Metabolism glucose uptake adipose tissue fatty acids. Medical search. Frequent questions

The Randle cycle is a biochemical mechanism involving the competition between glucose and fatty acids for their oxidation and uptake in muscle and adipose tissue. (wikipedia.org)
In the liver β-oxidation of fatty acids fulfills the local energy needs and may lead to ketogenesis (creating ketone bodies out of fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
This inhibition of glucose oxidation at the level of pyruvate dehydrogenase preserves pyruvate and lactate, both of which are gluconeogenic precursors. (wikipedia.org)
The impairment of glucose metabolism by fatty acid oxidation is mediated by the short-term inhibition of several glycolytic processes. (wikipedia.org)
Malonyl-CoA signals glucose utilization and it controls the entry and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in the mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
Glucose oxidation produces citrate which can be converted to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. (wikipedia.org)
The glucose-derived malonyl-CoA prevents the oxidation of fatty acids and favors fatty acid esterification. (wikipedia.org)
This in turn decreases malonyl-CoA concentrations which stimulates fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis by glucagon in the liver. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation requires that ACC is active. (wikipedia.org)
The inhibition of MCD suppresses the oxidation of fatty acids and stimulates glucose oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
In a study on MCD deficient mice there was no difference in the oxidation of fatty acids and glucose in the heart under aerobic conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Regulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle During Exercise: Effect of Obesity -- Chapter 9. (korea.ac.kr)
Lipins also act in the nucleus as transcriptional co-activators with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α to regulate target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. (aocs.org)
PGC-1α and PPARα are both master regulators of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, respectively [reviewed in 6]. (aocs.org)
The functions of the lipins in co-regulating the effects of PGC-1α and PPARα and also acting as a PAP demonstrate the unique abilities of lipins to regulate both glycerolipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. (aocs.org)
Some studies suggest that an increase in plasma fatty acid concentration reduces glucose uptake and phosphorylation, and this leads to reduced glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Carnitine plays a role in the transfer of long chain fatty acids from cytoplasm to mitochondria for beta-oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
L-carnitine supplementation decreases serum glucose but has no effect on glucose oxidation [11]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
BAIBA is one of the myokines, affectionately known as "exercise factors", which play a powerful role behind the benefits of regular exercise-increased glucose uptake, increased free fatty acid oxidation, and reduced fat mass. (naturalscience.com)
Additionally, high circulating level of the endocannabinoid-like compound N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in winter could favor lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in peripheral tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
In mice, prolonged fasting of PPAR-α strongly induces FGF21 expression in the liver, which induces the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α, and stimulates liver gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis. (cyagen.com)
Many hormones affect fuel metabolism, including those that regulate appetite as well as those that influence absorption, transport, and oxidation of foodstuffs. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Starvation triggers lipolysis, yielding glycerol for hepatic gluconeogenesis and free fatty acids for oxidation, catering to the energy requirements of other organs. (biyokimya.vet)
This cascade drives enhanced fatty acid oxidation in the liver and muscles, subsequently curbing glucose production due to inhibited gluconeogenesis. (biyokimya.vet)
To produce energy G-6-PO 4 (derived from monosaccharides from dietary CHO or produced from glycogen degradation by glycogenolysis) is converted by a series of enzyme reactions in the glycolytic pathway to form pyruvate or lactic acid, then to acetyl-CoA, which is also produced from fatty acid oxidation and degradation of the carbon skeleton of glucogenic amino acids ( Table 17.1 ). (oncohemakey.com)
Fatty acids enter the mitochondria via the carnitine transport cycle (medium chain fatty acids enter independently of carnitine) into the β-oxidation spiral in which fatty acids, via a series of enzymes, produce acetyl-CoA and electron carriers. (oncohemakey.com)
During fasting and other catabolic states, GH predominantly stimulates the release and oxidation of FFA, which leads to decreased glucose and protein oxidation and preservation of LBM and glycogen stores. (scienceopen.com)
In the basal state, the effects of GH on protein metabolism are modest and include increased protein synthesis and decreased breakdown at the whole body level and in muscle together with decreased amino acid degradation/oxidation and decreased hepatic urea formation. (scienceopen.com)
Conversely, it activates enzymes involved in ATP-generating processes, such as fatty acid oxidation (e.g., carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, CPT1) and glucose uptake (e.g., translocation of GLUT4). (alliedacademies.org)
During periods of energy stress such as exercise, AMPK is activated, stimulating energy-generating processes such as glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation for ATP production. (bodypower.sk)
Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaf extract will activate AMPK to stimulate fat oxidation and glucose uptake, and can potentially reduce blood glucose levels. (bodypower.sk)
Increased plasma free fatty acids lead to an activation of carnitine transport mechanism resulting in increased beta oxidation increased plasma levels of Acetyl-CoA. (howmed.net)
Activation of adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs) by its natural ligand, adiponectin has been known to be involved in modulating critical metabolic processes such as glucose metabolism and fatty acid oxidation as demonstrated by a number of in vitro and in vivo studies over last two decades. (phoenixpeptide.com)

