)
T regulatory (Treg) cells, T helper cell balances, dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells can be considered as the most determinant dysregulated mediators in immunomodulatory status. (hindawi.com)
IL-33 enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokine production from mouse macrophages by regulating lipopolysaccharide receptor complex. (southernbiotech.com)
Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelium) and infiltrating leukocytes (e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes). (mdpi.com)
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is an immunoreceptor of the CD28/CTLA-4 family whose expression is induced in activated T- and B-cells and in macrophages ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
However, exposure of eosinophils to GM-CSF, IL-4, and IL-33 prior to transfer induced not only immune events in the LDLN, but also allergen-mediated increases in airway Th2 cytokine/chemokine levels, the subsequent accumulation of CD4 + T cells as well as alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, and the induction of pulmonary histopathologies. (elsevierpure.com)
The researchers found that the key to the Th2 activation switch is a molecule known as PPAR-d within macrophages. (webwire.com)
To their surprise, Lee and his coworkers found that the same switching mechanism is present in hepatocytes, or liver cells, and macrophages in the liver, where they control metabolism of fats. (webwire.com)
IgG2a also engages in high affinity interactions with Fc receptors on immune cells which can result in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) as well as antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by phagocytosing cells like macrophages 3-8 . (researchsquare.com)
Total cells, macrophages, and eosinophils recovered in BALF lavage were significantly elevated in the OVA + PM/OVA compared to OVA/OVA group. (cdc.gov)
The number of HO-1 positive alveolar macrophages was significantly elevated in lungs of mice treated with OVA + PM/OVA compared to OVA/OVA. (cdc.gov)
Tumour cells are able to recruit macrophages and change their behaviour. (lu.se)
In CRC patient tissues and xenografts from mouse model, presence of increased amount of M2 macrophages was observed. (lu.se)
CD47 is involved in crosstalk between colon cancer cells and macrophages by interacting with its ligand signal-regulatory protein α on macrophages. (lu.se)

The transcription factors SPDEF and FOXA3 are both selectively expressed in epithelial cells lining the conducting airways, where they regulate goblet cell differentiation and mucus production. (nih.gov)
Interleukin (IL)-12, which is secreted by antigen-presenting cells, acts via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4 to promote the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1 cells ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
STAT4 also signals activation of the TF T-bet, a lineage-defining factor for Th1 differentiation, which upregulates the IL-12 receptor, IFN-γ expression, and causes further expansion of Th1 cells (Figure 1 ) ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
CD80/86-CD28 interaction and others), these signals initiate a program of cell division and differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
The authors sought to identify mechanisms driving the differentiation of mucus cells during the bronchiolisation process. (bmj.com)
Methods Pathways governing airway mucus cell differentiation include SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), Notch, forkhead box A3(FOXA3)/SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the EGF-related neuregulins NRG1α and NRG1β. (bmj.com)
In this work, pathways governing mucus cell differentiation were investigated in lung tissues from patients with IPF and other chronic pulmonary disorders. (bmj.com)
Neuregulin1α, which drives mucus cell differentiation in vitro, was expressed in normal airway submucosal glands and in lungs from patients with IPF. (bmj.com)
2005). At the T cell level, Th2 differentiation starts with induction of a TCR driven activation of GATA3 transcription factor, and induction of STAT5 phosphorylation, triggered by IL-2, or TSLP (Zhang et al. (icem2012.org)
Differentiation into Th1 depends on the presence of IFN-γ and IL-12, which bind to receptors on the surface of CD4 T cells 5 . (bvsalud.org)
This binding initiates a cascade of events that culminates in differentiation into Th1 cells, by increasing the transcription factor T-bet 12 . (bvsalud.org)
Th2 cells have a differentiation process which is dependent on IL-4, which causes the activation of the transcription factor STAT 6 . (bvsalud.org)
GATA-3 acts as a master regulator of Th2 differentiation 12-13 . (bvsalud.org)

