• Over-expression of wild-type CSP1 led to attenuated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake without any change in GLUT4 content in the plasma membrane, rather it inhibits docking by blocking the association of VAMP2 with syntaxin 4. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • In contrast, knockdown of CSP1 enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • In neurons, glucose uptake is facilitated by a family of glucose transporters (GLUTs) with the GLUT1 and 3 isoforms believed to be responsible for the majority of glucose uptake within the brain (Duelli and Kuschinsky, 2001). (jneurosci.org)
  • Meyer was able to confirm her hypothesis: When she blocked this process, the Glut1 protein found its way back to the cell surface and resumed glucose uptake. (eurekalert.org)
  • Efferocytosis is known to rely on aerobic glycolysis during engulfment of ACs, indicated by increased glucose uptake and enhanced lactate release 2 , but also requires mitochondrial metabolism to degrade accumulating long-chain fatty acids via fatty acid oxidation (FAO) 3 . (nature.com)
  • Insulin promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen by liver cells and the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream of muscle and fat cells, thereby lowering the blood glucose levels. (quizlet.com)
  • Upregulation of MCUb limits mitochondrial matrix Ca 2+ uptake and impairs mitochondrial energy production via glucose oxidation by depressing pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Metformin activates intracellular signaling pathways in response to cellular energy changes in skeletal muscle [ 8 , 9 ], which improves glucose uptake [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Insulin stimulates glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) vesicle recruitment from its intracellular storage site to the plasma membrane. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Taken together, the results of this study suggest that CSP1 is involved in insulin resistance by interrupting GLUT4 vesicle docking with the plasma membrane. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • The organelles are the spaces surrounded by internal membranes and have the plasma membrane as their external boundary. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Ions can freely diffuse into and out of cells thanks to membrane channels formed by specific proteins in the plasma membrane. (alliedacademies.org)
  • 1995). These 3 proteins have been shown to be present on the plasma membrane of many cell types including vascular endothelium (Stitt et al. (reactome.org)
  • Many biologically active molecules signal via membrane-bound receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins, and are therefore referred as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). (europa.eu)
  • A bilayer of lipid molecules makes up the double sheet that makes up biological membranes. (alliedacademies.org)
  • The lipid bilayer, a double layer of phospholipid, cholesterol and glycolipid molecules that contains fatty acid chains and controls whether a membrane is formed into long, flat sheets or rounded vesicles, makes up the majority of a membrane. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Many small, fat soluble molecules, like oxygen, can pass through the membrane thanks to the fatty acid chains, but they are repelled by large, water soluble molecules, like sugar and electrically charged ions, like calcium. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Others transfer molecules to the other side of a membrane by binding to particular molecules on one side [ 3 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
  • On occasion, a single protein will move two distinct types of molecules in opposition to one another. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Long glucose molecules are affixed to proteins on the plasma membrane's outside. (alliedacademies.org)
  • When glucagon binds to the glucagon receptors, the liver cells convert the storage polysaccharide glycogen into individual glucose molecules and release them into the bloodstream, thereby increasing blood glucose levels. (quizlet.com)
  • Although primary and secondary active transport both rely on cell membrane proteins, the latter utilizes energy stored in ions' electrochemical gradients, not ATP, to power these proteins and shift molecules, like glucose, into cells, against gradients. (jove.com)
  • The SER can also contain an enzyme called glucose-6-phosphatase which plays a role in the manufacture of glucose molecules in cells. (conceivingconcepts.com)
  • There exists an exchange of molecules and ions in and out of the cell wall, as well as in and out of membrane-bounded intracellular compartments such as the nucleus, ER, and mitrochondria. (wikibooks.org)
  • The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
  • To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)
  • When ΔG is positive the transport is active, an input of energy is needed to move a molecule up a concentration gradient, contrary to ΔG being negative the transport is passive, which means that such molecules will pass through a membrane down their own gradient, simple diffusion. (wikibooks.org)
  • Diffusion is the process by which molecules migrate over the cell membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (wikibooks.org)