Notably, recent studies suggest that the accumulation of sphingolipids, namely ceramides and it's metabolites, play essential roles in the development of insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and, adipose tissue in obese rodents, and humans ( 6 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
The ketone bodies are then used to meet the demands of tissues other than the liver. (wikipedia.org)
Circulating glucose in the liver stimulates its uptake. (wikipedia.org)
AMPK phosphorylates and inactivates ACC in the liver and other tissues. (wikipedia.org)
This basal glucose uptake is precisely matched by the release of glucose from the liver. (justia.com)
It follows, therefore, that defects at the level of the β-cell, muscle and liver can lead to the development of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus. (justia.com)
Readers will find discussion on various tissues in addition to skeletal muscle, such as liver, heart and brain metabolism during exercise. (korea.ac.kr)
Patients suffering from lipodystrophies experience reduced body fat, severe insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypoleptinemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (medscape.com)
The chlorogenic acid and its related compounds, then help the liver to process these fatty acids more efficiently. (oyunu-oyna.net)
Choloroacid helps the liver to use the fatty acids. (oyunu-oyna.net)
Mice lacking lipin-1 ( fld or fatty liver dystrophy) develop fatty livers and hypertriglyceridemia in the pre-weaning period, and are also devoid of mature adipose tissue [reviewed in 1]. (aocs.org)
The FGF21 gene plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, and insulin resistance. (cyagen.com)
After a specific knockout of FGF21 in the liver, mice developed fatty liver and hyperlipidemia, reducing serum ketone body levels. (cyagen.com)
It promotes the storage of nutrients as glycogen in liver and muscle, and as triacylglycerols in adipose tissue. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Consequently, the adipose tissue's lipid storage capacity plays a pivotal role in systemic insulin resistance and the infiltration of lipids into organs such as the liver and muscles. (biyokimya.vet)
When fatty acids abound and carbohydrates are scarce, the liver can further metabolize fatty acids to create ketone bodies, a process termed ketogenesis, which serves as an energy source for the brain. (biyokimya.vet)
Insulin resistance is defined as an inadequate response by insulin target tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, to the physiologic effects of circulating insulin. (jci.org)
The hallmarks of impaired insulin sensitivity in these three tissues are decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, impaired insulin-mediated inhibition of hepatic glucose production in liver, and a reduced ability of insulin to inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue. (jci.org)
Carbohydrates, as monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose), are absorbed in the intestine and then transported to the liver where excess glucose, galactose and fructose are converted to glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-PO 4 ). (oncohemakey.com)
Depending upon energy needs G-6-PO 4 undergoes either catabolism to form energy or anabolism to form glycogen, the storage form of glucose, in liver and muscles. (oncohemakey.com)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) parallels the global obesity epidemic with unmet therapeutic needs. (springer.com)
The intake of fructose in majority of the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt tissues, including the liver, was 15-35% less than in the WT. (springer.com)
HIF-P4H-2 inhibition enhances intestinal fructose metabolism protecting the liver. (springer.com)
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is constantly increasing, currently affecting a quarter of people worldwide [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Additionally, insulin signaling inhibits gluconeogenesis, the process of glucose production from non-carbohydrate sources, in the liver. (alliedacademies.org)
The effect of SIRT1 on integration of metabolism and inflammation may provide a therapeutic target for treatment of kidney disease and fatty liver disease. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to skeletal muscle [ 14 ], the protective effects of long-term exercise training in the regulation of inflammation and metabolic dysfunction via SIRT1 signaling pathway have been less investigated in peripheral tissues such as kidney and liver. (biomedcentral.com)
Insulin increases glucose utilization by the liver cells promoting glycolysis and glycogenesis, at the same time decreasing glucose utilization by decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. (howmed.net)
It stimulates fatty acid synthesis in liver. (howmed.net)
Although IGF-1 is produced by many tissues locally, the liver is the major source of circulating IGF-1. (msdmanuals.com)
GH initially exerts insulin -like effects, increasing glucose uptake in muscle and fat, stimulating amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in liver and muscle, and inhibiting lipolysis in adipose tissue. (msdmanuals.com)

DIM decreased STZ-increased high blood glucose levels and food and water intake in diabetic mice. (researchgate.net)
When cells do not require G-6-PO 4 for energy production it undergoes glycogenesis to be stored as glycogen until required to restore blood glucose levels. (oncohemakey.com)
The results revealed that oral administration of sesamin for 4 weeks (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) marginally improved blood glucose levels, body weight and significantly ameliorated the effects on heart rate and blood pressure in rats with type 1 diabetes relative to control rats. (spandidos-publications.com)
Of note, ADP-1 decreased blood glucose levels and enhanced insulin production in pancreatic β cells in db/db mice. (phoenixpeptide.com)
Nateglinide is an amino acid derivative that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas (within 20 minutes of oral administration), which, in turn, reduces blood glucose levels. (medscape.com)

