Methods cells cultured. Medical search. Frequent questions

Both 2D monolayer and 3D neurospheres were successfully cultured and characterized for proliferative potential, intrinsic plasticity, presence of cancer stem cells and the expression of stem cell markers. (frontiersin.org)
Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate to form an adherent culture as a monolayer (one single-cell thick), whereas others can be grown free floating in a medium as a suspension culture . (wikipedia.org)
In 2D applications, adherent cells are grown in a monolayer system on a flat surface, e.g. in a T-flask. (integra-biosciences.com)
Cells generally exist as three-dimensional aggregates in the body, but in classical plate culturing, cells are cultured in a monolayer fashion with the cells attached to a vessel. (justia.com)
The addition of microglia or ATP led to the disruption of the MBEC monolayer and significantly decreased barrier function as measured by trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). (portlandpress.com)
In conclusion, we offer evidence that microglia migration across the brain endothelial cell monolayer is increased in the presence of ATP in a manner that involves MMP secretion. (portlandpress.com)
With a dedicated BSL-2 facility and years of cell and tissue culture experience, our knowledgeable team can work with any cell type in both monolayer and suspension formats, including different immortalized cell lines (such as MDCK), primary cells, and tissue samples (such as brain, blood, milk and more). (element.com)
This simple pellet-based 3D culture system allows for cell aggregation and spheroid formation, facilitating cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions that better mimic the in vivo cellular environment compared with 2D monolayer cultures. (lu.se)

Jurkat T cells encapsulated with a double layer of PSS-GNR/PAH (PSS-GNR/PAH@Jurkat) showed the highest rate of cell proliferation when compared to 24-h encapsulated cells. (springer.com)
By relating the amount of ATP to the number of viable cells, the assay has wide applications, ranging from the determination of viable cell numbers to cell proliferation to cell cytotoxicity. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Proliferation of the cancer cells was significantly increased through the steroid sulfatase pathway, which metabolizes androgens, estrone sulfate, and estradiol sulfate as its substrates. (scirp.org)
We evaluated the effects of STS inhibitor and aromatase inhibitors on the proliferation of estrogen-dependent endometrial cancer cells. (scirp.org)
For culturing of adherent cells, a range is limited within a scaffold in which the cells grow during the course of their division and proliferation, and therefore with continued proliferation it is unavoidable that they eventually reach the limit of proliferation in the scaffold. (justia.com)
In addition, at 48H, BPs linked to inflammatory phenotypes were activated (confirming KEGG results), while BPs linked to extracellular matrix (ECM) structural organisation, endothelial cell proliferation, and collagen metabolism were repressed. (nature.com)
Nevertheless, mycoplasmas can have disastrous effects on eukaryotic cells, as they can alter every cellular function (proliferation, protein synthesis, susceptibility to viral infection, etc. (invivogen.com)
Materials and method: The pulp tissue, obtained from wisdom teeth, was placed in a 6-well plate containing proper culture medium, and stored at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for cell proliferation and plastic adherence. (bvsalud.org)
Conclusion: Our results suggest that the explant method - or cell proliferation method - is suitable for the isolation and culture of stem cells from dental pulp of permanent teeth. (bvsalud.org)

We then considered cell culture conditions and scale-up of exosomes utilizing upstream bioreactor technologies. (pall.com)
Cell cultured meat, also known as cultivated, cultured, or lab-grown meat, is a product of cellular agriculture , that uses tissue samples from living animals to grow sustainable, humane meat in a bioreactor. (moleculardevices.com)
Learn about cell culture media, large volume cell banking, and single-use bioreactor versus stainless steel bioreactor design in cell culture development. (ncsu.edu)
Agitation based: a cell suspension is placed in a rotating bioreactor. (integra-biosciences.com)
For example, for hollow fiber culturing, a liquid phase/gas phase exposure bioreactor has been proposed (PTL 3), as a system wherein hollow fibers inhabited by cells are rotated for alternate exposure to a gas phase and a liquid phase. (justia.com)

For example, long, narrow channels may be desired to culture neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Compartmentalized microfluidic cultures have also been combined with live cell calcium imaging, where depolarizing stimuli have been delivered to the peripheral terminals of neurons, and calcium responses recorded in the cell body. (wikipedia.org)
On the other hand, the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has the strongest trophic effect on dopaminergic neurons (10). (sld.cu)
In striatal neurons in primary culture, both the CB1 receptor agonist [3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-11-hydroxy-Δ 8 tetrahydrocannabinol] (HU210) and the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation when applied separately. (jneurosci.org)
With whole-cell recording from single neurons, we found that ACh inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) while elevating neuronal firing in a dose-dependent manner. (springer.com)
Previously, we have demonstrated that small networks of cultured hippocampal neurons exhibit persistent activity in response to brief stimuli applied to single cells [ 26 ], reminiscent of reverberatory activity in the hypothetical cell assembly proposed by Donald Hebb as a network basis of "online" working memory [ 27 ]. (springer.com)
Traditional random cultures allow limited access to subcellular compartments (axons, dendrites, synapses) due to extensive and haphazard growth of neurons. (sbir.gov)
Our long-term goal is to provide robust, user-friendly, and cost effective culture platforms that can optically, fluidically, and biochemically access neurons and their subcellular compartments. (sbir.gov)
Such improvements include ensuring greater uniformity of the device, reducing end-user assembly procedures, and enhancing viability for the long-term culturing period that is often needed for neurons. (sbir.gov)
The significance of the proposed work is to improve research scientists' ability to visualize, manipulate, and measure cultured neurons leading to greater understanding of the underlying causes of neurological diseases. (sbir.gov)