CRTH-2, also known as GPR44, is a 7TM G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed by activated Th2 cells and eosinophils. (rndsystems.com)
This difference in IL-5 production did not influence blood eosinophilia, but recruitment of eosinophils into lung tissue, especially in T1-Fc-transgenic mice was slightly decreased. (gla.ac.uk)
Innate basophils, eosinophils and ILC2s have all been proposed to provide this early source of IL-4 in trans, and the fact that these cells can be found in the T cell area early in an immune response makes this a possible scenario (Ben-Sasson et al. (icem2012.org)
It is highly expressed in eosinophils and basophils, and is also detected in TH1 and TH2 cells, as well as in airway epithelial cells. (cancerindex.org)
This receptor may contribute to the accumulation and activation of eosinophils and other inflammatory cells in the allergic airway. (cancerindex.org)
Results In contrast to the transfer of untreated blood eosinophils to the lungs of recipient eosinophil deficient mice, which induced no immune/inflammatory changes either in the lung or in the lung draining lymph nodes (LDLN), pretreatment of blood eosinophils with GM-CSF prior to transfer elicited trafficking of these eosinophils to LDLN. (elsevierpure.com)
Conclusion The data demonstrate the differential activation of eosinophils as a function of cytokine exposure and suggest that eosinophil-specific IL-13 expression by activated cells is a necessary component of the subsequent allergic Th2 pulmonary pathologies. (elsevierpure.com)
Remarkably, Clec4a4+ eosinophils were instructed by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that imprints many gut immune cells. (stanford.edu)
It may also be that asthmatics have higher levels of other immune cells, such as eosinophils or mast cells, which might attack tumor cells. (news-medical.net)

Although Th2 cytokine production by lymph node cells was similar in all groups of N. brasiliensis-infected mice, a decrease in IL-5 production by lung lymphocytes was detected in both T1-deficient and T1-Fc-transgenic mice compared to control littermates. (gla.ac.uk)

IL-25 induces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and Th2-associated pathologies in vivo. (nature.com)
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling in naive T cells induces expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, a 'master' regulator of regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells). (nih.gov)
This signal together with the T Cell Receptor (TCR) induces the expression of GATA-3. (bvsalud.org)

Research on vitamin D regulation of thymocyte selection, Th1 and Th17 cells, T-cell programed cell death, and T-regulatory (Treg) cells is summarized and integrated into model mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
Recent data also suggest that the potential of cDC2s to induce pure Th2 immunity or a mixed Th2/Th17 type of response is tightly regulated by cell intrinsic mechanisms, including fine tuning of TLR signalling pathways and metabolic programming (Sinclair et al. (icem2012.org)
Here we report that naive PDLIM2 deficient CD4+ T cells were prone to differentiate into Th1 and Th17 cells. (listlabs.com)
In addition to Th1 and Th2 cells, Th17, Treg and T Fh cells have also been described 7 , Treg cells are associated with reduction of clinical scores of disease in soft and hard tissues 8 . (bvsalud.org)
Usually, protective and destructive roles are assigned to the Th1 and Th17 3,9-11 cells, while Th2 and Treg cells are more involved in processes that reduce the destruction of the periodontium 10 . (bvsalud.org)

PMA+ionomycin-stimulated Th2-polarized BALB/c mouse splenocytes (in the presence of monensin) were stained with CD3 APC, fixed, permeabilized, and then stained with IL-10 (clone JES5-16E3) Brilliant Violet 605™ (top) or rat IgG2b Brilliant Violet 605™ isotype control (bottom). (biolegend.com)
Allergic asthma was induced in female BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal administration of ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0 and 14, followed by intratracheal challenge with 1% OVA six times between days 22 and 30. (blogspot.com)
The aim of this study was to assess how exposure to fine PM collected from Sacramento, CA, shapes the allergic airway immune response in BALB/c mice undergoing sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). (cdc.gov)
and is absent in the in susceptible BALB/c mice infected with host systems. (who.int)
The trypanothione pathway combines 2 larizes the immune response towards a Th1 metabolic pathways: the polyamine biosyn- type in susceptible BALB/c mice infected thetic pathway and the glutathione pathway. (who.int)
Since glutathione (GSH) is involved in a with interleukin-12 and indomethacin pro- number of vital functions within cells, motes increased resistance in BALB/c mice chiefly defence against oxidative damage, with established L. major infections [ 7 ]. (who.int)
type in susceptible BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania mexicana. (who.int)
increased resistance in BALB/c mice with established Leishmania major in- 5. (who.int)