  • Background: The solute carrier (SLC) family of membrane proteins is a large class of transporters for many small molecules that are vital for the cell. (vu.nl)
  • Some of the transport proteins have been identified-for example, intestinal brush border Na + /glucose and Na + /proline transporters 1,2 and the brain Na + /Cl - /GABA transporter 3 -and progress has been made in locating their active sites and probing their conformational states 1,2,4-7 . (nature.com)
  • Expression levels of the primary neuronal glucose transporters (GLUTs) isoforms 1, 3, 4, and 8 were found to be unaltered within a 24 h period after excitation. (jneurosci.org)
  • We tested the hypothesis that mRNA and protein expression of intestinal glucose transporters and mRNA expression of enzymes related to gluconeogenesis are affected by variable starch supply. (nih.gov)
  • A mixed model was used to examine feeding and time-related changes on feed intake and milk yield and to test feeding and gut site effects on gene or protein expression of glucose transporters and enzymes in the intestinal mucosa. (nih.gov)
  • In conclusion, our investigations on glucose transporters and gluconeogenic enzymes in the small intestinal mucosa of dairy cows did not show significant diet regulation when TMR with different amounts of intestinal starch were fed. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, predicted intestinal glucose absorption after enhanced starch feeding is probably not supported by changes of intestinal glucose transporters in dairy cows. (nih.gov)
  • Wang, X. Avian and Mammalian Facilitative Glucose Transporters. (preprints.org)
  • The glucose transporters expressed in the renal proximal tubule ensure that less than 0.5 g/day (range 0.03-0.3 g/d) is excreted in the urine of healthy adults. (medscape.com)
  • Consequently the affinity of the transporters for glucose along the tubule increases to allow for complete reabsorption of glucose from the urine. (medscape.com)
  • The mRNA and protein expression of CSP1 was elevated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in insulin resistant states caused by high levels of palmitate and chronic insulin exposure. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • After slaughter, tissue samples of the small intestinal mucosa (mid-duodenum and mid-jejunum) were taken for determination of mRNA concentrations of SGLT1 and GLUT2 as well as pyruvate carboxylase, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase by real-time reverse transcription PCR relative to a housekeeping gene. (nih.gov)
  • No diet-dependent differences were found concerning mRNA and protein contents of glucose transporter or mRNA level of gluconeogenic enzymes. (nih.gov)
  • Both glucose and GLP-1 stimulate insulin promoter activity, stabilize proinsulin mRNA, and increase proinsulin biosynthesis ( 14 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • To understand the role of protein dephosphorylation in β-cells and type 2 diabetes (T2D), we first examined mRNA expression of the type 2C family (PP2C) of protein phosphatases in islets from T2D donors. (lu.se)
  • We have sequenced the cloned DNA and have found no homology between the Na + /glucose co-transporter and either the mammalian facilitated glucose carrier or the bacterial sugar transport proteins. (nature.com)
  • Among CRE1 repressed transcripts, genes encoding unknown proteins and transport proteins were overrepresented. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Glutamate excitation induced a rapid alteration in the AMP:ATP ratio that was associated with the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). (jneurosci.org)
  • Notably, inhibition of the CaMKK (calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase) had little affect on GLUT translocation, whereas the inhibition or knockdown of AMPK (compound C, siRNA) activity prevented GLUT3 translocation to the cell surface after glutamate excitation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Protein kinase C is increased in the liver of humans and rats with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: an alteration not due to hyperglycemia. (jci.org)
  • We tested the hypothesis that liver protein kinase C (PKC) is increased in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). (jci.org)
  • Normalization of circulating glucose in the rat model by either insulin or phlorizin treatment did not result in a reduction in membrane PKC isozyme protein or kinase activity. (jci.org)
  • Gene therapy displacement of endogenous MCUb with a dominant-negative MCUb transgene (MCUb W246R/V251E ) in vivo rescued T2D cardiomyocytes from metabolic inflexibility and stimulated cardiac contractile function and adrenergic responsiveness by enhancing phospholamban phosphorylation via protein kinase A. We conclude that MCUb represents one newly discovered molecular effector at the interface of metabolism and cardiac function, and its repression improves the outcome of the chronically stressed diabetic heart. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND: In sickle cell disease (SCD), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK1/2 is constitutively active and can be inducible by agonist-stimulation only in sickle but not in normal human red blood cells (RBCs). (duke.edu)
