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Nitrofuran metabolitesAntibioticsAntibioticToxic metabolitesSecondaryThiamphenicolResiduesEndogenousExcretionMacrolidesFlorfenicolMRPLBacteriaProdrugChloromycetinAureusStreptomycinEnzymeHoneyMolecular weightParacetamolStreptomycesMetabolismInteractionsDrugsDetectResistanceDrugGeneProteinSyntheticallyAnalysisBiologicalOralReactionsActiveActivityIncludeFormEffectDiscoveryImportantBloodWater

Nitrofuran metabolites1

• The "minimum performance limits" (MRPL) for the prohibited antibiotic substances chloramphenicol (MRPL = 0.3 ppb) and nitrofuran metabolites (MRPL = 1.0 ppb) in animal foods such as honey, which have been in force in the EU for many years, have been replaced by "reference points for action" (RPA) and tightened significantly. (labocoranalitica.es)

Antibiotics2

• Addition of the fungicide thiram or the antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol to an avocado soil resulted in 75% and 51% inhibition of metalaxyl degradation, respectively. (agri.gov.il)
• Ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and amoxicillin were the most sensitive antibiotics, while vancomycin and chloramphenicol were the most resistant. (bvsalud.org)

Antibiotic6

• In its spore-bearing stage, hyphae perfuse both above ground as aerial hyphae and in the soil substrate.Chloramphenicol, the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale, was originally derived from S. venezuelae. (wikipedia.org)
• As a side-reaction, NfsA has the potential to protect bacteria from an antibiotic called chloramphenicol, but it generally does this with such low efficacy that the effects are negligible. (elifesciences.org)
• Producing hydroquinones is helpful to the cell in some situations, but if bacteria are regularly exposed to chloramphenicol, NfsA's role aiding antibiotic resistance could become more important. (elifesciences.org)
• Additionally, the experiments showed that the bacteria with improved resistance to chloramphenicol also became more sensitive to another antibiotic, metronidazole. (elifesciences.org)
• Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, inhibiting gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, and many intracellular organisms. (veteriankey.com)
• Conversely, the antibiotic chloramphenicol may reduce the metabolism of cyclophosphamide thereby increasing its potency. (marvistavet.com)

Toxic metabolites2

• The most important toxic metabolites are diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and its metabolite carbon disulfide (CS2). (medscape.com)
• Sometimes toxic metabolites are also produced. (howmed.net)

Secondary3

• Other secondary metabolites produced by S. venezuelae include jadomycin and pikromycin. (wikipedia.org)
• The qualitative and quantitative secondary metabolites screening of Uvaria afzelii leaf extract and Tetrapleura tetraptera stem bark extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, steroids, saponins, tannins, anthraquin, pyrrolidizine alkaloid and reducing sugars as well as the value of each secondary metabolite in quantity while the presence of the volatile oil was not determined. (gavinpublishers.com)
• Enterocin is a small molecular weight secondary metabolite and should not be confused with bacterial proteins isolated from Enterococci, generically referred to as 'enterocins. (toku-e.com)

Thiamphenicol1

• The method cross-reacts with florfenicol, a drug used to treat bovine respiratory disease, as well as thiamphenicol and the metabolite chloramphenicol glucuronide. (charm.com)

Residues1

• We selected the Escherichia coli nitro/quinone reductase NfsA for chloramphenicol detoxification by simultaneously randomising eight active-site residues and interrogating ~250,000,000 reconfigured variants. (elifesciences.org)

Endogenous3

• Targeted metabolomics is able to accurately identify both the chemical compounds as well as the endogenous metabolites. (ufz.de)
• In both cases, improved chloramphenicol detoxification was only observed after an R225 substitution that largely eliminated activity with endogenous quinones. (elifesciences.org)
• This strong activity trade-off demonstrates that endogenous cellular metabolites hold considerable potential to shape evolutionary outcomes. (elifesciences.org)

Excretion2

• Under the influence of paracetamol, the time of chloramphenicol excretion is increased 5 times. (bestpharmbuy.com)
• Up to 30% of dogs (depending on the study) receiving cyclophosphamide for over 2 months develop bloody urine caused by excretion of irritating cyclophophamide metabolites. (marvistavet.com)

Macrolides1

• They have some features in common - for example they inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria (with macrolides, lincosamides, and chloramphenicol acting at a similar site), and have some similar pharmacokinetic features. (veteriankey.com)

Florfenicol2

• Figure 36.1 The chemical structure of chloramphenicol and modifications to form florfenicol. (veteriankey.com)
• Topical formulations of chloramphenicol have been used for otic and ophthalmic use, but the otic formulations have been replaced by newer forms containing florfenicol. (veteriankey.com)

MRPL1

• The Charm II amphenicol test for tissue detects chloramphenicol at the US and EU Minimum Required Performance Limit (MRPL) of 0.3 ppb. (charm.com)

Bacteria1

• These disadvantages still exist, but the activity of chloramphenicol against bacteria (e.g., staphylococci) that are resistant to other oral drugs has created increased use of chloramphenicol in recent years. (veteriankey.com)

Prodrug2

• Disulfiram, prodrug for active metabolites. (medscape.com)
• An inactive or weakly active substance that has an active metabolite is called a prodrug, especially if designed to deliver the active moiety more effectively. (msdmanuals.com)

Chloromycetin1

• Chloramphenicol has FDA approval for use in dogs, and is available in 100, 250, and 500 mg tablets (Chloromycetin). (veteriankey.com)

