AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesNamed Groups
AcetaldehydeCyanamideEthanolAldehyde DehydrogenaseAldehyde OxidoreductasesAlcohol DehydrogenaseEnergy MetabolismLipid MetabolismDisulfiramLiverAldehydesCentral Nervous System DepressantsGlucoseOxidation-ReductionMetabolismAcetatesNADPyruvate DecarboxylaseAlcoholsKineticsToxicity Tests, AcuteFlushingAlcohol DeterrentsFermentationAlcohol OxidoreductasesButanonesChromatography, High Pressure LiquidAcetoinCytochrome P-450 CYP2E1Metabolic Networks and PathwaysMicrosomes, LiverAlcoholicsLiver Diseases, Alcoholic
DehydrogenaseByproductBreak down alcohol into acetaldehydeBlood Acetaldehyde LevelsAcetateAccumulationByproducts of alcohol metabolismExposureCompoundCarcinogenicOxidationALDHOxidativeInhibitsMalonaldehydeALDH2CytochromeConcentrationsSignificantlyReactiveToxicityMetaboliteCarcinogensAcetic acidNeurodegenerative diseasesBuildupCYP2E1SymptomsHangoverFormaldehydeAlcoholismAlcohol'sLevelsOccursIntermediateMitochondrialTissuesToxinViabilityBiochemistryAcuteSimilarlyCancersVariesSpeciesIncreasesCardiovascularEliminationMechanism
Dehydrogenase20
Byproduct4
  • Past studies have shown that this phenomenon, called alcohol flush reaction , is due to a genetic variant that prevents the body from properly metabolize acetaldehyde, a byproduct of alcohol. (nih.gov)
  • The main cause is "ethanol oxidation" and the resulting byproduct acetaldehyde. (naturalnews.com)
  • Succinate supplements also have been reported to help reduce the effects of hangovers by activating the degradation of acetaldehyde, a toxic byproduct of alcohol. (skininc.com)
  • Acetaldehyde is the most toxic byproduct of alcohol consumption. (dsndenton.com)
Break down alcohol into acetaldehyde2
  • Hence, they break down alcohol into acetaldehyde very quickly - even up to 100 times quicker. (hootblog.com)
  • There are several enzymes that are needed to break down alcohol into acetaldehyde and then again into the acetic acid radicals. (fuel2run.com)
Blood Acetaldehyde Levels1
  • If they drink themselves drunk on a regular basis, there will be constant periods of time when their blood acetaldehyde levels are higher than normal, which then has a higher propensity to cause greater amounts of damage to their liver cells. (hootblog.com)
Acetate2
  • In enzymology, an indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + H2O + O2 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } (indol-3-yl)acetate + H2O2 The 3 substrates of this enzyme are (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde, H2O, and O2, whereas its two products are (indol-3-yl)acetate and H2O2. (wikipedia.org)
  • The longer ethanol and acetaldehyde stick around, the more damage they can do to your cellular membranes, proteins and DNA, so your body's enzymes work quickly to metabolize acetaldehyde to a less toxic compound, acetate. (penncapital-star.com)
Accumulation4
Byproducts of alcohol metabolism2
  • Alcohol's toxic effects on the liver are twofold: direct damage from the substance itself and indirect damage from the byproducts of alcohol metabolism. (ziggiesocial.com)
  • One of the byproducts of alcohol metabolism is a chemical called acetylaldehyde. (max9news.com)
Exposure8
  • Results of recent studies in animals indicate an increased incidence of laryngeal cancer in hamsters and nasal cancer in rats following exposure to acetaldehyde. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus NIOSH is also concerned about occupational exposure to these nine aldehydes because they (in addition to acetaldehyde and malonaldehyde) may be used as substitutes for formaldehyde, a regulated carcinogen [ Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.1048 ]. (cdc.gov)
  • Acetaldehyde, produced upon exposure to alcohol, cigarette smoke, polluted air and sugar, is a highly reactive compound that is carcinogenic to humans and causes a variety of DNA lesions in living human cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Background: Reactive aldehydes such as acetaldehyde and malondialdehyde generated as a result of alcohol metabolism and cigarette smoke exposure lead to the formation of malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde-adducted proteins (MAA adducts). (cdc.gov)
