• Neurons send and receive information via two structures that make up the synapse. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The plasma membrane of the neuron is highly permeable to K + , and in fact the recorded membrane potential of most neurons (−60 to −75 mV) is close to that predicted by the Nernst equation for K + . However, it is not exactly the same, because K + is not the only ion affecting the membrane potential. (britannica.com)
  • The discussion above demonstrates that the electrical potential existing in neurons is based on the distribution of ions across the plasma membrane and that this distribution comes about through permeation of the membrane. (britannica.com)
  • A neurexin (NRXN) is a presynaptic protein that helps to glue together neurons at the synapse. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Scientists also have identified proteins responsible for strengthening synapses -- the gap where information is transferred between neurons -- which is critical for learning and memory. (sfn.org)
  • Synapses are specialized intercellular junctions that are required for the transfer of information between neurons. (rupress.org)
  • A fundamental feature of chemical synapses is that they can be modulated to alter the transfer of information between neurons ( Bredt and Nicoll, 2003 ). (rupress.org)
  • It will contain roughly 100,000 neurons and something like a billion synapses, the junctions that allow nerve impulses to leap from one neuron to the next. (technologyreview.com)
  • APP is highly present in the central nervous system, where it is found at the synapses between neurons. (mcgill.ca)
  • Neurotransmission begins when vesicles that store the neurotransmitters fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing the molecules into the space between the two neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • The receiving neuron on the other site of the synapse detects the neurotransmitter via receptors and converts it again into electrical activity. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Acute stress increases glutamate release, membrane trafficking of AMPA and NMDA receptors, and potentially glutamate clearance in the prefrontal cortex through various mechanisms that involve glucocorticoid regulation. (nature.com)
  • PI(4,5)P 2 interacts with various ion channels and receptors to regulate membrane signaling but its nanoscale distribution and association with these proteins remain elusive. (jneurosci.org)
  • Recent studies revealed a key role for PSD- 95, a scaffolding molecule enriched at glutamatergic synapses, in modulation of clustering of several neurotransmitter receptors, adhesion molecules, ion channels, cytoskeletal elements and signaling molecules at postsynaptic sites. (frontiersin.org)
  • The postsynaptic compartment of excitatory synapses is characterized by an electron-dense region, referred to as the postsynaptic density (PSD), attributable to the high density of neurotransmitter receptors and associated molecules at these sites. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, when GABA and glutamatergic synapses are coactivated during the physiological patterns of activity, GABAA receptors can facilitate the activation of NMDA receptors, playing the role conferred to AMPA receptors later on in development. (nih.gov)
  • Recycling earnings endocytosed receptors to the plasma membrane and by doing so controls their level of surface expression and consequently the sensitivity of the cell to extracellular stimuli. (fabretp.org)
  • Despite their essential contribution to T cell activation, cellular mechanisms that coordinate internalization of surface receptors with sustained delivery Fonadelpar to the plasma membrane remain incompletely comprehended. (fabretp.org)
  • Researchers have found that long-term potentiation (LTP) -- a phenomenon in which brief, repetitive activity causes a long-lasting strengthening of synaptic transmission -- involves the rapid activity-dependent trafficking of glutamate receptors to the synapse. (sfn.org)
  • Accumulation of acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase at newly formed nerve-muscle synapses. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The cleft enzyme is apparently regulated differently than receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. (aspetjournals.org)
  • These molecules are then captured by receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron, altering the activity of the receiving cell. (elifesciences.org)
  • Glutamate travels across synapses within nanoscale 'columns' (pale blue and pale orange) and is captured by receptors (pink) studded through the postsynaptic membrane at dedicated postsynaptic domains (PSD). (elifesciences.org)
  • Pyridostigmine blocks ACh hydrolysis by cholinesterase, resulting in ACh accumulation at synapses and increasing stimulation of cholinergic receptors at myoneural junction. (medscape.com)