Adipocytes, the key components of the adipose tissue, have unique ability to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides, sense systemic energy demands, and secrete factors (lipids, peptides, cytokines, and adipokines) to regulate other metabolic tissues. (frontiersin.org)
Accumulation of neutral lipids, such as triglycerides, in key insulin target tissues, has been postulated to inhibit metabolic functions, however, they are less likely to be deleterious. (frontiersin.org)
What I mean is that in a healthy body, our system knows what to do with fatty acids and triglycerides . (stumptuous.com)
Ectopic obesity is defined as the accumulation of triglycerides in non-adipose tissues [6]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Lipogenesis is the term used to describe the synthesis of triglycerides and fatty acids from acetyl coenzyme A. In contrast, lipolysis involves the breakdown of triglycerides, leading to the formation of fatty acids. (biyokimya.vet)
Conversely, lipogenesis entails the creation of fatty acids and triglycerides from substrates like acetyl coenzyme A and other precursors. (biyokimya.vet)
Adipose tissue serves as a crucial energy storage reservoir, housing triglycerides (TGs) that are released as fatty acids through processes called lipogenesis and lipolysis, respectively. (biyokimya.vet)
Dietary fat is present mainly as long chain triglycerides, comprising a glycerol backbone and fatty acids. (oncohemakey.com)
Triglycerides play an important role in metabolism as energy sources. (bodybuilding.com)
3. Activation of lipoprotein lipase which splits triglycerides into fatty acids, which are transported into adipose cells and stored. (howmed.net)
Activation of HSL resulting in increased hydrolysis of triglycerides and increased release of free fatty acids. (howmed.net)

The glucose that is not oxidized is then rerouted to glycogen. (wikipedia.org)
The chapters focus on metabolism during exercise, including anaerobic and aerobic metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism (separate chapters on muscle glycogen and blood glucose), fat metabolism (separate chapters on muscle and adipose tissue) and protein metabolism. (korea.ac.kr)
Exercise and Muscle Glycogen Metabolism -- Chapter 6. (korea.ac.kr)
Figure 17.1 illustrates the metabolic processes involved in the overall metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein including the catabolic processes to produce energy and urea (the product of the detoxification of the nitrogen moiety of amino acids) and anabolic processes to form tissue protein and energy stores, glycogen and lipids. (oncohemakey.com)
When subjects are well nourished, the GH-induced stimulation of IGF-I and insulin is important for anabolic storage and growth of lean body mass (LBM), adipose tissue, and glycogen reserves. (scienceopen.com)
In conclusion, AEG enhances glucose transport by modulating the proximal and distal markers involved in glucose uptake and its transformation into glycogen. (wiley.com)
therefore, muscles under normal conditions have excess glucose - glycogen stores. (howmed.net)
Excess of glucose that cannot be converted into glycogen is converted into fatty acids. (howmed.net)

The presence of various types of adipocytes (white, brown, and beige) characterized by the number/size of lipid droplets, mitochondrial density, and thermogenic capacity, further highlights how intricate is the communication of these cell-types with other metabolic tissues to sense nutrients. (frontiersin.org)
Tissue culture medium conditioned by CD11c + ATMs, but not CD11c − ATMs or other stromovascular cells, impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by human adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
The present article discusses how accumulation of triacylglycerol in adipocytes can lead to deterioration of the responsiveness of glucose metabolism in other tissues. (cambridge.org)
Methods: Using a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase α (PI3Kα), which effectively inhibits the insulin signaling pathway, we examined the effects of various β-adrenoceptor agonists, including the physiological endogenous agonist norepinephrine on glucose uptake and respiration in mouse brown adipocytes in vitro and on glucose clearance in mice in vivo. (monash.edu)
Results: PI3Kα inhibition in mouse primary brown adipocytes in vitro, did not inhibit β-adrenoceptor stimulated glucose uptake, GLUT1 synthesis, GLUT1 translocation or respiration. (monash.edu)
This study aimed to determine whether I3C or DIM could increase glucose uptake via enhanced insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, as well as the mechanism involved. (researchgate.net)
DIM also enhanced glucose uptake by increasing expression of glucose transporter 4 in adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
Stimulates glucose uptake by differentiated adipocytes by inducing the glucose transporter SLC2A1/GLUT1 (instead of SLC2A4/GLUT4). (cyagen.com)
On the contrary, lipolysis entails the catabolic breakdown of stored TGs within adipocytes, liberating free fatty acids and glycerol. (biyokimya.vet)
Among these, adipocytes secrete polypeptides like leptin, resistin, and adiponectin, which orchestrate a delicate balance crucial for glucose and lipid metabolism homeostasis. (biyokimya.vet)
While its concentration is higher in subcutaneous white adipose tissue, visceral white adipose tissue and hypertrophic adipocytes are inversely correlated with circulating adiponectin levels. (biyokimya.vet)
In adipocyte Senp2-de﫿ciency mice, accumulation of the SUMOylated Setdb1 suppressed the expression of Pparg and Cebpa genes as well as lipid metabolism-related target genes, which would decrease the ability of lipid storage in adipocytes. (deepdyve.com)
2003). Selective Cellular uptake of fatty acids and following storage in the form of disruption of Pparγ2 or adipocyte-speci﫿c Pparγ knockout leads TGs in adipocytes are key steps in lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)
Further, ADP-1 beneficially affected lipid metabolism by enhancing lipid globule formation in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (phoenixpeptide.com)

Dietary fats, and lipids produced endogenously from acetyl-CoA, are initially hydrolysed by lipases into glycerol and free fatty acids. (oncohemakey.com)
GH exerts anabolic effects directly and through stimulation of IGF-I, insulin, and free fatty acids (FFA). (scienceopen.com)
3. Excess free fatty acids are converted into phospholipids and cholesterol which increases plasma cholesterol and lipids leading to an increased risk of atherosclerosis. (howmed.net)
They include inhibition of glucose uptake and use, causing blood glucose and lipolysis to increase, which increases plasma free fatty acids. (msdmanuals.com)