IL-33 is predominantly produced by epithelial cells in response to protease containing aeroallergens and its release is mediated by dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1). (justia.com)
NRG1α was detected in serous cells within normal submucosal glands and in epithelial cells lining honeycombing areas in IPF, and was not detected in other patients. (bmj.com)
Conclusion Expression of SOX2 and MUC5B and lack of SPDEF in atypically differentiated cells of bronchiolised distal airspaces are consistent with abnormal programming of airway epithelial cells in IPF. (bmj.com)
Published data from our group indicate that HIF-1α regulation in airway epithelial cells (AEC) drives the acute inflammatory response following LC and GA. Metabolomic profiling and metabolic flux of Type II AEC following LC revealed marked increases in glycolytic and TCA intermediates in vivo and in vitro that were HIF-1α dependent. (jci.org)
CD47 binding to α2β1 integrin could regulate cyclooxygenase-2 expression and cell migration on collagen I surface in intestinal epithelial cells. (lu.se)

CD45RB expression appears to decrease as T lymphocytes progress from naive to memory cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Loss of P2X7 receptor plasma membrane expression and function in pathogenic B220 + double-negative T lymphocytes of autoimmune MRL/lpr mice. (southernbiotech.com)
Evidence for CD4 + T-cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4 + T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight's main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. (frontiersin.org)
Gene-environment interactions, sunlight and vitamin D, and T lymphocytes as autoimmune disease initiators and vitamin D targets are discussed to explain the rationale for reviewing vitamin D mechanisms in T cells. (frontiersin.org)
NOD/SCID mice that received lymphocytes from transgenic mice became diabetic at a slower rate than mice receiving control lymphocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Moreover, lymphocytes collected from recipients transferred by lymphocytes from transgenic mice revealed less proliferative potential than lymphocytes obtained from control recipients. (diabetesjournals.org)
Le pourcentage de CD44 dans les lymphocytes T périphériques était significativement plus élevé chez les patients que chez les témoins, comme détecté par la cytométrie en flux. (who.int)

PDLIM2 deficiency, however, had no obvious effect on lineage commitment towards Th2 or Treg cells. (listlabs.com)

This receptor has been shown to activate NF-κB and MAPK8/JNK, and induce cell apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
Tumor cells can induce, through exposition of amyloid precursor protein (APP), DR6-mediated endothelial cell necroptosis allowing tumors metastasis. (wikipedia.org)
IL-13 has also been shown to enhance B cell proliferation and to induce isotype switching, resulting in increased production of IgE. (peprotech.com)
IL-8 and LTD4 could induce CD47 expression in CRC cells. (lu.se)

The CD45 isoforms play complex roles in T-cell and B-cell antigen receptor signal transduction. (bdbiosciences.com)

1 Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. (nih.gov)

Death receptor 6 (DR6), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 (TNFRSF21), is a cell surface receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which activates the JNK and NF-κB pathways. (wikipedia.org)
Death receptor 6 gets a chemical message and starts a signaling pathway that causes apoptosis, also known as cell death, to occur. (wikipedia.org)
Th1, Th2, and Th0 lines were generated from ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice and transferred into lymphocyte-deficient, OVA-treated severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. (jci.org)
TCR, T-cell receptor. (jci.org)
T helper cells recognize antigen presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex II on antigen-presenting cells in a T cell receptor-dependent fashion (not shown). (frontiersin.org)
The IL-1 receptor-related protein T1 is expressed on the surface of Th2, but not Th1 cells. (gla.ac.uk)
PPAR-d is a nuclear receptor that receives the Th2 cytokine signals and turns on a cascade of genes and proteins that results in M2 macrophage activation. (webwire.com)
Aim: To evaluate the involvement of Th2 cells in different periods of the active phase of experimental periodontal disease and expression of the R1 subunit of the receptor for IFN-γ during the early and advanced progression of the disease. (bvsalud.org)