  • The impulse crosses a synapse in the thalamus to nerve fibers that carry the impulse to the sensory cortex of the cerebrum (the area that receives and interprets information from sensory receptors). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Normal neuromuscular junction showing a presynaptic terminal with a motor nerve ending in an enlargement (bouton terminale): Synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane with multiple folds and embedded with several acetylcholine receptors. (medscape.com)
  • The proteins in the cell membrane function as pumps, receptors and transporters and regulate which substances find their way into and out of the cell. (lu.se)
  • Scientists have used that analogy to describe the action of synaptotagmin-1, which acts to catalyze the fusion of the membranes of tiny neurotransmitter-filled bubbles called vesicles with the wall membrane of a neuron. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Dr. Christian Rosenmund, professor of neuroscience and molecular and human genetics at Baylor College of Medicine, and graduate student Mingshan Xue use that analogy to describe the action of synaptotagmin-1, which acts to catalyze the fusion of the membranes of tiny neurotransmitter-filled bubbles called vesicles with the wall membrane of a neuron. (sciencedaily.com)
  • When the neuron is in a pre-synapse phase, it explodes in electrical activity that opens a channel allowing positively charged calcium ions to go to the balloon-shaped vesicles inside the presynapse to trigger the release of neurotransmitter. (sciencedaily.com)
  • These endings contain relatively few synaptic vesicles, a few unit membrane limited tubules ∼ 300 A in diameter, and mitochondria oriented perpendicular to the SMC. (rupress.org)
  • Similar subunits are seen in the unit membranes of synaptic vesicles. (rupress.org)
  • Transport occurs in membrane-bounded containers called vesicles, and several protein families have evolved to mediate the budding of a vesicle from the donor compartment, and its transport to and fusion with the target organelle. (nature.com)
  • These have been suggested to be the core machinery that mediates the fusing of two membranes, as well as ensuring that vesicles deliver their cargo to the right compartment 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • PI(4)P is enriched in the membrane of the Golgi apparatus and synaptic vesicles (SVs), PI(4,5)P 2 and PI(3,4,5)P 3 mainly exist in the plasma membrane, PI(3)P and PI(3,5)P 2 are selectively concentrated on early and late endosomes, respectively. (jneurosci.org)
  • In contrast to clathrin-coated vesicles, which dissociate after cargo delivery to intracellular compartments, flotillins were incorporated at the level of the plasma membrane within the vesicles, building-up the TCR endocytic network. (fabretp.org)
  • However, protein levels of components of cell membranes, vesicles and synapses, RNA modulation, and cellular structures (including tau and tubulin filaments) are markedly altered from the age of 75. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Actin dynamics provides membrane tension to merge fusing vesicles into the plasma membrane. (ki.se)
  • Here, cryo-EM is used to examine the protein-lipid architecture of this membrane in tubular vesicles obtained from the (muscle-derived) electric organ of the Torpedo ray. (iucr.org)
  • Here, we analyse by cryo-EM the architecture of this membrane in vesicles isolated from the (muscle-derived) electric organ of the Torpedo ray, with view to defining the protein-lipid interplay required to achieve an optimal neurotransmitter response. (iucr.org)
  • In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. (bvsalud.org)
  • The housekeeping machinery that accomplishes this in many biological processes is made up of the so-called SNARE proteins that form protein bundles across vesicle and plasma membranes, hurling the vesicle or balloon-like structure close to the membrane. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We find that higher membrane order resides at the immunological synapse periphery where proximal signalling through the immunoreceptors and accessory proteins in microclusters has previously been shown to take place. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our data also suggest that there may be a net exchange of membrane material between mitochondria and plasma membrane, explaining the presence of some mitochondrial proteins in the plasma membrane. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P 2 ) plays an essential role in neuronal activities through interaction with various proteins involved in signaling at membranes. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, the distribution pattern of PI(4,5)P 2 and the association with these proteins on the neuronal cell membranes remain elusive. (jneurosci.org)
  • To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)
  • In this review we will highlight mechanisms that control targeting of PSD-95 at the synapse, and discuss how this molecule influences the retention and clustering of diverse synaptic proteins to regulate synaptic structure and strength. (frontiersin.org)