  • Similarly, exposure to acetaldehyde inhibits cell growth in primary cultures of rat astrocytes, presumably via apoptotic pathway [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Regardless of the route of exposure, chloroform is excreted from the body primarily as expired carbon dioxide, although at higher concentrations, where metabolism is saturated, appreciable levels of parent compound may be exhaled as well (Brown et al. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2008, Raptor conducted a Phase 2a study of Convivia(TM) in 32 patients of Japanese descent with a history of symptoms of inborn altered ethanol metabolism with concomitant ethanol exposure. (salesandmarketingnetwork.com)
  • Findings also indicated that Convivia(TM) significantly reduced peak acetaldehyde levels in the blood and total acetaldehyde exposure in a subset of study participants who had specific genetic variants of liver ADH and ALDH2 enzymes. (salesandmarketingnetwork.com)
Compound4
Carcinogenic2
  • The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has determined that acetaldehyde and malonaldehyde are potentially carcinogenic to occupationally exposed workers. (cdc.gov)
  • 11. Effects of ALDH2 genotype, PPI treatment and L-cysteine on carcinogenic acetaldehyde in gastric juice and saliva after intragastric alcohol administration. (nih.gov)
Oxidation2
ALDH1
  • Certain ALDH2 variants produce fewer or less active ALDH enzymes, and may reduce the enzyme activity to zero, largely reducing the rate at which acetaldehyde is converted to acetic acid. (max9news.com)
Oxidative7
  • Most tissues of the body, including the skeletal muscles, contain the necessary enzymes for the oxidative or nonoxidative metabolism of ethanol. (medscape.com)
  • Meanwhile, acetaldehyde treatment caused an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and elevated the oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, acetaldehyde induces cytotoxicity of SH-SY5Y cells via promotion of apoptotic signaling, inhibition of cell survival pathway, and induction of oxidative stress. (hindawi.com)
  • In rat cerebellar neuron cultures, acetaldehyde treatment causes decrease in cell viability while impairing mitochondrial function and significantly elevating markers of oxidative stress including 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Above evidence suggests acetaldehyde may cause neurotoxic effects by promoting oxidative stress and apoptotic signals. (hindawi.com)
  • A primary component of mitochondrial metabolism is the TCA cycle which apart from producing NADH needed in the oxidative phosphorylation also supplies precursors for biomass synthesis, e.g. 2-oxoglutarate and oxaloacetate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The coupling between metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation is also reflected in the tight transcriptional regulation of the TCA cycle, for example, as observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the diauxic shift between fermentative and oxidative metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibits2
  • A genetic variant that inhibits alcohol metabolism and can leave some people with a reddened complexion is linked to blood vessel damage and an increased risk of heart disease, researchers are reporting. (nih.gov)
  • This medication inhibits the intermediate metabolism of alcohol. (addictionblog.org)
Malonaldehyde7
  • The purpose of this bulletin is to disseminate recent information about the potential carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde and malonaldehyde. (cdc.gov)
  • Acetaldehyde is a probable metabolite in the metabolism of malonaldehyde by rat liver mitochondria. (cdc.gov)
  • Acetaldehyde and malonaldehyde both meet the criteria of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for classifying substances as potential occupational carcinogens [ Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1990 ]. (cdc.gov)
  • NIOSH therefore considers acetaldehyde and malonaldehyde to be potential occupational carcinogens and recommends that exposures to each be reduced to the lowest feasible concentration. (cdc.gov)
  • The potential for acetaldehyde or malonaldehyde to produce cancer in humans has not been determined, but reducing occupational exposures to these chemicals should lower the risk. (cdc.gov)
  • However, some studies indicate that their chemical reactivity and mutagenicity are similar to those of acetaldehyde and malonaldehyde. (cdc.gov)
  • NIOSH recommends that the producers and users of acetaldehyde, malonaldehyde, and the other low-molecular-weight aldehydes disseminate this information to workers and customers. (cdc.gov)
ALDH27