ATP Cell Viability Luciferase Assay A highly sensitive firefly luciferase cell based assay for quantifying ATP in cell cultures used to measure cell viability. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The ATP Cell Viability Luciferase Assay offers a highly sensitive homogenous assay for quantifying ATP in cell cultures. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The ATP Cell Viability Luciferase Assay is a flash-type luminescence assay designed for individual sample detection by using a luminometer in a single sample format or a luminometer with an injector in 96-well plate format. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Store ATP Cell Viability Luciferase Assay at -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In addition to demonstrating normal cell viability and islet morphology, post-cultured islets exhibited normal insulin secretion kinetics, intracellular calcium signaling, and changes in mitochondrial potentials in response to glucose challenge. (nih.gov)
We'll provide you with tips on reproducibility, contamination, viability and automation to help you overcome the major cell culture challenges. (integra-biosciences.com)
The major downside of suspension cultures is that they require daily cell counts and viability determination to follow growth patterns, whereas adherent cultures can easily be inspected under a microscope. (integra-biosciences.com)
Cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were also evaluated. (nature.com)
TMAO treatment for either 24H or 48H induces reduced cell viability and enhanced oxidative stress. (nature.com)
Discover how to thaw cells and maintain viability. (atcc.org)
Cell viability was determined by the trypan blue exclusion method. (genengnews.com)
The wash step was repeated, and viability determined by trypan blue exclusion method. (genengnews.com)

The aim of this work was to study the protective activity of a honey of multifloral origin, standardized for total antioxidant power and analytically profiled (HPLC-MS) in antioxidants, in a cultured endothelial cell line (EA.hy926) subjected to oxidative stress. (researchgate.net)

We developed a novel shotgun cell culture harvest assay for this purpose because we found that recent clinical samples do not form plaques. (cdc.gov)
The sensitive assay procedure involves a single addition of ATP detection cocktail directly to cells cultured in a serum-supplemented medium. (sigmaaldrich.com)
We developed a calcium signaling-based assay, using cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK), that evaluates simultaneously, the activation/desensitization or blockade of the proteinase-activated receptors, PAR 1 and PAR 2 . (aspetjournals.org)
The abilities of the PAR 1 -targeted agents to desensitize or block PAR 1 in the HEK cell assay were compared with their activities in a human platelet aggregation assay. (aspetjournals.org)
Our data illustrate the usefulness of the HEK cell assay for evaluating the PAR 1 /PAR 2 selectivity of PAR-activating agonists. (aspetjournals.org)
To this end, we developed a calcium-signaling assay, employing cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) in which the action of PAR 1 and PAR 2 agonists and antagonists could be evaluated simultaneously. (aspetjournals.org)
Cells were analyzed 48 h post infection for the amount of intracellular and extracellular viral genomes and infectious viral particles by quantitative real-time PCR and virus titration assay. (wjgnet.com)
The PCR method, although rather fast and inexpensive, requires stringent assay-setup to avoid the risk of false positives or negative results due to contamination with target DNA or inhibition of Taq DNA polymerase [5] . (invivogen.com)
Prior to assay set-up, CHO cells were grown to between 70-90% confluence in T75 tissue culture flasks in 10-20 mL sterile culture media, and spun and detached using trypsin. (genengnews.com)
This white paper outlines an approach developed to address these limitations: an integrated assay solution that is based on Incucyte ® Live-Cell Analysis, along with a novel pH-sensitive dye coupled antibody fragment (Incucyte ® FabFluor Antibody Labeling Reagents). (news-medical.net)
Both the labeling method and assay workflow are ideal for assessing internalization rates of many antibodies (10-100s) in miniaturized (96/384 well) plate formats. (news-medical.net)
Not only are reliable and accurate methods for determining drug potential and efficacy early in development essential, but cell-based bioassay development and biological assay validation must be accomplished quickly, given the highly competitive biologic industry, particularly for cell and gene therapy modalities. (element.com)
Many biologic drug developers rely on CDMOs to meet bioassay demands, and a reliable and credible contract partner for your cell-based assay can be the difference between struggle and success. (element.com)
If you need advanced characterization of biologic drug molecules, potency assay development, cellular response data, lot release support, or more, Element's cell culture expertise is at your disposal. (element.com)

Perfusion in microfluidic cell culture is important to enable long culture periods on-chip and cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
Support the growth and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells by using Vitronectin XF™, a defined and xeno-free cell culture matrix. (stemcell.com)
Many existing tissue-engineering approaches focus on delivery of selected proteins (growth factors, transcription factors etc.) or nucleic acids to host or implanted stem cells to achieve lineage specific differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
Objective: To establish cultures of cells from the pulp of permanent teeth by the explant method assessing parameters usually presented by stem cells, such as the expression of certain markers and the differentiation ability into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. (bvsalud.org)
In addition, cells were assessed for multi-differentiation potential. (bvsalud.org)
Similarly, the cells showed differentiation ability into all three lineages of cells tested. (bvsalud.org)
The isolated cells may be considered stem cells, based on the current criteria for their characterization, such as plastic adherence, expression of certain markers, and the absence of others, as well as multi-differentiation potential, which showed to be promising for the application in tissue regeneration. (bvsalud.org)
Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)
should not be cultured from sites where they are part of the normal flora because differentiation of pathogens from normal flora may be impossible. (msdmanuals.com)

Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. (wikipedia.org)
The term "tissue culture" was coined by American pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows . (wikipedia.org)
Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants. (wikipedia.org)
In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes , especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture , fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes ). (wikipedia.org)
The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture . (wikipedia.org)
[6] In 1885 Wilhelm Roux removed a section of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken and maintained it in a warm saline solution for several days, establishing the basic principle of tissue culture. (wikipedia.org)
Gottlieb Haberlandt first pointed out the possibilities of the culture of isolated tissues, plant tissue culture . (wikipedia.org)
[12] He suggested that the potentialities of individual cells via tissue culture as well as that the reciprocal influences of tissues on one another could be determined by this method. (wikipedia.org)
CellAdhere™ Dilution Buffer and non-tissue culture-treated cultureware (e.g. (stemcell.com)
The following were grown in 75 cm 2 tissue culture treated flasks: BT-474 cells (DMEM+10% FCS), HT1080 cells (F12K+10% FCS, 1% glutamax, 1 u/mL pen/strep), Jurkat and Raji cells (both RPMI 1640+10% FCS). (news-medical.net)
C trachomatis grows well in a variety of cell lines (eg, McCoy and HeLa cells) that can be maintained in tissue culture. (medscape.com)
Incubation in tissue culture is 40-72 hours, depending on the cell type and specific biovar. (medscape.com)