  • RESULTS: To further characterize global ERK1/2-induced changes in membrane protein phosphorylation within human RBCs, a label-free quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis was applied to sickle and normal RBC membrane ghosts pre-treated with U0126, a specific inhibitor of MEK1/2, the upstream kinase of ERK1/2, in the presence or absence of recombinant active ERK2. (duke.edu)
  • The response to GLP-1 was mimicked by forskolin and largely inhibited by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors, H89 and myristoylated PKI(14-22) amide, indicating partial mediation via a cAMP/PKA pathway. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • We characterized a glucose dependent hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ m ) in the majority of neurons after transient glutamate excitation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Moreover, mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) enhances efferocytosis by lowering the mitochondrial membrane potential in phagocytes 4 . (nature.com)
  • Mutations in UDP-Glucose:Sterol Glucosyltransferase in Arabidopsis Cause Transparent Testa Phenotype and Suberization Defect in Seeds. (mpg.de)
  • LIM-homeodomain transcription factors regulate many aspects of development and mutations in the genes that encode these regulatory proteins are associated with several diseases. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Furthermore, two-point base pair mutations in any of the three identified NFAT sites within the rat insulin I promoter resulted in a significant reduction in the combined effect of glucose and GLP-1. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Several pathogenic mutations are reported in the glucose transporter subfamily SLC2, causing Glut1-deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS1, GLUT1DS2), epilepsy (EIG2) and cryohydrocytosis with neurological defects (Dystonia-9). (vu.nl)
  • This approach is sufficiently sensitive to capture the effect of different mutations, and our results clearly indicate that the pathogenic mutation in GLUT1, G91D, situated at the highly conserved RXGRR motif between helices 2 and 3, has a strong impact on channel function, as it blocks the protein from sampling both conformational states. (vu.nl)
  • Mutations in the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 gene are responsible for the majority of cases. (medscape.com)
  • Protein expression of GLUT2 in crude mucosal membranes and of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in brush-border membrane vesicles was quantified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and immunoblot. (nih.gov)
  • In brush-border membrane vesicles, SGLT1 and GLUT2 protein expression could be demonstrated. (nih.gov)
  • The cellular apparatus involved in pinching off vesicles from the cell membranes and transporting them into the cell's interior via endocytosis is partially responsible for misrouting the Glut1 protein. (eurekalert.org)
  • In this case, the close proximity to the large-area surface and/or between the consecutively-connected proteins of the tandem repeat can hinder membrane protein studies since the lipid bilayer mimetics such as bicelles or vesicles of ∼100 nm or larger in diameter will not be properly accommodated in the narrow space 19 , 33 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Large proteins that transport ions and water soluble compounds across the membrane are embedded in the lipid bilayer. (alliedacademies.org)
  • The availability of free energy is one of the factors that determine if a molecule will move across a membrane, the other being the permeability of the molecule in the lipid bilayer. (wikibooks.org)
  • This gene provides instructions for producing a protein called the glucose transporter protein type 1 (GLUT1). (medlineplus.gov)
  • SLC2A1 gene variants reduce or eliminate the function of the GLUT1 protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An example is a mutation in the gene for the Glut1 protein that causes two specific building blocks of protein, namely leucines, to lie next to one another, creating a so-called dileucine motif. (eurekalert.org)
  • Amplification and sequencing of the gene the submental soft tissue region did not indicate any abnor- for the Bordetella outer membrane protein A ( ompA ) and mal pathology. (cdc.gov)
  • Using a recombinant endonuclease-deficient Cas9-based gene promoter pulldown approach coupled with mass spectrometry, we found that MCUb is upregulated in the T2D heart due to loss of glucose homeostasis regulator nuclear receptor corepressor 2 repression, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α as a mediator of MCUb gene expression in T2D cardiomyocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • At this time the AI binds to and activates the receptor protein, which in turn induces gene expression. (asmblog.org)
  • Arsenic induces expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) gene in primary rat and human hepatocytes. (ncats.io)