  • Indeed, it has been found that the levels of acetaldehyde in blood are much higher in individuals with defective ALDH2 in comparison with normal individuals after alcohol ingestion [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 7. Relationship between Blood Acetaldehyde Concentration and Psychomotor Function of Individuals with Different ALDH2 Genotypes after Alcohol Consumption. (nih.gov)
  • 15. 4-Methylpyrazole decreases salivary acetaldehyde levels in aldh2-deficient subjects but not in subjects with normal aldh2. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Effects of ADH1B and ALDH2 Genetic Polymorphisms on Alcohol Elimination Rates and Salivary Acetaldehyde Levels in Intoxicated Japanese Alcoholic Men. (nih.gov)
  • Uni Pharma will register Convivia(TM) for drug licensure for existing indications and will conduct a clinical trial and register ConviviaTM for acetaldehyde toxicity resulting from ALDH2 deficiency. (salesandmarketingnetwork.com)
  • ALDH2 catalyzes the chemical breakdown of acetaldehyde into acetic acid, which is less harmful to the body and can be excreted. (max9news.com)
  • Our ALDH2*1 probiotic candy significantly reduces acetaldehyde levels in simulated oral conditions. (max9news.com)
Cytochrome4
  • Catalase and cytochrome p450 2E1 are additional enzymes that are important for the local formation of acetaldehyde in the brain [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, it has been shown that acetaldehyde induces cytotoxic effects of neuronal cells by activating apoptotic signals such as cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activation [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This includes investigating roles of various factors such as acetaldehyde, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), impaired immune function, and alcohol-induced impaired metabolism of s-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), folate, betaine, iron, and vitamin A. (nih.gov)
  • Metabolism of chloroform occurs primarily by cytochrome p-450-dependent pathways, with CYP2E1 (ethanol-inducible) being the primary isozyme responsible (Wang et al. (cdc.gov)
Concentrations1
  • Acetaldehyde concentrations were significantly lower at 1, 2, and 3 hours post-consumption compared to the control group. (dsndenton.com)
Significantly1
  • The VOCs acetaldehyde and dimethyl sulfide (DMS)/ethanethiol were significantly increased in undifferentiated hPSCs compared to their differentiating counterparts, and these observations were more apparent in 2% O2. (keele.ac.uk)
Reactive2
Toxicity1
Metabolite1
  • Acetaldehyde, the most toxic metabolite of ethanol, is speculated to mediate the brain tissue damage and cognitive dysfunction induced by the chronic excessive consumption of alcohol. (hindawi.com)
Carcinogens1
  • In the case of breast cancer, ethanol reaches the breast tissues via the bloodstream, where its metabolism generates various carcinogens such as acetaldehyde, free radicals and peroxides which increase cell proliferation. (naturalnews.com)
Acetic acid1
  • This acetaldehyde is converted into acetic acid radicals, which combine with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. (fuel2run.com)
Neurodegenerative diseases1
  • Acetaldehyde can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive deficits. (choicehousecolorado.com)
Buildup2
CYP2E11
  • Transcript levels of ADH4, ADH5, and CYP2E1, encoding enzymes involved in converting ethanol to acetaldehyde, were upregulated in 2% O2, and chemical inhibition of ADH and CYP2E1 decreased acetaldehyde levels in hPSCs. (keele.ac.uk)
Symptoms3
  • Elevated acetaldehyde levels also result in acute symptoms, including facial flushing, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), headache, nausea and dizziness. (salesandmarketingnetwork.com)
  • The elevations in serum acetaldehyde levels cause the aversive symptoms of disulfiram which include flushing, headache, nausea, vomiting and sweating and can result in dizziness, blurred vision, dyspnea, palpitations, hypotension, chest pain and syncope. (nih.gov)
  • These drugs delay the metabolism of alcohol at the stage of acetaldehyde, which has a toxic effect on the body, so taking alcohol while taking drugs leads to a powerful (to a degree dangerous) somatic and vegetative reactions similar to severe withdrawal symptoms. (aaneoh.org)
Hangover1
Formaldehyde2
Alcoholism1
  • Research on alcohol metabolism among Asians and its implications for understanding causes of alcoholism. (cdc.gov)
Alcohol's1
  • However, the most prevalent toxin and the #1 root cause of the suffering is alcohol's evil cousin Acetaldehyde, which is said to be as much as 30 times more toxic than the alcohol that you drank in the first place! (intox-detox.com)