In response to hyperglycemia after a meal, pancreatic insulin secretion is stimulated and the combination of hyperinsulinemia plus hyperglycemia promotes glucose uptake (by splanchnic and peripheral, primarily muscle, tissues) and suppresses hepatic glucose production. (justia.com)

G-6-PO 4 can also be produced via pyruvate from protein catabolism of glucogenic amino acids ( Table 17.1 ) or breakdown of glycerol from lipids (gluconeogenesis). (oncohemakey.com)
A lipase is an enzyme that helps break down fats into glycerol and fatty acids that can then be absorbed into the bloodstream. (bodybuilding.com)
Glucose is converted into glycerol in adipose tissues and thus insulin promotes deposition of fat. (howmed.net)

In this review, we intend to provide a perspective on ceramides and ceramide metabolites in the maintenance of adipose tissue homeostasis and how adipose tissue ceramides contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. (frontiersin.org)
We hypothesize that loss of ANGPTL4 function might improve glucose homeostasis and decrease risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). (nature.com)
Functional studies in Angptl4 -deficient mice confirm improved insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
Together, these observations suggest that genetic inhibition of ANGPTL4 function might have a favorable impact on glucose homeostasis in humans and reduce risk of type 2 diabetes. (nature.com)
It is not yet known whether p.E40K affects glucose homeostasis in non-diabetics, whether other variants that abolish ANGPTL4 function modify type 2 diabetes risk, or how loss of ANGPTL4 function modifies glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes risk. (nature.com)
There are conflicting published reports of the relationship between ANGPTL4 function and glucose homeostasis in animal models. (nature.com)
We also evaluate the functional consequences of rare and novel genetic variants identified by exome sequencing, as well as the effect of Angptl4 deletion on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
The resemblance between the metabolic abnormalities of these extreme states of adiposity underscores the importance of fat tissue in energy homeostasis. (medscape.com)
Conclusions: We conclude that the β-adrenergic pathway is still functionally intact upon the inhibition of PI3Kα, showing that the activation of downstream insulin effectors is not required for the acute effects of β-adrenoceptor agonists on glucose homeostasis or thermogenesis. (monash.edu)
The prevailing dogma is that thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to improvements in glucose homeostasis in obesogenic animal models, though much of the evidence supporting this premise is from thermostressed rodents. (diabetesjournals.org)
Overall, adipose tissue's multifaceted functions underscore its significance as an energy reservoir and regulator within the body's energy homeostasis. (biyokimya.vet)
which, when activated, stimulate expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis, specifically the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids (Blaschke et al. (bodybuilding.com)
The insulin signaling pathway is a central regulator of energy metabolism, particularly in the context of glucose homeostasis. (alliedacademies.org)
Excess or insuf﫿cient lipid storage in generation of the intermediate species of diacylglycerol (DAG) adipose tissues would impair nutrient homeostasis, which is and monoacylglycerol (MAG) (Young and Zechner, 2013). (deepdyve.com)

The Randle cycle, also known as the glucose fatty-acid cycle, is a metabolic process involving the competition of glucose and fatty acids for substrates. (wikipedia.org)
Insulin resistance and other features of the metabolic syndrome have been causally linked to adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in mice with diet-induced obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
Metabolic markers were measured in fasting serum and ATMs characterized by immunohistology, flow cytometry, and tissue culture studies. (diabetesjournals.org)
Among microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are modulators of different metabolic pathways. (springer.com)
Our goal is to identify the metabolic pathways between lipid synthesis and antioxidant defense involved in FAHFA biosynthesis, to examine the substrate specifity of the candidate enzyme, and to introduce a methodology for the quantification of metabolic fluxes through redox reactions linking central carbon metabolism and nicotinamidadene cofactor-driven reductive biosynthesis. (cas.cz)
Objective: β-adrenoceptor mediated activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been associated with improvements in metabolic health in models of type 2 diabetes and obesity due to its unique ability to increase whole body energy expenditure, and rate of glucose and free fatty acid disposal. (monash.edu)
Two years ago, the international research team first demonstrated that adipose tissue offers beneficial metabolic effects in response to exercise. (newswise.com)
The experiment showed a number of positive metabolic effects in the mice, including improved glucose tolerance and increased fatty acid uptake. (newswise.com)
The primary role of insulin is to manage circulating concentrations of nutrients (principally glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, the body's three main fuels), keeping them within an optimal range, and coordinating the shift between metabolic fuels that is required when a person consumes more of one or the other. (blogspot.com)
Commonly the term metabolism defines the breakdown of food and how its components (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) are transformed into energy via a sequence of chemical reactions (metabolic pathways) which are controlled by large numbers of different enzymes. (oncohemakey.com)
Renewing interest in the study of intermediate metabolism and cellular bioenergetics is brought on by the global increase in the prevalence of metabolic illnesses. (mdpi.com)
They modulate energy metabolism through the deacetylation of various substrates, including transcription factors, metabolic enzymes, and histones. (alliedacademies.org)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease in patients with high blood glucose over prolonged period ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
For example, stimulating AMPK will regulate metabolic function, activating BAT will stimulate thermogenesis, targeting thyroid hormone will increase energy expenditure, and PPAR activation will increase metabolism and inhibit adipogenesis. (bodypower.sk)
The thyroid influence processes such as the basal metabolic rate, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, and protein synthesis through the production and release of two thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine(T 4 ), which is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which comes from the pituitary gland. (bodypower.sk)
Chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation may eventually cause tissue damage in obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
Chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation may eventually cause tissue damage in metabolic diseases, particularly obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The main metabolic differences between HHS and DKA are the extreme elevations of glucose seen in HHS and the lack of significant ketoacidosis. (medscape.com)
Overweight youth are more susceptible to metabolic disorders, since the accumulation of body fat, especially in the abdominal region, generates an increase in fatty acids circulating in the bloodstream, which consequently impairs insulin signaling and leads to a reduction in sensitivity of receptors and tissue response to cellular actions that are mediated by this hormone 1,3,4 . (bvsalud.org)