Cells were tested for the expression of surface markers and for ALDH1 enzyme activity, by flow cytometry. (bvsalud.org)
Results: The isolated cells showed high expression of CD44 (98.8%), CD73 (100%), and CD90 (97.2%), and moderate expression of STRO-1 (18.4%) and ALDH1 (16.2%), by flow cytometry. (bvsalud.org)

The transplantation of cells or tissues has been applied for treating various human diseases (Bhatia et al. (springer.com)
Trabecular meshwork cells were cultured from trabecular tissues obtained from the POAG patients aged 23 to 45. (molvis.org)
Although the LAT family plays important roles in the development and function of normal tissues, they are frequently increased in cancer cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The entire process of going from animal tissues to cultured meat products described above is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to error if done in a manual fashion. (moleculardevices.com)
Human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs) are multipotent somatic stem cells that can be isolated from a variety of tissues such as the bone marrow, adipose tissue, and dental pulp. (frontiersin.org)

Mycoplasmas frequently contaminate cell cultures. (atcc.org)

Differential ultracentrifugation is performed in a string of cycles at various speeds to remove cells, cellular debris, and apoptotic bodies. (pall.com)
Our aim was to establish a live cell culture to enable the understanding of the cellular processes driving the non-malignant growth of these tumors. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we highlight various applications and research methods using our CloneSelect Imager and Single-Cell Printer, ImageXpress Cellular Imaging System, and SpectraMax® microplate reader to help scale your cell line development workflow. (moleculardevices.com)
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) are adult stem cells with characteristics that make them an attractive candidate in cellular therapy for neurological diseases (1). (sld.cu)
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) distribute cytotoxic payloads to cells with the degree and specificity of cellular uptake being crucial to the molecule's effectiveness and safety. (news-medical.net)
Leverage the experience and expertise of our team of skilled cell biologists to design cellular assays that carefully assess biologic activity to produce valuable data for product efficacy analysis, internal decision-making, and regulatory processes. (element.com)
Our scientists are adept at rapidly executing stage-appropriate, custom cell-based bioassay development and validation, in addition to other more routine cellular assays to assess biologic drugs robustly and accurately, regardless of modality, mechanism of action and target. (element.com)

Another important component for the devices is the ability to produce stable gradients that are present in vivo as these gradients play a significant role in understanding chemotactic, durotactic, and haptotactic effects on cells. (wikipedia.org)
Spatial organization of cells in microscale devices largely depends on the culture region geometry for cells to perform functions in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
Laminar flow is also useful as is it mimics in vivo fluid dynamics more accurately, often making microscale culture more relevant than traditional culture methods. (wikipedia.org)
Due to their simplicity, 2D techniques can't mimic the cells' in vivo environment, where they usually grow in three dimensional structures with complex cell-to-cell interactions. (integra-biosciences.com)
In recent years, with increasing interest being directed toward cultured cell-based production of vaccines, and in vivo proteins such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies and cytokines, as well as cell grafts for use in regenerative medicine, greater focus has been placed on efficient and convenient methodologies for mass cell culturing. (justia.com)
To explore the scope of RBPs across eukaryotic evolution, we determined the in vivo RBP repertoire of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identified 678 RBPs from yeast and additionally 729 RBPs from human hepatocytic HuH-7 cells. (nature.com)
Recently developed unbiased high content techniques to identify RBPs in vivo yielded information on differences in cell type-specific expression and/or RNA-binding activity of RBPs in mammalian cells 2 , 3 . (nature.com)
Although MSC EVs show great promise for regenerative medicine applications, insights into their uptake mechanisms by different target cells and the ability to control MSC EV properties for defined function in vivo have remained elusive knowledge gaps. (frontiersin.org)
To complement the in vivo system of chick embryos, we employ patient omics data, single cell RNA sequencing, human and mouse embryos, human cancer cell cultures, human pluripotent stem cells, chick embryo neural crest-derived in vitro crestosphere cultures, and zebrafish and mouse in vivo models. (lu.se)

Gain a fundamental understanding of growth of mammalian and insect cells used for the production of recombinant proteins, antibodies, gene therapy vectors, and exosomes. (ncsu.edu)
Traditionally, transferrin has been supplied in the form of serum-derived human transferrin (hTf), bovine transferrin (bTf), or, more recently, with the move toward serum-free medium (SFM), inorganic iron salts have been used to supply iron to mammalian cells. (genengnews.com)
Glutamine-driven oxidative phosphorylation is a major ATP source in transformed mammalian cells in both normoxia and hypoxia. (harvard.edu)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. (frontiersin.org)
GMP-Compatible, Xeno-Free Culture of Human Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cells. (bvsalud.org)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in therapies owing to their regenerative potential, paracrine regulatory effects, and immunomodulatory activity. (bvsalud.org)
Objective: We developed a novel, streamlined protocol for generating chondrocytes from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a 3D culture system that offers. (lu.se)
Objective: We developed a novel, streamlined protocol for generating chondrocytes from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a 3D culture system that offers significant implications for the study of cartilage biology and the discovery of potential therapeutic interventions for cartilage-related and associated disorders. (lu.se)