Levels3
  • Acetaldehyde treatment led to a significant decrease in the levels of activated Akt and cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). (hindawi.com)
  • One hour after drinking, study subjects' acetaldehyde levels were approximately 100% lower than the control group. (dsndenton.com)
  • Consuming high amounts of food with increased levels of acetaldehyde can also contribute to higher cancer risk in the digestive tract. (max9news.com)
Occurs3
  • The PDC isozyme mixture and alpha 4 isozyme (alpha 4-PDC) have different steady-state kinetic parameters and isotope effects for acetoin formation in the presence and absence of the nonsubstrate allosteric effector pyruvamide: pyruvamide activation occurs by stabilization of the acetaldehyde/PDC ternary complex. (nih.gov)
  • A 1.10 +/- 0.02-fold 14C isotope discrimination against [1,2-14C]acetaldehyde in acetoin formation is inconsistent with a stepwise mechanism, in which the addition step occurs after rate-limiting formation of the C(alpha)-carbanion/enamine as a discrete enzyme-bound intermediate, and provides evidence for a concerted reaction mechanism with an important component of carbon-carbon bond formation in the transition state. (nih.gov)
  • Forced diuresis is not helpful because 90% of ethanol metabolism occurs in the liver, and only 10% of the ethanol load is secreted in the urine. (medscape.com)
Intermediate1
Mitochondrial2
Tissues2
  • In rat embryos, acetaldehyde treatment induces marked cell death in several tissues including neuroepithelium, correlating to the malformations seen in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Succinic acid, also known as butanedioic acid or "spirit of amber," is found in almost all plant and animal tissues, 1 including fungi and lichens, 2 where it plays significant roles in metabolism, which is crucial to life. (skininc.com)
Toxin2
  • Acetaldehyde is a potent toxin and carcinogen, but it doesn't stay in the body for long. (choicehousecolorado.com)
  • Acetaldehyde is an extremely common toxin, found mainly in alcohol, air pollution, and smoke. (max9news.com)
Viability2
  • If the pH drops below 2.8 the yeast will cease growth and metabolism and will lose viability. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Physiological oxygen (2% O2) improves key hPSCs attributes, including genomic integrity, viability, and clonogenicity, however, its impact on hPSC metabolism remains un-clear. (keele.ac.uk)
Biochemistry1
Acute1
  • It has been demonstrated that acetaldehyde mediates the acute inhibition of long-term potentiation by ethanol in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Similarly1
  • 1974). Similarly, chloroform metabolism was calculated to be slower in humans than in rodents. (cdc.gov)
Cancers1
  • Long-term inhalation studies of acetaldehyde produced laryngeal cancers in hamsters and nasal cancers in rats. (cdc.gov)
Varies3
  • The amount of acetaldehyde produced in the lungs (to then be breathed into the breathalyzer) varies from person to person. (azduiatty.com)
  • These findings indicate that PHGG can modulate gut microbiota and metabolism well, whereas its use varies in different populations. (bvsalud.org)
  • The rate of metabolism varies among individuals due to factors such as genetics, overall health, and the presence of other substances in the body. (ziggiesocial.com)
Species1
  • 1990). Interspecies differences in the rate of chloroform conversion were observed in mice, rats, and squirrel monkeys, with species differences in metabolism being highly dose-dependant. (cdc.gov)
Increases1
  • The effects of insulin, glucose, caffeine, and several other medications have been studied, but none consistently increases ethanol metabolism or alleviate CNS depression. (medscape.com)
Cardiovascular1
  • Alcohol has an effect on many systems in the body, but most pronounced are the effects of alcohol on neural function, metabolism, cardiovascular physiology, thermoregulation, and the muscle growth. (fuel2run.com)
Elimination2
  • In healthy volunteers, only 1 to 3.5% of the administered dose of fomepizole (7 to 20 mg/kg oral and IV) was excreted unchanged in the urine, indicating that metabolism is the major route of elimination. (nih.gov)
  • In healthy volunteers, only 1-3.5% of the administered dose of fomepizole (7-20 mg/kg oral and IV) was excreted unchanged in the urine, indicating that metabolism is the major route of elimination. (nih.gov)
Mechanism2