  • In this study, GLP-1 (100 nmol/l), in the presence of glucose (11 mmol/l), induced a ∼71-fold increase in insulin gene promoter activity in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells, an effect that was an order of magnitude larger than with either stimulant alone. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • These data suggest that the synergistic action of glucose and GLP-1 to promote insulin gene transcription is mediated through NFAT via PKA- and calcineurin-dependent pathways in pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • We have previously identified NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) as a key regulator of insulin gene transcription in pancreatic β-cells that is activated by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) in response to increased [Ca 2+ ] i ( 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Two signaling pathways arising from glucose metabolism converge to activate NFAT-mediated insulin gene transcription. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The second pathway also involves glucose metabolism but appears to be driven by glucose-derived factors that target insulin gene transcription independently of [Ca 2+ ] i . (diabetesjournals.org)
  • It also increases insulin production by enhancing glucose-induced insulin gene expression. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Here we chose to use chemostat cultures on D-glucose as a carbon source at two different growth rates (one repressing and one derepressing [ 16 ]) to investigate the genome-wide changes in gene expression in relation to CRE1 function, using a Δcre1 recombinant mutant strain of T. reesei and corresponding control strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This gene is a member of the solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter) family and encodes a protein that functions as an insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter. (genetex.com)
  • The AR1 gene, which encodes the TGMV coat protein, was transcribed transiently in leaf discs after agroinoculation of TGMV A DNA. (ncsu.edu)
  • Molecular structure and transformation of the glucose dehydrogenase gene in Drosophila melanogaster. (ncsu.edu)
  • Diabetes results in a cardiomyopathy characterized by decreased cardiomyocyte function, increased myocardial fatty acid utilization, decreased glucose utilization, increased myocardial oxygen consumption, and decreased cardiac efficiency ( 4 , 5 ), primarily as the result of changes in metabolism and Ca 2+ handling within the myocyte ( 3 , 6 , 7 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The SER is an organelle found in lots of different cell types and has various functions such as synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism- depending on cell type. (conceivingconcepts.com)
  • Glucose metabolism activates this pathway by means of increasing [Ca 2+ ] i via L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) by affecting the electrical activity of the cell. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Glucose metabolism is central to the regulation of β-cell function ( 11 ), and GLP-1 is a potent hormonal incretin that has been shown to markedly enhance the stimulatory effects of glucose on β-cells ( 12 , 13 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Insulin moves through the blood and binds to receptor proteins located in the membrane of target cells, major ones being liver, skeletal muscle and fat. (quizlet.com)
  • Glucagon moves through the blood and binds to receptor proteins located in the membrane of liver cells (hepatocytes). (quizlet.com)
  • QS in Gram-negative organisms in-vol-ves two regulatory components: the tran-scrip-tio-nal activator protein (receptor protein) and the autoinducer (AI) molecule produced by the AI-synthase. (asmblog.org)
  • Sickle RBC treatment with U0126 decreased thirty-six phosphopeptides from twenty-one phosphoproteins involved in regulation of not only RBC shape, flexibility, cell morphology maintenance and adhesion, but also glucose and glutamate transport, cAMP production, degradation of misfolded proteins and receptor ubiquitination. (duke.edu)
  • Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, thus committing glucose to the glycolytic pathway. (thermofisher.com)
  • Results showed that TSN treatment enhanced the weakened nephrin expression and autophagic activity of podocytes and inhibited the mTORC1 pathway (p-mTOR, mTOR, p-p70S6K, p70S6K, ULK1, and 4EBP1) under high glucose conditions. (hindawi.com)
  • In summary, TSN reduces podocyte damage induced by high glucose via inhibiting mTORC1 pathway and downstream targets and restoring podocyte autophagy. (hindawi.com)
  • During her post-doctoral training, she examined structure-function relationships for SEC14p, a yeast phospholipid transfer protein involved in the late stages of the secretory pathway. (bradley.edu)
  • Glycophorin A was the most affected protein in sickle RBCs by this ERK1/2 pathway, which contained 12 unique phosphorylated peptides, suggesting that in addition to its effect on sickle RBC adhesion, increased glycophorin A phosphorylation via the ERK1/2 pathway may also affect glycophorin A interactions with band 3, which could result in decreases in both anion transport by band 3 and band 3 trafficking. (duke.edu)
  • These findings also identify additional protein targets of this pathway other than the RBC adhesion molecule ICAM-4 and enhance the understanding of the mechanism of small molecule inhibitors of MEK/1/2/ERK1/2, which could be effective in ameliorating RBC hemorheology and adhesion, the hallmarks of SCD. (duke.edu)