There are two reasons for culturing naturally adherent cells in suspension. (integra-biosciences.com)
Scaffold-based 3D methods usually involve growing adherent cells in hydrogel scaffolds. (integra-biosciences.com)
In cell culturing, regardless of whether or not a cell culture support is used and regardless of whether suspended cells or adherent cells are used, supply of oxygen is an essential issue for achieving healthy growth of the cells, with the exception of anaerobic bacteria. (justia.com)
For example, when adherent cells are plate cultured using a dish, a plate or a chamber, there are restrictions on the proper range for the medium volume with respect to the area of the culturing vessel. (justia.com)
Cells are largely classified into two types, suspended cells and adherent cells, based on the feature of their living form. (justia.com)

ASCs P1 expanded in the Quantum system demonstrated a population doubling (PD) around 2.2 regardless of whether P0 was previously cultured in flasks or Quantum, while ASCs P1 in flasks only reached a PD of 1.0. (nih.gov)
Manufacturing of ASCs in a Quantum system enhances ASC expansion rate and yield significantly relative to manual processing in T-flasks, while maintaining the purity and quality essential to safe and robust cell production. (nih.gov)
These reduced cell numbers make studying non-dividing or slow dividing cells (e.g., stem cells) easier than traditional culture methods (e.g., flasks, petri dishes, or well plates) due to the smaller sample volumes. (wikipedia.org)
Once founded, the cell line can be propagated into several flasks and frozen. (atcc.org)
CHODUKXB11 clone expressing a human mAb against human interleukin (IL)-8 (referred to as DP-12) was cultured in DMEM/F12, 10% FBS, 4.5 g/L glucose, 2 µg/mL recombinant human insulin, 200 nM MTX and 2mM Glutamax™ in T25 flasks. (genengnews.com)

Additionally, monoclonal antibodies are utilized within immunotherapy to flag tumor cells for immune cell clearance (e.g. (news-medical.net)
Internalization of antibodies by specific (target mediated) or non-specific (e.g. pinocytosis in endothelial cells) mechanisms forms a key determinant of the half-life in the body, and even subtle changes to the structure of monoclonal antibodies can result in considerable changes to the duration of activity. (news-medical.net)
Element's biologics laboratory has extensive experience working with most biologic drug modalities, including peptides , monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) , proteins/enzymes , antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), lentivirus/adeno-associated virus gene therapies , cancer vaccines, cell therapies and beyond. (element.com)

and cell culture reagents such as bovine sera (M. arginine and A. laidlawii) or porcine trypsin (M. hyorhinis). (invivogen.com)
Every cell line was supplied by ATCC with culture reagents sourced from Life Technologies. (news-medical.net)

The American embryologist Ross Granville Harrison developed the first in vitro cell culture technique at the very beginning of the twentieth century, when he successfully grew tissue fragments from frog embryos outside the body. (integra-biosciences.com)

But in 2018, researchers in Lund started using different human proteins needed for cell survival in a cell culture medium. (lu.se)

Reliable long-term cell culture in microfluidic system is limited by air bubble formation and accumulation. (nih.gov)
Combined with PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) hydrophilic surface treatment and vacuum filling, a microfluidic perifusion system equipped with the bubble trap was successfully applied for long-term culture of mouse pancreatic islets with no bubble formation and no flow interruption. (nih.gov)
Microfluidic cell culture integrates knowledge from biology, biochemistry, engineering, and physics to develop devices and techniques for culturing, maintaining, analyzing, and experimenting with cells at the microscale. (wikipedia.org)
Microfluidics has been used for cell biology studies as the dimensions of the microfluidic channels are well suited for the physical scale of cells (in the order of magnitude of 10 micrometers). (wikipedia.org)
For example, eukaryotic cells have linear dimensions between 10 and 100 μm which falls within the range of microfluidic dimensions. (wikipedia.org)
A key component of microfluidic cell culture is being able to mimic the cell microenvironment which includes soluble factors that regulate cell structure, function, behavior, and growth. (wikipedia.org)
Some of the major advantages of microfluidic cell culture include reduced sample volumes (especially important when using primary cells, which are often limited) and the flexibility to customize and study multiple microenvironments within the same device. (wikipedia.org)
To quantify metabolic dynamics of macrophages within the TME, mouse macrophages or human monocytes (RAW264.7 or THP-1) were cultured alone or with breast cancer cells (mouse polyoma-middle T virus or primary human IDC) in 3D microfluidic platforms. (aacrjournals.org)

To study ATP production routes, [researchers] used Bax-/-, Bak-/- murine renal epithelial cells immortalized by expression of adenovirus E1A and dominant-negative p53 (Degenhardt et al, 2002) (iBMK cells). (harvard.edu)
Inhaled fluticasone propionate (FP) is widely used to reduce pulmonary inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the potential effects of FP on airway epithelial cells from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are unknown. (ersjournals.com)
In CF disease, a nonregulated inflammatory lung response occurs through exaggerated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines production by airway epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
To determine whether FP reduces cytokine production in bronchial epithelial cells via NF-κB, the authors investigated the nonstimulated and the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated production of NF-κB-dependent interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and RANTES (regulated on activation, T-cell expressed and secreted) along with the activation of NF-κB in non-CF and CF human bronchial gland epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
It was demonstrated that a relevant concentration of FP (10 −8 M) inhibited constitutive and P. aeruginosa LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production of non-CF and CF bronchial epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
Interestingly, the expression of two IκB kinases (IKK)-α/β, the degradation of cytosolic IκB-β inhibitor and the NF-κB deoxyribonucleic acid binding activity were markedly reduced after FP treatment in both CF and non-CF bronchial epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
It was shown by the authors that fluticasone propionate exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by blocking a signal transduction leading to a reduced level of IκB-α/β kinases in bronchial epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
In particular the strong effect on the IκB-β kinase, which is known to be elevated in bronchial epithelial cells in cystic fibrosis patients, was observed. (ersjournals.com)
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal inherited disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in airway epithelial cells 1 . (ersjournals.com)
One of the major clinical manifestations of CFTR mutations is neutrophil dominated inflammation 2 , 3 , implying that defective CFTR affects the immune function of airway epithelial cells, in particular the production of nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent chemokines. (ersjournals.com)
Increasing evidence suggests that respiratory epithelial cells with dysfunctional CFTR have exaggerated activation of NF-κB/inhibitor of NF-κB complex associated with upregulated expression of chemokines 4 , 5 . (ersjournals.com)
The present authors and previous studies, have previously demonstrated that epithelial expression of interleukin (IL)-8 is excessively elevated in the bronchial epithelial cells of human CF adults 6 . (ersjournals.com)
The effects of corticosteroids are predominantly mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding activity, which controls genes encoding inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules in respiratory epithelial cells 10 - 13 . (ersjournals.com)
In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)