  • Abnormal formation of synapses and dendritic spines, for example, by modulation of the neurexin-neuroligin cell-adhesion system, or by poorly regulated synthesis of synaptic proteins. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Neurexins are type I membrane proteins that can be classified into two types, α-NRXNs and β-NRXNs. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Introduction The plasma membrane is usually a highly dynamic Fonadelpar environment, which constantly exchanges lipids and proteins with intracellular compartments through exocytic and endocytic processes. (fabretp.org)
  • Our results further suggest that the recycling supported by flotillin-positive endosomes provides a crucial contribution to T cell activation by regulating the nanoscale business of TCR at the immunological synapse and promoting phosphorylation of signaling proteins, and the nuclear import of transcription factors. (fabretp.org)
  • We demonstrate that PI(4,5)P 2 forms tiny clusters with a mean size of ∼1000 nm 2 rather than randomly distributed in cerebellar neuronal membranes in male C57BL/6J mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • PIs contribute to various aspects of neuronal activity, such as synaptic transmission and maintenance of membrane excitability by regulating ion channels and intracellular signaling pathways. (jneurosci.org)
  • Aβ oligomers remove IRs from the neuronal surface membrane. (jci.org)
  • ref. 45 ) at the neuronal plasma membrane, causing removal of IRs from the membrane and disrupting insulin signaling and synapse function. (jci.org)
  • Similarly, marked modifications occur in the larger phosphoprotein clusters involving cytoskeleton and neuronal structures, membrane stabilization, and kinase regulation in the late elderly.Present findings may increase understanding of human brain proteostasis modifications in the elderly in the subpopulation of individuals not having AD neuropathological change and any other neurodegenerative change in any telencephalon region. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • At chemical synapses, the presynaptic neuron forms a specialized membrane domain, termed the active zone, which contains the molecular machinery required for calcium-dependent synaptic vesicle fusion and recycling. (rupress.org)
  • Transferring neurotransmitters from one neuron to another requires the fusion of the vesicle's membrane with its host plasma membrane. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In their current work, Xue, Rosenmund and colleagues showed that the bottom of the C2B domain is also critical in bringing the membranes of the neuron together with the vesicle's membrane, allowing the release of neurotransmitter. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Every neuron and synapse looks beautifully preserved across the entire brain," Kenneth Hayworth, a neuroscientist who served as one of the prize's judges, said in a press release. (newsweek.com)
  • These three characteristics of the neuron-semipermeability of the membrane, osmotic balance, and electroneutrality on each side-create an equilibrium electrical potential at which the inside of the membrane is more negative than the outside. (britannica.com)
  • When the inside of the plasma membrane has a negative charge compared to the outside, the neuron is said to be polarized. (britannica.com)
  • There is also a tendency for Cl − to permeate the membrane, since that ion is at higher concentration outside the neuron than inside. (britannica.com)
  • The strength of individual synapses is modulated to compensate for changes in other synapses, on the same neuron, that would otherwise alter overall cellular activity. (frontiersin.org)
  • When those spines contact another neuron, a synapse is formed. (eurekalert.org)
  • There exists an exchange of molecules and ions in and out of the cell wall, as well as in and out of membrane-bounded intracellular compartments such as the nucleus, ER, and mitrochondria. (wikibooks.org)
  • Central to the two-way relationship between the plasma membrane and intracellular compartments is usually endocytic recycling1. (fabretp.org)
  • This allows the neurotransmitter to diffuse to the postsynaptic part of the synapse. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Excitatory synapses in the brain, which use glutamate as the primary neurotransmitter, represent a crucial target for the action of stress and its mediators. (nature.com)
  • Synapses that contain each respective neurotransmitter differ in their composition and structure. (frontiersin.org)
  • An emerging method in the field of neuroscience involves inserting fluorescent reporters into the postsynaptic membrane: these reporters glow when bound to the neurotransmitter glutamate, thus allowing scientists to visualize where and when neurotransmission occurs in the brain. (elifesciences.org)
  • The ATC acts by potentiating the inhibitory action of neurotransmitters called gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) and easily cross the blood-brain barrier and membranes. (bvsalud.org)