Adipose tissue was obtained from lean and obese women undergoing bariatric surgery. (diabetesjournals.org)
In obese women, CD11c + ATM density was greater in subcutaneous than omental adipose tissue and correlated with markers of insulin resistance. (diabetesjournals.org)
Objective Indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring compound found in cruciferous vegetables, and its metabolite 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) reduce body mass and serum glucose levels in high‐fat‐diet‐induced obese mice. (researchgate.net)
Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
Moreover, I3C exerts anti-obesity effects by reducing body weight and fat accumulation in epididymal adipose tissue in HFD-induced obese mice and thereby improves hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia [126]. (researchgate.net)
Not only did exercise-stimulated TGF-beta 2 improve glucose tolerance, treating obese mice with TGF beta 2 lowered blood lipid levels and improved many other aspects of metabolism. (newswise.com)
We have shown that SIK2 is down-regulated in adipose tissue from obese individuals and are currently investigating the role of SIK2 in the development of diabetes. (lu.se)

Lipids contribute to tumorigenesis by providing fuel to cancer metabolism and supporting growth and signaling. (aacrjournals.org)
The adipose tissue significantly affects the whole-body metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, which also involves fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), lipid mediators that affect glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in target tissues. (cas.cz)
We explored circulating lipids in serum and the ECS in plasma and metabolically active tissues in free-ranging subadult Scandinavian brown bears when both active and hibernating. (biomedcentral.com)
When activated, PPAR-γ up-regulates the transcription of genes mainly involved in fatty acid metabolism and triglyceride storage, promoting adipogenesis and lipids uptake to the adipose tissue [ 17 , 18 ] improving whole body insulin sensitivity. (biomedcentral.com)
Ginger root extract is standardized for gingerols, which activate PPAR-δ to improve weight loss by increasing energy expenditure and "browning" white fat, in turn reducing body weight, glucose levels, leptin, insulin, and lipids. (bodypower.sk)

In obesity the inherent capacity of adipose tissue to store and sense nutrients is compromised, causing spillover of the intermediate lipid metabolites into circulation and resulting in their ectopic deposition in tissues not suitable for lipid storage, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. (frontiersin.org)
We aimed to characterize macrophage phenotype and function in human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue in relation to insulin resistance in obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
Adipose tissue in obesity becomes refractory to suppression of fat mobilization by insulin, and also to the normal acute stimulatory effect of insulin on activation of lipoprotein lipase (involved in fat storage). (cambridge.org)
It's known that fat cells secrete proteins called adipokines, and that many adipokines increase with obesity, having harmful effects on metabolism and health. (newswise.com)
First, as I've said, is the basic proposition that obesity is caused by a regulatory defect in fat metabolism, and so a defect in the distribution of energy rather than an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure. (blogspot.com)
We then discuss how obesity leads to insulin resistance via a complex interplay among systemic fatty acid excess, microhypoxia in adipose tissue, ER stress, and inflammation. (jci.org)
The effects of SIRT1 on integration of metabolism and inflammation may provide a therapeutic target for treatment of obesity-related diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we observed the overexpression of SUMO-speci﫿c protease 2 (Senp2) in adipose tissues during obesity. (deepdyve.com)
Obesity element binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthase. (cdc.gov)
Obesity was defi ned expression chronically in tissues. (cdc.gov)
Elevated levels of uric acid (hyperuricemia) also have implications for the pathogenesis of obesity and have been linked to deteriorated glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes 5 . (bvsalud.org)

The initial stage of diabetes is characterised by impaired glucose tolerance and postprandial hyperglycemia. (justia.com)
With time, however, the beta-cell fails to maintain its high rate of insulin secretion and the insulin resistance leads to the development of impaired glucose tolerance and eventually overt diabetes mellitus. (justia.com)
In addition, following CUS, fasting insulin levels were increased and were accompanied by signs of impaired glucose tolerance and elevated serum corticosteroid levels. (biomedcentral.com)

It reduces hepatic glucose output, may decrease intestinal absorption of glucose, and may increase glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. (medscape.com)

Of the numerous lipid classes implicated in eliciting lipotoxicity, sphingolipid: ceramides are among the most deleterious as they modulate signaling pathways involved in regulating glucose metabolism, triglyceride synthesis, apoptosis, and fibrosis. (frontiersin.org)
Cardiovascular exercise and low-moderate carbohydrate diets containing essential fatty acids are recommended for reducing triglyceride levels. (bodybuilding.com)