Macroautophagy (thereafter designated as autophagy) is a self-digestive system conserved in all eukaryotic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)

Finally, a 0.25% concentration of trypsin (Hyclone Company) was added to the flask for cell subculture (0.1 ml/cm). (molvis.org)
For the concept of cultures-within-cultures, see Subculture . (wikipedia.org)
Discover best practices how to subculture adherent and suspension cultures. (atcc.org)

Mouse myeloma cell line, Sp2/0 expressing anti TGFb-3, was cultured in DMEM/F12 (SAFC Biosciences), and 2 mM Glutamax™, ITS, 0.5% Probumin. (genengnews.com)

Culture expansion of adipose derived stromal cells. (nih.gov)
Adipose derived stromal cells (ASCs) are a rich and convenient source of cells for clinical regenerative therapeutic approaches. (nih.gov)
We isolated stromal cells from endometrial cancer patients to examine local biosynthesis of estrogens and tumor-stromal interactions. (scirp.org)
Next we examined the effects of steroid sulfatase inhibitor and aromatase inhibitor in monoculture of endometrial cancer cell line (Ishikawa) and in a co-culture system involving an Ishikawa cells and stromal cells. (scirp.org)
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) are multipotent stem cells and are considered good candidates for cell restoration in injured brain tissue. (sld.cu)

Animal cells are usually engineered to produce different biologics, including growth factors, hormones, and antibodies that are commonly used as therapies today. (moleculardevices.com)
It is for these reasons that it is essential to gain a clear comprehension of the internalization of antibodies into cells. (news-medical.net)
The methods used to directly quantify antibody internalization are currently painstaking, time-consuming and not suitable for testing several antibodies at once. (news-medical.net)
However, when labeled antibodies are added to cells, a fluorogenic signal can be seen as the Fab-Ab complex is internalized and then processed via acidic (pH 4.5-5.5) endosomes and lysosomes (Figure 1). (news-medical.net)
cells are activated by interaction with antigens and obtain T indicated that the cell lines representing a defined cell help, they mature into terminally differentiated plasma stage generally presented a high similarity in over- cells secreting large amounts of antibodies [10 -12]. (lu.se)

Interestingly, when encapsulated cells were co-cultured with THP-1 macrophages, co-cultures exhibited TNF-α production enhancement. (springer.com)
Fluorescence lifetimes and intensities of NAD(P)H and FAD were acquired at 24, 48, and 72 hours poststimulation for mouse macrophages (RAW264.7) stimulated with IFNγ or IL4 plus IL13 in 2D culture, confirming that autofluorescence measurements capture known metabolic phenotypes. (aacrjournals.org)
FP induces apoptosis of eosinophils 18 and also reduces the production of several cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES (regulated on activation, T-cell expressed and secreted) by alveolar macrophages 19 and lymphocytes 20 , 21 . (ersjournals.com)

We sought to extend the receptor-desensitization paradigm for use with a cultured cell system, in which an intracellular calcium signal rather than a contractile response might be used as an index of receptor activation. (aspetjournals.org)

The focus-forming cells exhibited stem properties as indicated by stem cell markers expression, sphere formation, and ALDH activity assays. (cdc.gov)

4 In cell culture assays, a large proportion of the reproducibility issues come from biological variation between passages or generations of cells. (integra-biosciences.com)
Reliable potency assays are arguably the most important cell-based bioassays, as these assessments are needed to characterize the ability of a drug to drive biologic activity in accordance with the intended therapeutic function, per ICH Q6B for biological drug substances and products. (element.com)
Accelerate your program by leveraging our history of success and accumulated knowledge with our "off-the-shelf" bioassay solutions for various applications, also known as "platform methods," saving precious time by eliminating the need to seek out and develop assays for specific purposes from scratch. (element.com)

Cultures from infected catheters generally turn positive more quickly and contain more organisms than simultaneously drawn peripheral blood cultures. (msdmanuals.com)

The first advantage of suspension cultures is that it's easier to passage the cells, as you don't need to detach them from a culture vessel by enzymatic or mechanical dissociation. (integra-biosciences.com)
Additional growth factors and hormones are added to promote growth or attachment to the culture vessel, often via undefined adjuncts such as serum. (atcc.org)

Adherent cultures are grown on an artificial substrate, whereas cells grown in suspension are free-floating in the culture medium. (integra-biosciences.com)
This is a fact common to both culturing on flat surfaces such as standard plates, and three-dimensional culturing using a substrate. (justia.com)

This research is innovative because we seek to shift current research paradigms through the development of novel cell-based tools to isolate synapses that maintain intact cell morphology in the absence of somata or glia. (sbir.gov)

Because cell-cultured meat is made with animal cells, many processes for developing and scaling a cell-cultured meat product will mirror those in biologics production, specifically cell line development . (moleculardevices.com)
Molecular Devices has a history of success in scaling biologics for regulatory approval and commercialization with life science groups worldwide, and can leverage that expertise with food manufacturers growing animal cell lines in new industries. (moleculardevices.com)