Here, we characterized the whole-genome distribution of methyl-CpG and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in mouse innate lymphoid cell 3 (ILC3), ILC2 and natural killer (NK) cells. (stanford.edu)

To elucidate the role of T1 in vivo, we generated T1-deficient mice and a T1-transgenic strain which secretes soluble T1-Fc fusion protein into the serum. (gla.ac.uk)

These results indicate that antigen-specific Th1 cells may not protect or prevent Th2-mediated allergic disease, but rather may cause acute lung pathology. (jci.org)
Four days after adoptive transfer of OVA-specific Th cell lines (2.5 × 10 6 cells per mouse), mice were sacrificed and lung tissue was embedded in OCT compound. (jci.org)
a ) Lung tissue from recipient of Th1 cells. (jci.org)
b ) Lung tissue from recipient of Th2 cells. (jci.org)
We hypothesized that single acute exposure to ambient or engineered particulate matter (PM) in the absence of other secondary stimuli would activate lung dendritic cells (DC) in vivo and provide information on the early immunological events of PM exposure and DC activation in a mouse model naïve to prior PM exposure. (cdc.gov)
By contrast, CBP and AgP induced altered lung tissue barrier integrity but failed to stimulate CD4+ T cells as effectively. (cdc.gov)

Both APM and DEP activated pulmonary DC and promoted a Th2-type cytokine response from naïve CD4+ T cells ex vivo. (cdc.gov)
Cultures of primary peribronchial lymph node cells from mice exposed to APM and DEP also displayed a Th2-type immune response ex vivo. (cdc.gov)
Environmental APM and DEP activated DC in vivo and provoked a Th2 response ex vivo. (cdc.gov)
2016). However, further studies are warranted to better understand B-cell induction of Th2 cells in vivo. (icem2012.org)

Goat F(ab') 2 Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L)-Alexa Fluor ® 555 antibody with minimal reactivity to mouse and human proteins for use in immunohistochemistry / immunocytochemistry and western blot assays. (southernbiotech.com)

Spatial distribution of LTi-like cells in intestinal mucosa regulates type 3 innate immunity. (stanford.edu)

PDLIM2 is essential for the termination of the inflammatory transcription factors NF-B and STAT but is dispensable for the development of immune cells and immune tissues/organs. (listlabs.com)
The collaboration between Drake, an immunologist, and Platz, an epidemiologist, and others on the research team will continue as 'we go back into the lab and try to characterize the nature of the immune cells present in the prostate,' says Platz. (news-medical.net)

Figure 2: Innate and adaptive type 2 cell ontogeny. (nature.com)

In order to differentiate into Th1 or Th2 cells, CD4 T cells must become antigen-activated. (bvsalud.org)

OVA-TCR transgenic Th cells migrate to the lungs of recipient mice. (jci.org)
The inventors found that GLP-1R agonists inhibited IL-33 expression and release from the lungs of mice in response to an airway challenge the allergen extract of the aeroallergen Alternaria alternata , an aeroallergen which has protease activity and which is associated with severe asthma exacerbations. (justia.com)

On histopathology, this fibroinflammatory disease is characterized with specific findings such as lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells, obliterative phlebitis, and storiform fibrosis, in most cases accompanied by increased levels of serum IgG4 [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

Singularly, SPDEF, a transcription factor associated with mucus metaplasia, was rarely detected in mucus cells in IPF. (bmj.com)
Mucus cells lining abnormal airways from patients with IPF expressed MUC5B and SOX2 but lacked SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) and forkhead box A3(FOXA3). (bmj.com)
Senescent cells exhibit chronic activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB, a known mediator of the pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and skeletal muscle atrophy. (jci.org)
An immunohistochemical investigation of the gingival tissue was performed to detect the presence of the Th2 specific transcription factor (GATA3). (bvsalud.org)