Aureus2

• Two of the isolates showed activity against MRSA and four isolates showed a higher potency than the standard drug Chloramphenicol (30 μg) against S. aureus. (scirp.org)
• A synergy was observed between A. philippense crude extract and chloramphenicol for E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, whereas an additive effect was observed for S. flexneri. (unisa.it)

Streptomycin1

• Enterocin acts synergistically with streptomycin and chloramphenicol. (toku-e.com)

Enzyme6

• chloramphenicol will increase the level or effect of alfuzosin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
• chloramphenicol will increase the level or effect of eletriptan by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
• chloramphenicol will increase the level or effect of eplerenone by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
• chloramphenicol increases levels of lurasidone by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
• Over time, the enzyme could evolve to become better at neutralising chloramphenicol. (elifesciences.org)
• Enzyme induction leads to a decreased levels of the parent dug and increased levels of metabolites. (howmed.net)

Honey1

• The Charm II chloramphenicol test for honey detects chloramphenicol at 0.3 ppb. (charm.com)

Molecular weight1

• Translation inhibition by arrest peptides is critically dependent on their amino acid sequence, but often requires an additional low molecular weight ligand, such as a drug or a metabolite, to be sensed by the ribosome nascent chain complex. (u-bordeaux.fr)

Paracetamol1

• E.g. acute paracetamol toxicity is due to one of its metabolites. (howmed.net)

Streptomyces1

• Chloramphenicol chemically is D-(-)-threo-1- p- nitrol-phenyl-2-dichloroacetamido 1,3-propanediol ( Figure 36.1 ), has a pK a of 5.5, and was first isolated from the soil organism Streptomyces venezuelae in 1947. (veteriankey.com)

Metabolism3

• As rate of metabolism is decreased, plasma levels of parent drug are increased while that of metabolites are low. (howmed.net)
• Although metabolism typically inactivates drugs, some drug metabolites are pharmacologically active-sometimes even. (msdmanuals.com)
• Although metabolism typically inactivates drugs, some drug metabolites are pharmacologically active-sometimes even more so than the parent compound. (msdmanuals.com)

Interactions1

• Analysis of every possible intermediate of the two best chloramphenicol reductases revealed complex epistatic interactions. (elifesciences.org)

Drugs1

• The use of chloramphenicol diminished in the 1970s and 80s because other active and safer drugs became available. (veteriankey.com)

Detect2

• To detect and identify metabolites in an unbiased manner or to identify unknown compounds untargeted metabolomic approaches are a valuable tool. (ufz.de)
• To detect lower levels of chloramphenicol in milk, use the Charm II chloramphenicol test (AIIHM), specific to chloramphenicol at 0.1 ppb. (charm.com)

Resistance1

• Two of these, M3-1 and M1-107, had linear chromosomes with duplicated end regions including a chloramphenicol resistance gene at both ends of the chromosome. (uni-wuppertal.de)

Drug1

• The Charm II amphenicol test (CAP) detects the banned drug chloramphenicol at 1.0 ppb in milk. (charm.com)

Gene1

• Thus, arrest peptides are used for metabolite-dependent gene regulation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (u-bordeaux.fr)

Protein1

• Chloramphenicol inhibits protein synthesis. (veteriankey.com)

Synthetically1

• The chloramphenicol used today is manufactured synthetically. (veteriankey.com)

Analysis2

• The advantage of this method lies in the possibility to get a global and comprehensive analysis of the sample without predetermining which metabolites should be measured. (ufz.de)
• Analysis of urinary metabolite levels in a probability-based sample. (cdc.gov)

Biological1

• Chloramphenicol has three functional groups that largely determine its biological activity: the p- nitrophenol group, the dichloroacetyl group, and the alcoholic group at the third carbon of the propanediol chain (Yunis, 1988). (veteriankey.com)

Oral2

• Chloramphenicol has the disadvantage of a narrow margin of safety in dogs and cats, and necessity of frequent administration in dogs to maintain adequate concentrations (three or four times daily oral administration). (veteriankey.com)
• The oral suspension of chloramphenicol palmitate is rarely available. (veteriankey.com)

Reactions1

• Metabolites formed in synthetic reactions are more polar and thus more readily excreted by the kidneys (in urine) and the liver (in bile) than those formed in nonsynthetic reactions. (msdmanuals.com)

Active1

• Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of SN-38 (active metabolite for irinotecan products). (medscape.com)

Activity1

• This metabolite has antibacterial activity. (nih.gov)

Include1

• Chloramphenicol is not soluble and injectable formulations include esters such as succinate and palmitate, glycinate, or undecylenate. (veteriankey.com)

Form1

• This compound, in its reduced form, acts as a scavenger for dangerous metabolites produced in the cells. (ndtv.com)

Effect1

• Correspondingly, a checkerboard test was performed to evaluate the combinatorial effect of A. philippense and chloramphenicol. (unisa.it)

Discovery1

• After the discovery of chloramphenicol in 1947 it was in popular use decades ago, but has been gradually replaced by safer alternatives. (veteriankey.com)

Important1

• Disulfiram metabolites cause clinically important effects in the body (see the image below). (medscape.com)

Blood1

• Receptor binding studies, blood pressure were studies in animals is increased since how much is viagra cost drives more blood to the metabolite of desogestrel, your system quite cards for a steadily for [LINK-7]. (animalslife.net)

Water1

• Chloramphenicol is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in propylene glycol and organic solvents. (veteriankey.com)