  • Physiologically, the cell membranes of the body's tissues possess a variety of mechanisms through which substances on one side of a biomembrane may be selectively transported across to the other side. (weeksmd.com)
  • The hormone insulin is recognized as having actions that affect the trans-membrane transport of different substances, particularly glucose, into numerous different kinds of cells. (weeksmd.com)
  • DNA amplification of small-subunit ination there, the patient had normal full blood count, (SSU) rRNA genes was performed by using primers 27f hematinics, and glucose levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we deciphered the CRE1 regulatory range in the model cellulose and hemicellulose-degrading fungus Trichoderma reesei (anamorph of Hypocrea jecorina ) by profiling transcription in a wild-type and a delta- cre1 mutant strain on glucose at constant growth rates known to repress and de-repress CCR-affected genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Galactose is a monosaccharide consisting of 6 carbon atoms and it is an epimer of glucose, thus its transporter proteins are also SGLT1 and GLUT 2 (10, 12). (researchgate.net)
  • The GLUT members belong to a family of glucose transporter proteins that facilitate glucose transport across the cell membrane. (preprints.org)
  • This form of glucose transport is predominantly mediated by members of the GLUT transporter family. (medscape.com)
  • ii) The glucose carriers expressed in the basolateral domain are GULT-1 and GLUT-2 that do not require energy, sodium, or any other ion. (medscape.com)
  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a special conformation of cellular membranes that has at times served to confound effective drug therapy for intra-CNS conditions, most notably tertiary neurosyphilis. (weeksmd.com)
  • Facilitative transport occurs in essentially all cell types and is driven by the concentration gradient across cellular membranes. (medscape.com)
  • Basic sequence-derived (length, molecular weight, isoelectric point) and experimentally-determined (median abundance, median absolute deviation) protein information. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Membrane proteins are essential for maintaining the structural integrity, molecular structure, and material transport through biological membranes. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Single gas permeation through SAPO-34 membranes decreased with molecular size for H 2 , CO 2 , N 2 , CH 4 , and n-C 4 H 10 . (mrs.org)
  • Introduction: The molecular basis of exocytosis of secretory insulin-containing granules (SGs) during biphasic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of pancreatic β-cells remains unclear. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • HaloTag-chloroalkane, thiol-maleimide, etc ), at least one end of a protein or its tandem repeat is attached to a solid support without using long molecular spacers, such as DNA handles 25 - 32 . (biorxiv.org)
  • On the other hand, single-molecule tweezers using hundreds-of-nm long molecular handles flanking a protein of interest still rely on the conventional noncovalent tethers of the dig-antidig and biotin-streptavidin 10 - 15 , 19 . (biorxiv.org)
  • that is, sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT1) and facilitated glucose transporter (GLUT2), which are usually downregulated in the small intestine of functional ruminants but are upregulated when luminal glucose is available. (nih.gov)
  • The hormone is made in the beta cells of the pancreas, and the stimulus for its secretion into the blood stream is a rise in the blood glucose concentration. (weeksmd.com)
  • Explain the role of insulin in the control of blood glucose concentration. (quizlet.com)
  • This releases energy, enabling the protein to change confirmation and increase its affinity for glucose, present at a low level outside but a high concentration inside the cell. (jove.com)
  • Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na + from a cell. (jove.com)
  • Water will move from an area with a higher concentration of water to the other side of the membrane with a lower concentration of water. (wikibooks.org)
  • More water than glucose is reabsorbed resulting in a decrease in the glucose concentration in the urine along the tubule. (medscape.com)
  • As plasma glucose concentration increases, there is concordant increase in the filtered load of glucose. (medscape.com)
  • In health individuals this equates to a blood glucose concentration of approximately 200mg/dL (11mmol/L), which is believed to be threshold for the appearance of glucosuria. (medscape.com)
  • To address this questions, we investigated the antioxidant defense system enzymatic (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and nonenzymatic (reduced glutathione (GSH)) in gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic rats. (hindawi.com)
  • Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked enzymatic defect common in people with African ancestry that can result in hemolysis after acute illnesses or intake of oxidant. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These membrane proteins are on the cell surface and transfer glucose into the cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • They cause the Glut1 protein to lose its function in the cell membrane: the protein no longer transports glucose from the blood into the brain. (eurekalert.org)