Because of its high specificity (100%) and sensitivity, cell culture is the only test that should be used to establish the presence or absence of infections in cases with legal implications, such as those involving rape or sexual abuse. (medscape.com)
related clinical problems, the objective of A dipstick test for proteinuria is also this study was to determine the reliabil- widely available, but no information on its ity of the dipstick method as a screening sensitivity or specificity is available when procedure for the detection of haematuria, implementing current guidelines [ 9 ]. (who.int)

Autophagic cell death was excluded as the inhibition of autophagy did not attenuate the cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)
Native honey (1% w/v pH 7.4, 10(6) cells) showed strong quenching activity against lipophilic cumoxyl and cumoperoxyl radicals, with significant suppression/prevention of cell damage, complete inhibition of cell membrane oxidation, of intracellular ROS production and recovery of intracellular GSH. (researchgate.net)
The significant growth inhibition by the steroid sulfatase and aromatase inhibitors were also observed in the co-culture system. (scirp.org)
The kit is widely used for drug development to treat brain diseases, such as the evaluation of drug delivery to the brain, the study of compound effects on the BBB, the study of cell membrane polarity inhibition by receptors and disease model analysis. (nikon.com)
Therefore, when an excessive amount of medium has been used, it is often the case that oxygen may be insufficiently supplied to the cells and the low oxygen condition may lead to inhibition or even cell death. (justia.com)

We evaluated nine possible scenarios of how embryonic stem cells could be set up to interact with collagen scaffolds when used in tissue engineering or regenerative medicine applications. (rsc.org)
Cell culture is a fundamental tool used in areas as wide-ranging as drug development, toxicity testing, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. (atcc.org)
Kim and Park, 2017 ) and make HMSCs attractive cells for regenerative therapies. (frontiersin.org)

For therapeutic applications, human iMSCs must be produced in xeno-free culture conditions and following procedures that are compatible with the principles of Good Manufacturing Practice. (bvsalud.org)

Tumor tissue from a rare non-infantile 8-year-old female DIG patient was dissociated and digested using collagenase to establish live cultures. (frontiersin.org)
Using immunohistochemistry, the 3D cultures were shown to express markers as in the original DIG tumor tissue indicating that the spheroid cultures were able to maintain the heterogeneity found in the original tumor. (frontiersin.org)
A spontaneous cell line-like cell culture with high percentage of stem cells has been established from a DIG tumor for the first time. (frontiersin.org)
The tumor is heterogeneous with meningeal tumor cells, mainly a mixture of fibroblast like cells, and neuroepithelial cells in a background of connective tissue. (frontiersin.org)
Considering that intratumoral estrogen metabolism plays an important role, our co-culture systems provide an environment similar to that of the tumor in living patients in terms of metabolism and synthesis of intratumoral estrogens. (scirp.org)

We characterized all collagen hydrogels nondestructively with MPM with and without culturing embryonic stem cells on/within them. (rsc.org)

Since research organizations have limited personnel and must deal with compliance issues, InvivoGen has developed a simple and practical mycoplasma detection kit, PlasmoTest™, which sits right in the incubator alongside cells. (invivogen.com)
PlasmoTest™ is based on detection of mycoplasmas by engineered cells that express Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) , a pathogen recognition receptor that detects bacterial membranes components. (invivogen.com)
In infants with suspected chlamydial conjunctivitis, perform an antigen/DNA detection test, chlamydial culture, or both, using scrapings from the palpebral conjunctiva. (medscape.com)

In 1907 the zoologist Ross Granville Harrison demonstrated the growth of frog embryonic cells that would give rise to nerve cells in a medium of clotted lymph . (wikipedia.org)
Since epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib (GEF) have been reported to induce the apoptosis of several cancer cell lines, in the present study, we examined whether the cytotoxic effects of GEF are further enhanced under amino acid starvation (AAS) culture conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
It merges microfluidics, a set of technologies used for the manipulation of small fluid volumes (μL, nL, pL) within artificially fabricated microsystems, and cell culture, which involves the maintenance and growth of cells in a controlled laboratory environment. (wikipedia.org)
Secondly, suspension cultures are easier to scale up, as the cell growth is only limited by their concentration in the medium, not by the available surface area. (integra-biosciences.com)
For example, since it is difficult to confirm cell growth states using living cells in the preparatory stage of drug evaluation, whether those cells do not meet the criteria for use due to irregular growth can only be known after confirmation by immunostaining etc. after evaluation. (nikon.com)
The agreement represents the first of its kind in Europe between a consumer packaged goods company and a cell-cultured seafood company, and underpins Nomad Foods' commitment to sustainable growth through the development and scaling of emerging food technologies. (thefishsite.com)
Subculturing is absolutely indispensable to promote cell growth and is an important process regardless of the purpose and method, but the operations of treating the cells with trypsin or collagenase to remove them from the scaffold, and reseeding them via a cell suspension, not only run the risk of contamination but are also time consuming, while stress exerted on the cells is another factor that cannot be overlooked. (justia.com)
Designed to support cell culture growth and biomanufacturing processes. (fishersci.com)
This essential laboratory process covers the thaw, growth, propagation, and cryopreservation of cells that have been isolated from a donor organism. (atcc.org)
Direct growth methods are relatively sensitive to most species but the overall procedure is lengthy (3 weeks), costly and less sensitive to non-cultivable species. (invivogen.com)
It is a recombinant analog of human transferrin that has shown equivalence to serum-derived human transferrin (hTf) and superiority to bovine transferrin (bTf) in stimulating cell growth and productivity for a number of cell lines. (genengnews.com)
Cells were then washed in 10 mL Dulbecco's PBS, spun and resuspended in serum-free, growth factor-free medium. (genengnews.com)
The metabolic dye MTS was added to the remaining media for analysis of viable cell numbers and absorbance was measured from each of the six replicate wells to determine growth. (genengnews.com)
To examine the effect of rTransferrin on CHO cell growth and productivity, two concentrations (1 and 5 µg/mL) of the supplement were tested. (genengnews.com)
A greater than twofold increase in growth for both concentrations of rTransferrin was observed above that of SFM by day 10 of the culture ( Figure 1 ). (genengnews.com)
5 µg/mL) displayed similar growth and productivity effects in CHO and Sp2/0 cells to iron supplements in common use within the industry, rTransferrin was compared with serum-derived hTf or bTf (each at 5 µg/mL) and three different inorganic iron salts. (genengnews.com)