We investigated the protective potential of PD-L1 on autoimmune diabetes by transgenically overexpressing PD-L1 in pancreatic β-cells in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -We established an insulin promoter-driven murine PD-L1 transgenic NOD mouse model to directly evaluate the protective effect of an organ-specific PD-L1 transgene against autoimmune diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
and T-cell proliferation, adoptive transfer, and islet transplantation were performed to evaluate the PD-L1 transgene-mediated immune-protective mechanisms. (diabetesjournals.org)
CONCLUSIONS -Our results demonstrate the protective potential of transgenic PD-L1 in autoimmune diabetes and illustrate its role in downregulating diabetogenic T-cells in NOD mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
Conclusions: These results indicate that the Th2 response may have a protective role during the pathogenesis of experimental periodontal disease, and that the IFN-γ R1 subunit may not be associated with periodontal disease progression. (bvsalud.org)

There are two hallmark phenotypes of allergic asthma: (1) inflammatory, due to a T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-mediated immune response resulting in elevated inflammatory cells in the airways, and (2) airway hyper-reactivity, during which volume and flow of inhaled air decreases as a consequence of airway constriction. (cdc.gov)

and promotes mast cell proliferation in combination with IL-4. (biolegend.com)
Little is known about molecular mecha- desmosomal glycoproteins, resulting in the nisms affecting mast cell and T lympho- loss of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion [ 1 ]. (who.int)

Migratory lesions of ichthyosis linearis circumflexa may be caused by a dermal influx of inflammatory cells that undergo phagocytosis and digestion by keratinocytes, resulting in disruption of keratinization. (medscape.com)
CD117 by immunohistochemical methods sion molecules, involved in cell-cell and in order to clarify the role of the infiltrating cell matrix interactions and thought to take inflammatory cells in the pathomechanisms part in cell motility [ 2,3 ]. (who.int)

Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, P-deficient (P(-/-)) mice had markedly reduced total and eosinophil cell counts in BAL and significantly attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. (nih.gov)

However, induction of all other immune parameters was normal and both T1-deficient and T1-Fc-transgenic mice were able to clear the parasite infection within 12 days with kinetics similar to those in control mice. (gla.ac.uk)

The fluorochrome-labeled JES5-16E3 antibody is useful for intracellular immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometric analysis to identify IL-10-producing cells within mixed cell populations. (biolegend.com)
Isolated CD39 expression on CD4 + T cells denotes both regulatory and memory populations. (southernbiotech.com)
Fibrotic livers are characterized by an inflammatory microenvironment that is composed of various immunologically active cells, including liver-resident populations (e.g. (mdpi.com)
Transcriptomic profiling of T-cell populations in non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer. (lu.se)

The CD45 isoforms detected in the mouse are cell type-, maturation-, and activation state-specific. (bdbiosciences.com)

2012). Although these surface molecules can promote Th2 polarization, blockade of any of these pathways doesnt necessarily affect Th2 polarization in all models studied (Chu et al. (icem2012.org)
2003). Antigens that lead to low dose MHCII-peptide display or low affinity ligands for TCR triggering, also tend to favour Th2 polarization. (icem2012.org)
The anti-inflammatory effect of GA is mediated via DC as GA does not affect the polarization patterns of naive Th cells activated in an APC-free system. (aai.org)

The ED 50 as determined by the dose-dependant stimulation of the proliferation of human TF-1 cells is ≤ 40 ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of ≥ 2.5 x 10 4 units/mg. (peprotech.com)

Ernst DN, Weigle WO, Noonan DJ, McQuitty DN, Hobbs MV. The age-associated increase in IFN-γ synthesis by mouse CD8+ T cells correlates with shifts in the frequencies of cell subsets defined by membrane CD44, CD45RB, 3G11, and MEL-14 expression. (bdbiosciences.com)
We identified differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DHMRs) between ILC and NK cell subsets and correlated them with transcriptional signatures. (stanford.edu)

RESULTS -The severity of insulitis in these transgenic mice is significantly decreased, disease onset is delayed, and the incidence of diabetes is markedly decreased compared with littermate controls. (diabetesjournals.org)

Mesenchymal stem cells up-regulate the invasive potential of prostate cancer cells via the eotaxin-3/CCR3 axis. (cancerindex.org)

CD47, as a key regulator of crosstalk between colon cancer cells and TAMs, could thus be a therapeutic target for CRC. (lu.se)