  • The doctoral student did this by recreating 258 flexible protein regions in test tubes - both "healthy" variants as well as disease-related ones - and then adding human cell extracts. (eurekalert.org)
  • This pattern is known to attract proteins that aid the cell in transporting other proteins inside its interior," says Meyer. (eurekalert.org)
  • Could it be that in people affected by this mutation the Glut1 protein is not defective but has instead ended up in the wrong place in the cell? (eurekalert.org)
  • In tests on cell cultures Meyer showed that the mutated Glut1 protein was no longer present on the cell surface, where it takes up glucose. (eurekalert.org)
  • Involvement of TBL/DUF231 proteins into cell wall biology. (mpg.de)
  • In the hepatocyte, the glycogen catabolic machinery normally responds to stimuli caused by hypoglycemia (eg, neural, hormonal), ending in a flood of glucose-6-phosphate that cannot be released from the cell. (medscape.com)
  • In biology, a membrane is a thin covering that serves as the external limit of a living cell or an internal cell compartment. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Newer approaches are looking instead for ways of altering the pharmacokinetics of established drugs, particularly with respect to improving the ability of these to penetrate cell membranes at the end-organ/tissue level. (weeksmd.com)
  • The alpha unit is predominantly located on the outer surface of the cell membrane, and the insulin binding domain is located here. (weeksmd.com)
  • In order to explore the underlying mechanisms, we performed tests to assess cell migration and motility, apoptosis, expression of glucose transporter 1 and proapoptotic proteins. (oncotarget.com)
  • Proteomic analysis of ERK1/2-mediated human sickle red blood cell membrane protein phosphorylation. (duke.edu)
  • An analysis was conducted to compare the use of C-reactive protein to that of white blood cell count in predicting febrile disease. (qxmd.com)
  • Cell-surface recognition of biotinylated membrane proteins requires very long spacer arms: an example from glucose-transporter probes. (ncats.io)
  • Within minutes of insulin stimulation, the protein moves to the cell surface and begins to transport glucose across the cell membrane. (genetex.com)
  • Plaque-inhibition assays confirmed the viral specificity of the antibodies, and when one antibody, AF3, was used as a probe in immunoblots of cell membrane preparations, it detected a 100-kDa band in only those cell lines and tissues permissive for poliovirus infection. (ncsu.edu)
  • This condition can lead to lipid peroxidation in muscle cell membranes, which contributes to the development of insulin resistance [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Glucose enters the cell along with sodium, and sodium exits the cell at the basolateral side of the cell, which is sodium-independent and a facilitative transport requiring no energy. (medscape.com)
  • Hereditary Spherocytosis and Hereditary Elliptocytosis Hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary elliptocytosis are congenital red blood cell (RBC) membrane disorders that can cause a mild hemolytic anemia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The membrane organelles play a key role in many cellular processes, such as nutrition intake and conversion, chemical synthesis, energy production and regulation of metabolic pathways. (alliedacademies.org)
  • It is the key enzyme in homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels. (lu.se)
  • Regulation of protein phosphorylation in β-cells has been extensively investigated, but less is known about protein dephosphorylation. (lu.se)
  • In contrast to other forms of hexokinase, this enzyme is not inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate but remains active while glucose is abundant. (thermofisher.com)
  • [ 1 ] Two of the patients had almost total deficiency of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase, whereas the remaining 4 had normal enzyme activity. (medscape.com)
  • There she joined the laboratory of Dr. Richard Franson to study the role of phospholipase A 2 , a membrane-modifying enzyme, in the membrane fusion events of fertilization. (bradley.edu)
  • Glucose enters at the luminal side of the proximal tubular cells by an active carrier-mediated transport process that requires energy provided by the sodium gradient between the intra- and extracellular compartments generated by sodium-potassium ATPase. (medscape.com)
  • Increased GSIS after PPM1E silencing was associated with decreased oxidative stress, elevated cytosolic Ca 2+ levels and ATP to ADP ratio, increased hyperpo-larization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and phosphorylation of CaMKII, AMPK, and acetyl-CoA car-boxylase. (lu.se)
  • Thus, protein de-phosphorylation via PPM1E abrogates GSIS. (lu.se)
  • Conjugation of glucose with metabolic agents to selectively target cancer cells was inspired by the widespread use of radiolabeled glucose analog to visualize tumors and their metastases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Defects in glucose transport have been linked to metabolic disorders, insulin resistance and diabetes. (preprints.org)