  • High plasma membrane lipid order imaged at the immunological synapse periphery in live T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cholesterol- and glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane lipid microdomains, frequently called lipid rafts, are thought to play an important role in the spatial and temporal organization of immunological synapses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, we employ the phase-sensitive membrane dye di-4-ANEPPDHQ together with a variety of spectrally-resolved microscopy techniques, including 2-channel ratiometric TIRF microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging, to characterize membrane order at the T cell immunological synapse at high spatial and temporal resolution in live cells at physiological temperature. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The observed spatial patterning of membrane order in the immunological synapse depends on active receptor signalling. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Mitochondrial and plasma membrane pools of stomatin-like protein 2 coalesce at the immunological synapse during T cell activation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Both plasma membrane-associated and mitochondria-associated pools of SLP-2 coalesce at the immunological synapse (IS) upon T cell activation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • recycling to the immunological synapse. (fabretp.org)
  • The recycling machinery delivering TCR to the immunological synapse is usually complex. (fabretp.org)
  • We show that in activated T cells TCR is usually internalized through a clathrin-independent pathway into a mobile and long-lived endocytic network supported by flotillins, which controls its recycling to the immunological synapse. (fabretp.org)
  • These spines invariably receive input from terminals forming asymmetric synapses that originate mainly from the cortex. (jneurosci.org)
  • Asymmetric synapses were found to be enriched in glutamate using postembedding immunogold labeling. (jneurosci.org)
  • The present observations demonstrate that the loss of spines previously reported after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions is accompanied by a loss of asymmetric synapses rather than by the movement of synapses from spines to other postsynaptic targets. (jneurosci.org)
  • These astrocytic processes were frequently interposed between unlabeled terminals or ensheathed asymmetric synapses. (frontiersin.org)
  • We observed greater short-term synaptic depression during disynaptic inhibition than in thalamic excitatory synapses during high-frequency activities. (researchsquare.com)
  • When in dendrites and spines, βAR 248 was frequently concentrated along plasma membranes and at post-synaptic densities of asymmetric (excitatory) synapses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, initially glutamatergic synapses are 'silent' at resting membrane potential, NMDA channels being blocked by Mg2+. (nih.gov)
  • These clusters show preferential accumulation in specific membrane compartments of different cell types, in particular, in Purkinje cell (PC) spines and granule cell (GC) presynaptic active zones. (jneurosci.org)
  • This finding raises the question of the fate of excitatory terminals that form asymmetrical synapses at the head of the spines. (jneurosci.org)
  • In animal studies, Wurtman has shown that these nutrients boost the number of dendritic spines (small outcroppings of neural membranes). (eurekalert.org)
  • Substances can be transported from one membrane-encased compartment to another, but the compartments maintain their unique identities. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, we revealed extensive association of PI(4,5)P 2 with Ca V 2.1 and GIRK3 across different membrane compartments, whereas its association with mGluR1α was compartment specific. (jneurosci.org)
  • This method revealed PI(4,5)P 2 clusters preferentially accumulated in specific membrane compartments and its distinct associations with Ca V 2.1, GIRK3, and mGluR1α in the mouse cerebellum. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, this method has insufficient spatial resolution to observe the nanoscale PIs distribution in small membrane compartments, such as presynaptic active zones (AZs) and postsynaptic densities (PSDs). (jneurosci.org)
  • Liquid-liquid phase separation in cells has emerged as a common principle for the organization of membrane-less compartments. (ki.se)
  • Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. (bvsalud.org)
  • The cholinergic postsynaptic membrane is an acetyl-choline receptor-rich membrane mediating fast chemical communication at the nerve-muscle synapse. (iucr.org)
  • The cholinergic membrane of the nerve-muscle synapse is the best-understood postsynaptic membrane and its principles of operation serve to illuminate principles pertaining to the more complex synapses of the central nervous system. (iucr.org)
