• The HIF hydroxylases regulate the stability and transcriptional activity of the HIF-alpha subunit by catalyzing hydroxylation of specific proline and asparaginyl residues, respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Under normoxic conditions, prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) hydroxylate the cite-specific proline residues of HIF-1α in a reaction that uses O 2 as a substrate. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • John T, Pires E, Hester SS, Salah E, Hopkinson RJ, Schofield CJ Formaldehyde reacts with N-terminal proline residues to give bicyclic aminals. (le.ac.uk)
  • In humans, PHD2 is one of the three isoforms of hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase, which is also known as HIF prolyl-hydroxylase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two major alternatively spliced ZAP isoforms, the constitutively expressed ZAPL and the infection-inducible ZAPS, play overlapping yet different antiviral and other roles that need further characterization. (bvsalud.org)
  • By regulating the expression of a large array of target genes during hypoxia, these proteins also direct adaptive changes in the hematopoietic, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. (ox.ac.uk)
  • HIF-1α is a ubiquitous, constitutively synthesized transcription factor responsible for upregulating the expression of genes involved in the cellular response to hypoxia. (wikipedia.org)
  • This compound markedly decreased the hypoxia-induced accumulation of HIF-1α protein dose-dependently, whereas it did not affect the expressions of HIF-1β and topoisomerase-I (topo‑I). Furthermore, celastrol prevented hypoxia-induced expression of HIF-1 target genes for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Hypoxia inducible element 1 (Hif1) is a tension responsive transcription element, which regulates the expression of genes necessary for adaption to hypoxia. (colinsbraincancer.com)
  • Target genes activated by hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) decrease the dependence of the cell on oxygen, whereas Ras, Myc, and Akt can also upregulate glucose consumption and glycolysis. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • These gene products may include proteins such as glycolytic enzymes and angiogenic growth factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The key regulator of this process, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), can initiate apoptosis by inducing high concentrations of proapoptotic proteins, such as BNIP3, and can cause stabilisation of p53. (bmj.com)
  • HIF is usually a heterodimeric transcription element made up of the hypoxia inducible Hif1 subunit as well as the constitutively indicated Hif1 [2]. (colinsbraincancer.com)
  • In normoxia, HIF alpha subunits are marked for the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway through hydroxylation of proline-564 and proline-402 by PHD2. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1234423-95-0 supplier Because HIF-prolylhydroxylases need air to hydroxylate Hif1 [5], hypoxia inhibits PHD2 hydroxylase activity, reducing hydroxylation of Hif1, and permitting Hif1 to build up. (colinsbraincancer.com)
  • Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 2 (HIF-PH2), or prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2), is an enzyme encoded by the EGLN1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • PHD2 is a 46-kDa enzyme that consists of an N-terminal domain homologous to MYND zinc finger domains, and a C-terminal domain homologous to the 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenases. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, one animal study showed tumor reduction in PHD2-deficient mice through activation of antiproliferative TGF-β signaling. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3- 5 Therefore, during severe hypoxia or anoxia, the cell initiates a cascade of events that leads to apoptotic cell death, thereby preventing the accumulation of cells with hypoxia induced mutations. (bmj.com)
  • Hypoxia is an important micro-environmental factor in promoting tumor progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • As the early tumor expands, it outgrows the diffusion limits of its local blood supply, leading to hypoxia and stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, HIF. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Markedly, we found that suppression of HIF-1α accumulation by celastrol correlated with strong dephosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), pathways known to regulate HIF-1α expression at the translational level. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human GA Binding Protein Transcription Factor Alpha (GABPa) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (therabio.org)
  • Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human GA Binding Protein Transcription Factor Alpha (GABPa) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (therabio.org)
  • Among these transcription factors, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is one of the most important factors that play a critical role in controlling oxygen delivery and metabolic adaptation to hypoxic conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Exposure to a variety of growth factors has also been shown to increase HIF-1 activity in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Hypoxia escalates the degrees of the hypoxia inducible element (HIF), a transcription element that alters gene manifestation and promotes version of cells to hypoxic conditions. (colinsbraincancer.com)
  • Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids. (scalegen.com)
  • Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Mouse Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates. (scalegen.com)
  • Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids. (scalegen.com)
  • During hypoxia, an intricate balance exists between factors that induce or counteract apoptosis, or even stimulate proliferation. (bmj.com)
  • Intro Hypoxia is usually connected with inflammatory illnesses, tumors and wound curing [1]. (colinsbraincancer.com)
  • In studies during the early 1990's, Gregg Semenza identified, and then in 1995 purified and cloned, a transcription factor that regulates these oxygen-dependent responses. (nobelprize.org)
  • Mammalian cells have developed a range of adaptations to survive acute and even prolonged hypoxia. (bmj.com)
  • 1 Severe hypoxia causes a high mutation rate, resulting in point mutations, which may be explained by reduced DNA mismatch repair activity resulting from decreased MLH1 and PMS2 concentrations, which are caused by hypoxia. (bmj.com)
  • In solid tumours, hypoxia is a common phenomenon. (bmj.com)
  • Understanding the regulation of apoptosis during hypoxia and the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis might lead to more specific treatments for solid tumours. (bmj.com)
  • Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in solid tumours because impaired vascular function results in an inadequate blood supply. (bmj.com)
  • In addition, mtDNA stress in TFAM-deficient mouse melanoma cells produces tumours that are more resistant to doxorubicin in vivo. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Through the combined work of these three laureates it was thus demonstrated that the response by gene expression to changes in oxygen is directly coupled to oxygen levels in the animal cell, allowing immediate cellular responses to occur to oxygenation through the action of the HIF transcription factor. (nobelprize.org)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Insulin Receptor (ISR) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. (tuberculosistest.net)
  • Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Mouse Insulin Receptor (ISR) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (tuberculosistest.net)
  • Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Chemokine C-X3-C-Motif Receptor 1 (CX3CR1) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids. (lipidx.org)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Chemokine C-X3-C-Motif Receptor 1 (CX3CR1) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (lipidx.org)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 Alpha (HNF1a) in Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (wildpalm.net)
  • Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Mouse Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 Alpha (HNF1a) in samples from Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (wildpalm.net)
  • Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Rat Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha (HNF1A) in samples from serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates. (wildpalm.net)
  • Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (TGFb2) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids. (2sars.com)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (TGFb2) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids. (2sars.com)
  • Description: Quantitativecompetitive ELISA kit for measuring Rat growth differentiation factor 15(GDF15) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. (scalegen.com)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFkB) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids. (resourcerecovery.be)
  • Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is the central mediator of cellular responses to low oxygen and vital to many aspects of cancer biology. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 7 Severe hypoxia in the presence of energy stimulates cells to undergo apoptosis, whereas oxygen levels above 0.5% prevent cell death. (bmj.com)
  • APOBEC3F apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3F: Candida albicans enhanced the production of the CCR5-interacting chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, and stimulates the production of interferon-a and the restriction factors APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, and tetherin (BST2) in macrophages Rodriguez et al, 2013 . (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
  • BST2 bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (Tetherin): Candida albicans enhanced the production of the CCR5-interacting chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, and stimulates the production of interferon-a and the restriction factors APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, and tetherin (BST2) in macrophages Rodriguez et al, 2013 . (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
  • Finally, Tfam+/− mice exposed to ionizing radiation exhibit enhanced nDNA repair responses in spleen. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 Alpha from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (wildpalm.net)
  • Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Nuclear Factor Kappa B from Rat in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (resourcerecovery.be)
  • Even though the exact mechanisms underlying ischemic injury in the muscle are not completely understood, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) has emerged as an attractive target to enhance post ischemic angiogenesis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Tetraspanin 30 from Mouse in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (kits-elisa.com)
  • Little molecule inhibitors of prolylhydroxylases consist of compounds that are structural analogs towards the 2-oxoglutarate co-factor necessary for these enzymes to operate [22]. (colinsbraincancer.com)
  • Celastrol showed a potent inhibitory activity against HIF-1 activation induced by hypoxia in various human cancer cell lines. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The enzyme has a high affinity for iron(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (also known as α-ketoglutarate), and forms a long-lived complex with these factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • We found that the splicing factors hnRNPA1/A2, PTBP1/2, and U1-snRNP inhibit ZAPS production and demonstrated the feasibility to modulate the ZAPL/S balance by splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides in human cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2 In addition, hypoxia induces genetic instability by the induction of fragile sites causing gene amplification. (bmj.com)
  • We found that wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, subjected to hind limb ischemia (HLI) and supplemented with carnosine (1g/L) in drinking water, had improved blood flow recovery and limb function, enhanced revascularization and regeneration of myocytes compared with HLI mice placed on water alone. (frontiersin.org)
  • Similarly pretreatment of WT C57/Bl6 mice with carnosine showed enhanced blood flow in the ischemic limb following HLI surgery. (frontiersin.org)
  • Finally, treatment of mice with DMOG ahead of total body irradiation led to significant radioprotection from the mice, demonstrating the power of DMOG and related prolylhydroxylase inhibitors to safeguard whole microorganisms 1234423-95-0 supplier from ionizing rays. (colinsbraincancer.com)
  • 8 h following single oral doses of the compounds was associated with significant losses of radiolabelled proline and 4-hydroxyproline from collagen during this period. (embl.de)
  • The severity of hypoxia determines whether cells become apoptotic or adapt to hypoxia and survive. (bmj.com)
  • Cells adapt to this environmental stress, so that after repeated periods of hypoxia, selection for resistance to hypoxia induced apoptosis occurs. (bmj.com)
  • In the mouse, a transporting epithelium is established around the 8-16-cell stage through a process known as compaction where cell definition is lost and the outer cells of the embryo form tight junctions, giving rise to the blastocyst. (conditionmed.org)
  • The stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1):CXCR4 is important in myocardial repair. (omeka.net)