Energy metabolism. (korea.ac.kr)
In small hibernators, global downregulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which is involved in modulating neuronal signaling, feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and circannual rhythms, has been reported to possibly drive physiological adaptation to the hibernating state. (biomedcentral.com)
These genes increase oxygen availability by inducing erythropoiesis and angiogenesis, and also reduce its demand via regulation of energy metabolism by reducing oxidative phosphorylation and inducing non-oxygen-demanding glycolysis [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. (springer.com)
Understanding of the mechanisms that integrate energy metabolism in the entire organism has significantly improved with the application of contemporary biochemical tools for quantifying the fuel substrate metabolism with cutting-edge mouse genetic procedures. (mdpi.com)
Cellular energy metabolism is a highly regulated process that involves the conversion of nutrients into usable energy in the form of ATP. (alliedacademies.org)
Energy metabolism is governed by intricate signaling pathways that sense nutrient availability, energy demands, and cellular stress. (alliedacademies.org)
This article explores the pathways of cellular signaling in energy metabolism, highlighting their physiological roles and implications in pathological conditions. (alliedacademies.org)
Sirtuins, a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, have emerged as critical regulators of cellular energy metabolism. (alliedacademies.org)

BAIBA also instigates the "browning" of white adipose tissue, which increases energy expenditure, improves insulin sensitivity and helps regulate weight management. (naturalscience.com)
The mRNA expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ and lipocalin-2 in white adipose tissue were, respectively, down- and up-regulated. (biomedcentral.com)
Reduction of PPAR-γ expression and generation of a pro-inflammatory environment by increased lipocalin-2 expression in white adipose tissue may contribute to stress-induced glucose intolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
This study aims to unveil biological markers that establish the molecular basis of stress-induced glucose intolerance, with a special emphasis on the visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT). (biomedcentral.com)
PPAR-γ also induces FGF21 expression in white adipose tissue, indicating that it also regulates metabolism in the feeding state. (cyagen.com)
White adipose tissue emerges as a pivotal endocrine organ, playing a dual role in lipid storage or release and energy equilibrium by engaging in the secretion of essential adipokines. (biyokimya.vet)
On both diets, the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt mice gained less weight and had less white adipose tissue (WAT) and its inflammation, lower serum cholesterol levels, and lighter livers with less steatosis and lower serum ALT levels than the wild type (WT). (springer.com)

As β-adrenoceptor agonist administration results in increased hepatic gluconeogenesis that can consequently result in secondary pancreatic insulin release, there is uncertainty regarding the importance of insulin and the subsequent activation of its downstream effectors in mediating β-adrenoceptor stimulated glucose uptake in BAT. (monash.edu)
Cellular carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism involves both catabolic (glycolysis, glycogenolysis) and anabolic processes (glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis). (oncohemakey.com)

In winter bear serum, in addition to a 2-fold increase in total fatty acid concentration, we found significant changes in relative proportions of circulating fatty acids, such as a 2-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 n-3 and a decrease in arachidonic acid C20:4 n-6. (biomedcentral.com)
Otto S. , now a third-year medical student, was assigned to do a history and physical examination on a newly admitted 47-year-old patient named Chet S. had consulted his physician for increasing weakness and fatigue and was found to have a severely elevated serum glucose level. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Insulin-dependent tissues, adipose tissue and primarily skeletal muscles, are responsible for the remaining 25% of glucose utilization. (justia.com)
Weight loss and periods of hunger trigger an increase in plasma adiponectin levels, which in turn activate glucose utilization within muscles. (biyokimya.vet)
Also during exercise, contraction of muscles promotes utilization of glucose. (howmed.net)

MitoBurn® (L-BAIBA) is an amino acid by-product of the branched-chain amino acid L-valine. (naturalscience.com)
FGF21 is induced in rodents and humans on a low protein diet and reduces dietary methionine levels of the essential amino acid. (cyagen.com)
These biochemical reactions frequently involve cofactors, often vitamins, which help the specific enzyme function, e.g. vitamin B 6 is the cofactor for the enzyme cystathionine β synthase which converts the amino acid homocysteine into cystathionine. (oncohemakey.com)
Insulin increase protein synthesis by increasing amino acid transport into the cells as well as by increasing DNA transcription and RNA translation. (howmed.net)
Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)

The extent of inhibition increases along the glycolytic pathway, being most severe at the level of pyruvate dehydrogenase and less severe at the level of glucose uptake and 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1). (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, in this study, we made an effort to discriminate between the two pathways and address whether the insulin signaling pathway is dispensable for the effects of β-adrenoceptor activation on glucose uptake in BAT. (monash.edu)
The physiological functions of the Igf 1 receptor signaling pathway include regulation of growth and development, metabolism, tissue repair, and immune function. (ebiwinner.com)
Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)
Furthermore, two intermediates in this pathway, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol, serve as essential precursors for the synthesis of phospholipids. (aocs.org)
The systemic intake of food triggers the activation of the lipogenic pathway, encouraging TG storage in adipose tissue. (biyokimya.vet)
Conversely, fasting initiates the lipolytic pathway, prompting the breakdown of TGs and the subsequent release of fatty acids from adipose stores. (biyokimya.vet)
Insulin signaling pathway activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates and activates Akt (also known as protein kinase B). Akt regulates glucose transport by promoting the translocation of glucose transporters, such as GLUT4, to the plasma membrane. (alliedacademies.org)
We also found that ADP-1 activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in an adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1)-dependent pathway and stimulates glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle cells (L-6 myotubes). (phoenixpeptide.com)