1997). Further commitment to the Th2 lineage, is greatly enhanced by STAT-6 phosphorylation in response to IL-4R triggering by the polarizing cytokine IL-4 (Shimoda et al. (icem2012.org)

CTSB can be secreted by tumor cells and is associated with the cell membrane of these cells. (biolegend.com)

However, NET digestion liberates pathogens and releases cfDNA that promote thrombosis and endothelial cell injury. (jci.org)

We investigated the homing-related chemokine expression levels of MSCs treated with a prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) -conditioned medium. (cancerindex.org)

Because Th1 cells antagonize Th2 cell functions, it has been proposed that immune deviation toward Th1 can protect against asthma and allergies. (jci.org)
Using an adoptive transfer system, we assessed the roles of Th1, Th2, and Th0 cells in a mouse model of asthma and examined the capacity of Th1 cells to counterbalance the proasthmatic effects of Th2 cells. (jci.org)

Conversely, a Th2-like response was associated with a better outcome. (cdc.gov)

These were analyzed for the Th2 immune response induced by infection with the parasitic nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. (gla.ac.uk)
Although mouse infection models have been extensively used to study the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, their validity in revealing determinants of human tuberculosis (TB) resistance and disease progression has been heavily debated. (imperial.ac.uk)
Indomethacin is common to the trypanosomatid family treatment slows disease progression and of protozoa, which includes Leishmania enhances a type 1 helper (Th1) cell response and Trypanosoma spp. (who.int)
In of L. major infections [ 5 ] and, secondly, this way, it has been shown that buthionine that prostaglandins can inhibit the develop- sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, ment of Th1 response and enhance the exerts an inhibitory effect on L. donovani development of type 2 helper (Th2) cell growth [ 1 ]. (who.int)

For instance, GLP-1R agonist administration decreased TNFα and IL-6 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of obese patients with T2D and diabetic mouse adipose tissue. (justia.com)
Previously, we showed that exosomes derived from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC-exosomes) attenuate AD-like symptoms by reducing multiple inflammatory cytokine levels. (mdpi.com)
CD4 + T cells are enriched in lesional tissue from patients with CD and UC and blockade or depletion of CD4 + T is effective in treating patients with IBD. (frontiersin.org)
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation has been performed using chromatin from mouse liver tissue, the iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Transcription Factors and the Diagenode ChIP-seq-grade CTCF antibody. (diagenode.com)

High levels of P were also detected in the BAL of OVA-sensitized and challenged but not naive mice. (nih.gov)
Chromatin immunoprecipitations in naive CD4, but not CD8, T cells, demonstrated association of the IL-4 promoter with acetylated histone. (doe.gov)
CD80, CD86, and CD40) to become potent immunogenic APC for naive CD4 + Th cells ( 1 ). (aai.org)

Antigen-specific Th1 but not Th2 cells provide protection from lethal Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. (southernbiotech.com)
Interestingly, IBD patients with concurrent HIV infection also exhibit a greater incidence of remission as compared to non-HIV controls, correlating with decreased total blood CD4 + T cell counts ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)

Because the cytokine profile of Th cells is often regulated by dendritic cells (DC), we studied the modulatory effects of GA on the T cell regulatory function of human DC. (aai.org)

Anatomy3

Phenomena and Processes1

Cytokines22

Inflammation28

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells1

Effector9

Responses23

Macrophages16

Differentiation13

Eosinophils9

Cytokine production1

Induces3

Th175

BALB8

Epithelial Cells5

Lymphocytes7

Treg1

Induce4

Signal transduction1

Immunology1

Receptor8

Lymphoid1

Deficient mice1

Lung6

Vivo4

Immunohistochemistry1

Immunity1

Immune cells2

Innate1

Differentiate1

Lungs2

Infiltration1

Transcription factor4

Protective5

Helper cell1

Mast cell2

Inflammatory cells2

Eosinophil1

Induction1

Populations4

Maturation1

Polarization3

Proliferation1

Subsets2

Transgenic mice1

Regulate1

Regulator1

Lineage1

Tumor1

Endothelial cell1

Chemokine1

Asthma2

Conversely1

Response4

Tissue4

Naive3

Infection2

Regulatory1