For example, by minimizing cell suspension, by avoiding abrupt geometries (which tend to favor bubble formation), designing higher and wider channels (to avoid shear stress), avoid thermosensitive hydrogels. (wikipedia.org)
There are two basic systems for growing cells: adherent and suspension cultures. (integra-biosciences.com)
While only a few cell types naturally grow in suspension (e.g. lymphocytes), many adherent cell types can be adapted to suspension cultures. (integra-biosciences.com)
Forced-floating: a cell suspension is loaded into the wells of a low adhesion polymer-coated microplate. (integra-biosciences.com)
Hanging drop: a cell suspension is loaded into the wells of a hanging drop plate. (integra-biosciences.com)
An alternative is suspension culturing in which cells are cultured in a liquid culturing medium, but some cells are suited for suspension culture while others are not. (justia.com)

A BBB kit consisting of vascular endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes, the component cells of the BBB, is an in vitro model utilizing cell culture inserts. (nikon.com)
The BBB kit has visualization issues with cells under culture at the top and bottom of translucent membranes in the culture inserts, and inside wells. (nikon.com)
This application note introduces an observation method for cells cultured on cell culture inserts used for the BBB kit, etc. (nikon.com)
To study the migration of microglia across the BBB, we developed an in vitro co-culture system of mouse brain endothelial cells (MBECs) and Ra2 microglia using Transwell inserts. (portlandpress.com)
[ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)

After cell lysis, polyadenylated RNAs were captured on oligo d(T) beads followed by stringent washes to remove non-crosslinked proteins. (nature.com)
To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)

We first discussed the untapped and exciting potential of exosomes in our blog, The Potential of Exosomes , asking the question, could they be the next level of targeted cell therapies? (pall.com)

Since Haberlandt's original assertions, methods for tissue and cell culture have been realized, leading to significant discoveries in biology and medicine. (wikipedia.org)
It is an in vitro tool that aids the understanding of cell biology and the mechanisms of diseases. (integra-biosciences.com)

Moreover, with spheroid-forming cell population, an excessively large size is known to result in oxygen deficiency for the cells in the interior (NPL 1). (justia.com)
Predicting nanotube fibrogenicity through stem cell-mediated fibroblast focus and spheroid formation. (cdc.gov)
Human brain vascular pericytes treated with either scrambled or RGS5 targeting siRNA, will be co-cultured in a spheroid model of the BBB together with human brain endothelial cells and human astrocytes. (lu.se)

Currently, human T cell therapy is of considerable scientific interest. (springer.com)
Here, we propose an innovative technique of single-cell encapsulation of human T cells using polyelectrolytes combined with gold nanorods. (springer.com)
We have demonstrated encapsulation of human Jurkat T cells with poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)-coated gold nanorods (PSS-GNRs). (springer.com)
Various human and non-human cell lines were infected with a defined amount of ZIKV Polynesia strain. (wjgnet.com)
This study aims to clarify the time-dependent molecular pathways by which TMAO mediates endothelial dysfunction through transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). (nature.com)
S. cerevisiae ) (BY4741) and of human hepatocytic cells (HuH-7). (nature.com)
Here we identify a large set of RBPs that are conserved between yeast and human cells. (nature.com)
To prevent this from occurring, the new cell line may be immortalized using techniques such as the vinyl chloride immortalization method or transfection with genes such as SV40 T antigen or human telomerase. (atcc.org)
Because of the invaluable nature and numerous applications of cell lines in life science research, it is critical that they are handled carefully to not only avoid contamination but to protect human safety. (atcc.org)
Depending on whether the cell line is of human, mouse, or another animal short tandem repeat (STR) profiling or cytochrome oxidase (CO)1 barcoding can be used. (atcc.org)
While the authentication of human cell lines has been addressed with STR profiling, up until now the validation of mouse cell lines has been limited at the species level. (atcc.org)
Use Vitronectin XF™ with mTeSR™1 , mTeSR™ Plus , TeSR™-E8™ , or TeSR™-AOF medium to provide a defined culture system for the maintenance of human embryonic stem (ES) cells and human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells under feeder-free conditions. (stemcell.com)
Stimulation of cAMP accumulation was not observed after pertussis toxin treatment of CHO cells expressing the human CB2 receptor, suggesting that this novel signaling pathway is unique to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)
The present invention provides a simple and robust human liver cell-based system in which persistent hepatitis C infection, persistent hepatitis B infection or ethanol exposure induces a clinical Prognostic Liver Signature (PLS) high-risk gene signature. (sumobrain.com)
Supplied as a human holo-transferrin analog, rTransferrin binds specifically to the transferrin receptor thereby facilitating the bioavailability of iron to the cell. (genengnews.com)
To foster commercialization and implementation of stem cells treatments , researchers have recently derived MSCs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iMSCs). (bvsalud.org)
Researchers from Lund have developed a completely animal-free preparation for cell culture, a medium that can be used to grow human cells, including for cancer research. (lu.se)
Our results mean that growing human cells is closer to the environment in which they normally grow. (lu.se)

Cell culture is also preferred for rectal specimens because nonculture test results are difficult to interpret in the presence of stool organisms. (medscape.com)
Efficient proximity labeling in living cells and organisms with TurboID. (lu.se)