  • Higher ordering of lipid acyl chains was suggested for these entities and imaging of membrane order in living cells during activation can therefore help to understand the mechanisms responsible for the supramolecular organization of molecules involved in the activation of T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These structures, sometimes pumping ions from one side to the other and sometimes merely providing channels through which diffusing ions can flow past the lipid molecules, maintain the ionic distribution that keeps the membrane polarized, and they also allow the abrupt changes in distribution that create nerve impulses. (britannica.com)
  • The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
  • When ΔG is positive the transport is active, an input of energy is needed to move a molecule up a concentration gradient, contrary to ΔG being negative the transport is passive, which means that such molecules will pass through a membrane down their own gradient, simple diffusion. (wikibooks.org)
  • Diffusion is the process by which molecules migrate over the cell membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (wikibooks.org)
  • This process is thought to be regulated by molecules that regulate synapse number, morphology and strength. (frontiersin.org)
  • The three nutrients in his dietary cocktail - uridine, choline and the omega-3 fatty acid DHA (all normally present in breast milk) - are precursors to the fatty molecules that make up brain cell membranes, which form synapses. (eurekalert.org)
  • Osmotic balance is maintained between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm by movement of water through the plasma membrane when the total concentration of particles on one side is not equal to that on the other. (britannica.com)
  • Permeation actually occurs through protein structures embedded in the lipid bilayer and spanning the membrane from cytoplasm to extracellular fluid. (britannica.com)
  • This group also found that while both receptor subtypes were seen in the membranes and cytoplasm of cell bodies, the β 2 receptor subtype, but not the β 1 , was localized to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recent evidence indicates that SLP-2 is involved in the organization of cardiolipin-enriched microdomains in mitochondrial membranes and the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The 2023 Gordon Conference on Molecular Membrane Biology will focus on the latest insights into organelle biogenesis and function, membrane trafficking, the connection to metabolism, and interorganelle communication. (grc.org)
  • A strong correlation between synapse size and the probability of presynaptic release has lead to speculation that the regulation of synapse size could participate in the mechanisms of neural development and activity-dependent plasticity ( Schikorski and Stevens, 1997 ). (rupress.org)
  • Further studies in vitro should be useful for analysis of the role of muscle activity, of the local neural influence on the postsynaptic membrane, and of the mechanism of the muscle response. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Given the concentrations of all three ions on each side of the membrane and the relative permeability of the membrane to each ion, researchers can calculate the combined effect of K + , Na + , and Cl − on the membrane potential by using the so-called constant-field equation. (britannica.com)
  • Water will move from an area with a higher concentration of water to the other side of the membrane with a lower concentration of water. (wikibooks.org)
  • In fact, ions are almost always hydrated in the form of ion-water complexes, which have great difficulty in penetrating the hydrophobic lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. (britannica.com)
  • The availability of free energy is one of the factors that determine if a molecule will move across a membrane, the other being the permeability of the molecule in the lipid bilayer. (wikibooks.org)
  • Straightforward pharmacological intervention on different regulatory sites of the glutamate synapse is a possible strategy for bypassing the unmet therapeutic needs posed by traditional drugs based on monoaminergic mechanisms. (nature.com)
  • Figure 1: The tripartite glutamate synapse. (nature.com)
  • GluSnFR fluorescent reporters introduced at the postsynaptic membrane, which glow when bound to glutamate (green ovals), can be used to understand the architecture of synapses. (elifesciences.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this study, we established an electron microscopic method to visualize and analyze the quantitative distribution pattern of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P 2 ) on cell membranes using cryo-fixed brain tissues and SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labeling. (jneurosci.org)
  • Phosphoinositides (PIs) are minor components on the cytoplasmic side of eukaryotic cell membranes, but they play essential roles in a wide variety of cellular functions. (jneurosci.org)
  • Ionic composition of blood plasma, gradients of Na+ and K+ across cell membranes. (muni.cz)