Excess dietary carbohydrate, but not fat, led to markedly increased FGF21 secretion in humans, notably without protein restriction, and affected glucose and lipid homeostais. (ku.dk)
The observed reduction in ECS tone may promote fatty acid mobilization from body fat stores, and favor carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle of hibernating bears. (biomedcentral.com)
It's telling tissues to stop burning fat because carbohydrate is the available fuel. (blogspot.com)
Insulin is a hormone secreted by the beta cells of pancreas , and is important in the regulation of carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. (howmed.net)

SIRT1 deacetylates and activates PGC-1α, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. (alliedacademies.org)

For example, lipin-1 is the major PAP in adipose tissue, and cardiac and skeletal muscle since lipin-1-deficient mice had little if any detectable PAP activity [2]. (aocs.org)
We used loss- and gain-of-function approaches including genetic manipulation of the lipolytic enzyme Pnpla2 , change in environmental temperature, and lifestyle interventions to comprehensively test the premise that a thermogenic-like BAT phenotype is coupled with enhanced glucose tolerance in female mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
Several unexpected findings in genetically altered mice have prompted research into the direction of intermediate metabolism of skeletal cells. (mdpi.com)
Exercise training prevented weight gain in db/db + Ex mice, but it did not reduce glucose and insulin levels. (biomedcentral.com)
Although less fat stor- adqcKO pose lipid storage in adipocyte-speci﫿c Senp2 knockout mice fed age was shown in Senp2 adipose tissues, the increased with high-fat diets (HFD). (deepdyve.com)

Insulin promotes glucose uptake and metabolism by the skeletal muscles. (howmed.net)

Because the pancreas is able to appropriately augment its secretion of insulin to offset the insulin resistance, glucose tolerance remains normal. (justia.com)
c Somatostatin's effects on metabolism are indirect via suppression of secretion of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and thyroid hormone and by effects on gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying time, and pancreatic exocrine secretion (see text). (basicmedicalkey.com)
Impaired insulin secretion and free radical formation are the initial events triggering the development of insulin resistance and its causal relations with dysregulation of glucose and fatty acids metabolism. (wiley.com)
Prostaglandins are hormone-like compounds produced in body tissue that help control blood pressure, smooth muscle activity, inflammation, glandular secretion, calcium movement, hormone regulation, and cell growth control. (bodybuilding.com)
The pharmacological properties of herbal remedies, including the amelioration of insulin sensitivity, the promotion of insulin secretion, the increase of glucose uptake by adipose and muscle tissues, the inhibition of sugar absorption in intestines and the generation of sugar by hepatocytes, have been demonstrated in several studies ( 15 , 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

GH is a counterregulatory hormone that antagonizes the hepatic and peripheral effects of insulin on glucose metabolism via mechanisms involving the concomitant increase in FFA flux and uptake. (scienceopen.com)

Therefore, in this review, we summarized current evidence from observational and intervention studies performed in humans investigating the relationship between the composition of the gut microbiota, concentration of SCFA and glucose metabolism. (springer.com)
Increased plasma free fatty acid concentration is associated with insulin resistance. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Role and Regulation of Hepatic Metabolism During Exercise -- Chapter 12. (korea.ac.kr)
Indeed, it may influence multiple physiological mechanisms related to human health, i.e. synthesis of micronutrients, defence against pathogens, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune function [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Importance of Glucose Regulation. (slideserve.com)
An overall aim of our research is to study the regulation and function of protein phosphorylation cascades with relevance to type 2 diabetes, with a particular focus on adipose tissue, since this tissue is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes. (lu.se)

SIRT1 regulates metabolism and inflammation in various tissues [ 4 ] which can be the key regulator of exercise-mediated protection against diabetes at tissue level. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, CD11c + ATMs were enriched for mitochondria and for RNA transcripts encoding mitochondrial, proteasomal, and lysosomal proteins, fatty acid metabolism enzymes, and T-cell chemoattractants, whereas CD11c − ATMs were enriched for transcripts involved in tissue maintenance and repair. (diabetesjournals.org)
Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid or tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle, within the mitochondria. (oncohemakey.com)

Adv 36 DNA persists in multiple tissues of infected sition of visceral fat disproportional to total fat deposition animals for long periods after initial infection ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)

Hormones that control adipose tissue lipolysis affect circulating concentrations of fatty acids, these in turn control the fuel selection in muscle. (wikipedia.org)

Glucose transporter 4 translocation was confirmed by determining the uptake of glucose in the presence of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and PI3K inhibitors. (wiley.com)
ADP-1-induced glucose transport coincided with ADP-1-induced biosynthesis of glucose transporter 4 and its translocation to the plasma membrane. (phoenixpeptide.com)

Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism During Exercise -- Chapter 10. (korea.ac.kr)
Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects. (scienceopen.com)

And they're also important in cellular differentiation (cells deciding to grow up, get a haircut and a job), general metabolism, and… now this is cool… tumourigenesis (aka the birth and growth of tumours). (stumptuous.com)
Catabolism is the breakdown of large complex molecules to provide energy for cellular activity and smaller compounds, e.g. amino acids, needed for anabolic reactions or for elimination from the body. (oncohemakey.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), maintains normal energy balance by regulating cellular metabolisms in an AMP/ADP ratio-dependent manner, is responsible for the proper mechanistic modulation of autophagy [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Under pathophysiological conditions, mitochondrial dysfunction results in overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and further stimulates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, thus leading to cellular damage and tissue dysfunction [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