Fe3+ can also be decreased by reducing agents in the medium to form Fe2+, promoting free-radical formation and causing oxidative damage to the cells. (genengnews.com)

This universal sensitivity, combined with an easy-to-use format, makes PlasmoTest™ a reliable, simple and cost-effective product for routine testing of all cell cultures at risk of contamination. (invivogen.com)

This vaccine was made possible by the cell culture research of John Franklin Enders , Thomas Huckle Weller , and Frederick Chapman Robbins , who were awarded a Nobel Prize for their discovery of a method of growing the virus in monkey kidney cell cultures. (wikipedia.org)

For exosomes to be manufactured for clinical use, an ideal clarification method would have to balance the key parameters: high yield, process time duration, and scalability. (pall.com)

In this study, cultivation of ASCs from stromal vascular fraction (SVF) over two passages in the automated and functionally closed Quantum Cell Expansion System (Quantum system) is compared with traditional manual cultivation. (nih.gov)
An average of 8.0 × 10 7 SVF cells loaded into a Quantum system yielded 8.96 × 10 7 ASCs P0, while 4.5 × 10 6 SVF cells seeded per T75 flask yielded an average of 2.37 × 10 6 ASCs-less than the number of SVF cells seeded. (nih.gov)
We also assessed the biological effects of inhibitors of steroid sulfatase and aromatase in the co-culture system compared with usual monocultures. (scirp.org)
For example, in a system that incorporates syringe pumps, channels for perfusion inlet, perfusion outlet, waste, and cell loading would need to be added for the cell culture maintenance. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, it is important to design the microfluidics system for cell culture in a manner that minimizes cell stress situations. (wikipedia.org)
Given the small dimensions in microfluidics, laminar flow can be achieved, allowing manipulations with the culture system to be done easily without affecting other culture chambers. (wikipedia.org)
There has also been proposed a system for cell culturing wherein a support sheet with an excellent handling property is entirely exposed to a gas phase (PTL 4), although no particular embodiment has been specified. (justia.com)
This system allows complete control over the culture environment, resulting in more consistent cell populations and reproducible results in downstream applications. (stemcell.com)
Methods: We developed a streamlined protocol for generating chondrocytes from BMSCs in a 3D culture system using an "in-tube" culture approach. (lu.se)
These cancers originate from cells of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), in turn derived from the transient embryonic neural crest stem cell population. (lu.se)

Methods Mol Biol;2286: 121-129, 2021. (bvsalud.org)

EBs differentiate into noninfectious, metabolically active reticulate bodies that multiply by binary fission and redifferentiate into EBs after ≈30-48 hours and then are released from the cell by lysis or exocytosis to initiate a new round of infection ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

With over 95 years of expertise with cell and microbial cultures, ATCC has acquired and developed a vast body of best practices to aid researchers at all levels of proficiency to maximize the return on their biomaterials investment. (atcc.org)

Mycoplasma contamination of cells often goes unperceived. (invivogen.com)

Most significantly, these methods are not scalable for manufacturing. (pall.com)
The cells encapsulated or placed on top of 4 g l −1 self-assembled hydrogels extended significantly slower than cells interfaced with 2 g l −1 materials. (rsc.org)
The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by the two methods significantly increased with HA concentration in a dose-response manner. (molvis.org)
Cell culture techniques were advanced significantly in the 1940s and 1950s to support research in virology . (wikipedia.org)
Estrogen receptor and steroid sulfatase mRNA levels in cancer cells were significantly higher in the co-cultures compared with the monocultures of endometrial cancer cells. (scirp.org)
Estradiol and androstenediol concentrations were also significantly higher in the co-cultured cells. (scirp.org)

It took off in 1958 when researchers discovered that fetal bovine serum (FBS) was an additive that could make cells thrive, both normal and cancerous. (lu.se)

We show that it is possible to grow cells successfully with a completely defined and animal product-free medium," says Stina Oredsson. (lu.se)

Subculturing, or passaging, is a critical part of banking and ensures the propagation of the cell line. (atcc.org)

Here we explore primary separation methods with one eye focused on the end game - commercial production of life-changing biotherapeutics. (pall.com)
However, the co-culture of THP-1 macrophage and PSS-GNR/PAH@Jurkat or PSS/PAH@Jurkat did not enhance TNF-α production. (springer.com)
This kit takes advantage of Firefly luciferase's use of ATP to oxidize D-Luciferin and the resulting production of light in order to assess the amount of ATP available in cell cultures. (sigmaaldrich.com)
GDNF production in individual cells in the culture was analyzed by Immunocytochemistry. (sld.cu)
Due to their minimal genome, they cannot perform metabolic functions such as production of a cell wall, or synthesis of nucleotides or amino acids. (invivogen.com)

Monolayer8

Proliferation9

Bioreactor5

Neurons10

Viability12

Endothelial cell1

Assay14

Differentiation9

Tissue culture12

Flow Cytometry2

Tissues5

Contaminate cell cultures1

Cellular7

Vivo9

Mammalian3

Mesenchymal5

Adherent cells5

Flasks5

Monoclonal3

Reagents2

Vitro cell culture1

20181

Microfluidic8

Epithelial cells14

Eukaryotic cells1

Subculture3

DMEM1

Stromal Cells5

Antibodies5

Macrophages3

Intracellular calcium1

Stem cell markers1

Assays3

Peripheral blood1

Vessel2

Substrate2

Morphology1

Biologics2

Specificity2

Inhibition5

Regenerative3

Xeno-free1

Tumor5

Embryonic stem1

Detection3

Growth16

Suspension6

Inserts5

Proteins2

Therapies1

Biology2

Spheroid3

Human18

Organisms2

Oxidative1

Risk of contamination1

Kidney1

Scalability1

System10

20211

Lysis1

ATCC1

Mycoplasma Contamination1

Significantly6

Bovine1

Successfully1

Subculturing1

Production5