  • The membrane organizing protein Rabbit Polyclonal to VAV1 flotillins have been reported to define Fonadelpar a clathrin-independent endocytic route22,23 and support the recycling of cell surface proteins24C26. (fabretp.org)
  • from the plasma membrane to endosomes and back at the cell surface. (fabretp.org)
  • APP is a transmembrane protein, which means that the APP molecule passes through the neuron's cell membrane. (mcgill.ca)
  • First, beta-secretases cut the APP's chain of amino acids at a certain distance outside the cell membrane. (mcgill.ca)
  • Then gamma-secretases make another cut, this time inside the cell membrane, thus releasing the beta-amyloid peptide. (mcgill.ca)
  • This increases release of ACh after nerve impulses and may decrease rates of repolarization and depolarization of muscle cell membranes. (medscape.com)
  • The impulse crosses a synapse (the junction between two nerve cells) between the sensory nerve and a nerve cell in the spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The Children's Room also offers additional creative activities that you will find in different parts of the cell walls and in the cell membrane. (lu.se)
  • The cell membrane is also a practical shoe rack. (lu.se)
  • Based on these results, we propose that SLP-2 facilitates the compartmentalization not only of mitochondrial membranes but also of the plasma membrane into functional microdomains. (ox.ac.uk)
  • By electron microscopy, most DβH terminals did not make synapses, but when they did, they formed both asymmetric and symmetric synapses. (frontiersin.org)
  • To understand better the cellular mechanisms of NE's contributions to fear learning, we examined the anatomical organization of NE terminals and βARs in the LA. In this study, we employed immunoelectron microscopy to determine whether terminals immunoreactive for dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH), the synthetic enzyme for NE, form synaptic junctions in the LA and if so, examine these synapses and identify the post-synaptic targets on NE terminals. (frontiersin.org)
  • Invited talks will feature a broad range of topics including membrane biogenesis, protein sorting to organelles, metabolic regulation of organelle biogenesis, autophagy, protein and organelle quality control, lipid homeostasis, interorganelle contact sites, host-pathogen interactions, and the mechanism of organelle fission and fusion. (grc.org)
  • The boutons terminaux are closely packed in the synaptic bed with ∼ 100 to 150 A gaps between their contiguous unit membranes and a few interspersed glial extensions. (rupress.org)
  • The biosynthesis and inactivation of neurotransmitters, neurotransmission across synapses. (muni.cz)
  • Any change in membrane potential tending to make the inside even more negative is called hyperpolarization , while any change tending to make it less negative is called depolarization . (britannica.com)
  • Action potentials, involving membrane depolarization, act at high speeds (1 cm/sec) and have a refractory period. (the-scientist.com)
  • The Molecular Membrane Biology GRC is a premier, international scientific conference focused on advancing the frontiers of science through the presentation of cutting-edge and unpublished research, prioritizing time for discussion after each talk and fostering informal interactions among scientists of all career stages. (grc.org)
  • The meeting will include sessions on novel techniques and their application in molecular membrane biology, and relevance for diseases. (grc.org)
  • This GRC will be held in conjunction with the "Molecular Membrane Biology" Gordon Research Seminar (GRS). (grc.org)
  • which protect the body from infection, this signaling allows the actin cytoskeleton to establish the interaction between cells and the foreign invaders that they target (immune synapse). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cholesterol interactions with the receptor are apparently essential for stabilizing and maintaining its physiological architecture, since the transmembrane structure contracts, involving displacements of the helices at the outer membrane surface by ∼2 Å (1-3 Å), when this lipid is extracted. (iucr.org)
  • Structure of the ACh receptor in Torpedo postsynaptic membrane. (iucr.org)
  • This equation, by including relative permeability as an important factor, takes into account the phenomenon that the more permeable a membrane is to a particular ion, the greater is the influence of that ion on the membrane potential. (britannica.com)
  • Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane. (wikibooks.org)
  • New clusters of AChRs have been located at transmitting synapses within 3 hours after a competent neurite contacted a receptive myotube. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Passive transport is the moving of biochemicals across membranes of cells without the use of chemical energy. (wikibooks.org)
  • We show that this model is analytically solvable, and we investigate how passive and active membrane properties control the discharge. (mit.edu)