A collagen domain-derived short adiponectin peptide activates APPL1 and AMPK signaling pathways and improves glucose and fatty acid metabolisms. (phoenixpeptide.com)

It also stimulates the synthesis of proteins in tissues such as muscle. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Figure 17.1 Summary of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. (oncohemakey.com)

This is when plasma concentrations of fatty acids or ketone bodies are increased. (wikipedia.org)

Thermogenin (uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) , a distinctive molecule inherent to cold-induced thermogenesis, assumes a crucial role as it is selectively expressed within brown adipose tissue. (biyokimya.vet)
Instances of cold exposure and heightened nutritional intake trigger a surge in brown adipose tissue activity, accompanied by elevated expression levels of norepinephrine and UCP1, which emanate from the central nervous system. (biyokimya.vet)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for thermogenesis, caused by the stimulation of intracellular lipolysis Is is normally activated by the sympathetic nervous system in order to regulate body temperature, but can also be stimulated by high-calorie diets and certain nutrients. (bodypower.sk)

DIM, a major metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, which is naturally produced in broccoli and cabbage, enhances glucose uptake through the improvement of insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells [13] . (researchgate.net)
Activation of PPAR-γ causes insulin sensitization and enhances glucose metabolism, whereas activation of PPAR-β/δ enhances fatty acids metabolism. (bodypower.sk)

Since carnitine is involved in fat metabolism, attention is being paid to its possible role in NIDDM. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Both AMPK and MCD are inactive and glucose uptake is stimulated. (wikipedia.org)
These conditions exist in tissues rich in oxygen, in which AMPK is inactive and glucose inactivates the AMPK (researched in skeletal muscle). (wikipedia.org)
When activated, AMPK phosphorylates and inhibits enzymes involved in ATP-consuming processes, such as fatty acid synthesis (e.g., acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ACC) and protein synthesis (e.g., mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR). (alliedacademies.org)
AMPK is a target for new and existing diabetes therapy, and our research will predict effects of such therapy in adipose tissue. (lu.se)

It has been proposed that these changes lead to an accumulation of cytosolic citrate, which in turn inhibits PFK-1, followed by an increase in glucose 6-phosphate, which eventually inhibits hexokinase. (wikipedia.org)
Insulin has a number of actions on fat and lean tissues that favor fat storage and suppress fat burning, and this is the crux of Taubes's basic argument in support of the idea that insulin causes fat accumulation. (blogspot.com)
This tissue also manages the clearance of plasma TGs, averting their accumulation in other bodily tissues. (biyokimya.vet)
Adipocyte Senp2 de﫿ciency resulted in less adipose lipid storage accompanied by an ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance under high-fat diet feed- ing. (deepdyve.com)

TGF-B2 is an Exercise-Induced Adipokine that Regulates Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism. (newswise.com)

This adaptation to nutrient availability applies to the interaction between adipose tissue and muscle. (wikipedia.org)
Exercise-Regulated Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake -- Chapter 7. (korea.ac.kr)
The Effect of Training on Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Metabolism -- Chapter 11. (korea.ac.kr)
In adipose and muscle tissues of hibernating bears, we found significant lower concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a major ligand of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2). (biomedcentral.com)
Lower mRNA level for genes encoding CB1 and CB2 were also found in winter muscle and adipose tissue, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
2010). Senp2 also regulates fatty acid metabolism in skeletal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article-abstract/10/3/258/4763638 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 26 June 2018 Senp2 regulates adipose lipid storage by de-SUMOylation of Setdb1 j 259 muscle (Koo et al. (deepdyve.com)

Thus, in the postprandial period especially, there is an excess flux of circulating lipid metabolites that would normally have been 'absorbed' by adipose tissue. (cambridge.org)
In lipodystrophy there is insufficient adipose tissue to absorb the postprandial influx of fatty acids, so these fatty acids will again be directed to other tissues. (cambridge.org)
These agents lower postprandial glucose by slowing glucose absorption and delaying the hydrolysis of ingested complex carbohydrates and disaccharide. (medscape.com)

Carriers of p.E40K, a variant that abolishes ANGPTL4 ability to inhibit lipoprotein lipase, have lower odds of T2D (odds ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.85-0.92, p = 6.3 × 10 −10 ), lower fasting glucose, and greater insulin sensitivity. (nature.com)

Anatomy29

Organisms12

Diseases17

Chemicals and Drugs122

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes57

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science3

Health Care3

Oxidation33

Liver31

Blood glucose levels5

Triglycerides11

Glycogen8

Adipocytes15

Free fatty4

Hepatic glucose production1

Glycerol3

Homeostasis14

Metabolic19

Obese7

Lipids5

Obesity11

Impaired glucose t3

Increase glucose uptake1

Triglyceride2

Energy Metabolism8

White adipos7

Gluconeogenesis2

Serum2

Utilization3

Amino acid5

Pathway9

Carbohydrate4

Oxidative1

Mice5

Promotes glucose uptake1

Secretion5

Effects of Insulin1

Concentration2

Regulation4

Inflammation1

Mitochondria2

Visceral1

Control adipose1

Translocation2

Protein metabolism2

Cellular5

Pathways1

Proteins2

Ketone bodies1

Brown adipos3

Enhances2

Carnitine1

AMPK4

Accumulation4

Regulates Glucose1

Muscle6

Postprandial3

Inhibit1