  • Understanding: Insulin and glucagon are secreted by beta and alpha cells of the pancreas respectively to control blood glucose concentrations. (quizlet.com)
  • Renal glucosuria is the excretion of glucose in the urine in detectable amounts at normal blood glucose concentrations in the absence of any signs of generalized proximal renal tubular dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Specifically, her lab group has been identifying structural motifs in the Vac8 protein that are important for membrane association, protein-protein interactions, and vesicle fusion events occurring during the autophagy of peroxisomes in response to glucose adaptation. (bradley.edu)
  • A glucose repression ( Ronne, 1995 ) has to be considered to account for the behaviour recorded during G. candidum growth on glucose and a single amino acid. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • 1 Moreover, taurine is a potent inhibitor of protein glycation and formation of AGEs (advanced glycation endproducts) that are responsible for many of the complications of diabetes as well as contributing importantly to other age-associated diseases. (life-enhancement.com)
  • A glucose molecule then attaches to the transporter and this simultaneous binding of sodium and sugar causes the protein to close its extracellular region and open the cytoplasm facing side. (jove.com)
  • Single-molecule tweezers, such as magnetic tweezers, are powerful mechanical manipulation tools that can probe nm-scale structural changes in a single membrane protein under force. (biorxiv.org)
  • Here, using the metal-free click chemistry of dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) cycloaddition and the rapid, strong binding of traptavidin to dual biotins (2xbiotin), we developed robust single-molecule tweezers that can perform thousands of force applications on a single membrane protein. (biorxiv.org)
  • Single-molecule tweezers are an emerging tool for membrane protein studies, which has yielded important insights into membrane protein biogenesis, interaction with drugs, and chaperone effects on their folding 1 - 3 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Silencing of PPM1E increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in INS-1 832/13 cells and/or islets from patients with T2D, whereas PPM1E overexpression decreased. (lu.se)
  • Diets containing corn starch may improve glucose supply by providing significant amounts of intestinal starch and increasing intestinal glucose absorption in dairy cows. (nih.gov)
  • Involvement of microRNA-related regulatory pathways in the glucose-mediated control of Arabidopsis early seedling development. (mpg.de)
  • Continuous protein pathways are composed of carrier proteins , channels and pumps . (wikibooks.org)
  • SGLT2 is one subtype of SGLTs and plays a key role in the reuptake of glucose in the proximal tubule of the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the rate of glucose entering the nephron rises above 260-350mg/1.73m 2 /min (14.5-19.5mmol/1.73m 2 /min), the excess glucose exceeds the reabsorptive capacity of proximal tubule and is excreted in the urine (i.e. glucosuria). (medscape.com)
  • Reabsorption of glucose predominantly occurs on the brush border membrane of the convoluted segment of the proximal tubule. (medscape.com)
  • Ipragliflozin is a Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor (gliflozin). (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we describe a robust magnetic tweezer approach that can perform thousands of repetitive mechanical manipulations on a single membrane protein. (biorxiv.org)
  • May be a single membrane channel protein acting both as a hydrolase and a translocase. (lu.se)
  • The archetypical Na + -driven transporter is the intestinal brush border Na + /glucose co-transporter (see ref. 8), and a defect in the co-transporter is the origin of the congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome 9 . (nature.com)
  • Organization of biological membranes: fundamentals and applications. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Membrane proteins and sugars are important structural elements of biological membranes [ 1 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
  • By applying up to 50 pN for each cycle, which is sufficiently high for most biological processes, we were able to observe repetitive forced unfolding for a designer membrane protein up to approximately 1000 times on average. (biorxiv.org)
  • Osmosis is very important in biological systems because many membranes are semipermeable. (wikibooks.org)
  • In the absence of insulin, this integral membrane protein is sequestered within the cells of muscle and adipose tissue. (genetex.com)
  • Integral membrane protein. (lu.se)
  • It also increases glucose oxidation and magnesium-activated sodium-potassium ATPase activity. (weeksmd.com)
  • Background: The predictive ability of prediabetes defined by HbA1c (5.7 6.4%) or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) criteria (5.6 6.9 mmol/l) for the development of diabetes may differ according to ethnic groups, but only limited longitudinal data are available in Asians. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Targeting dysfunctional glycometabolism and increased glucose absorption is emerging as a promising anticancer strategy. (oncotarget.com)