Medial oculomotor muscles. Medical search. Frequent questions

[2] Damage to the oculomotor nerve or any of its branches could lead to oculomotor motor nerve palsy (Third nerve palsy). (physio-pedia.com)
With unilateral third cranial nerve palsy (ie, oculomotor nerve palsy), the involved eye usually is deviated "down and out" (ie, infraducted and abducted), and there may be partial or complete ptosis. (physio-pedia.com)
Total oculomotor nerve palsy implies involvement of all muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve with pupillary involvement. (physio-pedia.com)
One of the described techniques for management of oculomotor palsy has been medial transposition of the lateral rectus muscle which provides a good surgical alternative but often can result in undercorrection. (bmj.com)
Splitting of the lateral rectus muscle with medial transposition to treat oculomotor palsy: a retrospective analysis of 29 consecutive cases. (eye.com.ph)
Recognition of oculomotor nerve palsy is critical to ensure prompt and appropriate evaluation and treatment. (medscape.com)
A painful pupil-involved oculomotor nerve palsy may result from a life-threatening intracranial aneurysm. (medscape.com)
The anatomical relationship of the various portions of the oculomotor (third) cranial nerve accounts for many of the clinical features of third cranial nerve palsy as outlined below. (medscape.com)
Berry aneurysm at the junction between the posterior communicating artery and the internal carotid artery is an important cause of oculomotor nerve palsy. (medscape.com)
Diplopia worse with distance is more typical of sixth nerve palsy because of difficulty with divergence at distance of the eyes while diplopia worse at near is more suggestive of medial rectus palsy because of the need for convergence of the eyes at near. (eyewiki.org)
With a complete oculomotor palsy, the eyelid will be paralyzed, the eye will be in an abducted and inferior position, and the pupil will be markedly dilated. (bvsalud.org)

Mechanism for globe retraction in Duane retraction syndrome is believed to be anomalous innervation of lateral rectus muscles from branches of oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III). (medscape.com)
The oculomotor nerve is the third cranial nerve (CNIII). (physio-pedia.com)
Cranial nerve 3 supplies majority of the extraocular muscles, while cranial nerve 4 and 6 supplies the superior oblique and the lateral rectus, respectively. (eye.com.ph)
In both cases the sixth cranial nerve nucleus was absent, as was the sixth nerve, and the lateral rectus muscle was innervated by the inferior division of the third or oculomotor cranial nerve. (bionity.com)
The primary symptom is diplopia caused by misalignment of the visual axes, and the pattern of image separation is the key to diagnosing which particular ocular motor cranial nerve (and extraocular muscle) is involved. (medscape.com)
Orbital portion: The oculomotor nerve enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure adjacent to the fourth cranial nerve. (medscape.com)
It also interacts with the third and fourth cranial nerves, oculomotor and trochlear, respectively, as well as with the eighth cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve) to perform conjugate eye movements (discussed later). (brainmadesimple.com)
The underlying pathology is the absence of the sixth cranial nerve at the nuclear or supranuclear level and/or maldevelopment of the nerve itself or the motor neurons of the abducens nucleus and aberrant innervation of the lateral rectus muscle, which is mainly responsible for the abnormal eye movements. (oftalmoloji.org)
The upper division of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve [CN] III) innervates the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae superioris muscles. (medscape.com)
Among the options given, the only cranial nerve that exits from this location is the third cranial nerve, also known as the oculomotor nerve. (proprofs.com)
The accessory nerve is a cranial nerve that controls the movement of certain neck muscles. (healthline.com)

The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle to rotate the eye along its axis in the orbit medially, which is called intorsion, and is a component of focusing the eyes on an object close to the face. (wikipedia.org)
All the extraocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III) except the superior oblique and lateral rectus muscles, which are innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV) and abducent nerve (CN VI), respectively. (brainmadesimple.com)
This fasciculus connects the abducent nerve nucleus with the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), and vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). (brainmadesimple.com)
The trochlear nerve (CN IV) innervates the superior oblique muscle, entering it approximately one third of the distance from the origin to the trochlea. (medscape.com)
Cranial nerves IV (trochlear nerve) and III (oculomotor nerve) originate from the midbrain. (proprofs.com)
The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle, which helps with eye movement, while the oculomotor nerve controls several eye muscles responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and focusing. (proprofs.com)
The extraocular muscles are innervated by the abducens nerve, the trochlear nerve, and the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerves III, IV, and V). [3] See the illustration of the extraocular muscles in Figure 8.2. (pressbooks.pub)

It may result from active co-contraction of the horizontal rectus muscles such as in Duane retraction syndrome. (medscape.com)
In attempted adduction, simultaneous contractions of lateral and medial rectus muscles cause the globe to retract. (medscape.com)
The most common forms of strabismus are internal and external strabismus which are due to the paralysis of extraocular muscles, lateral rectus, and medial rectus muscles, respectively. (brainmadesimple.com)
1 There is a simultaneous innervation of the medial and lateral rectus muscles and the latter is partially innervated by the branches of the oculomotor nerve. (oftalmoloji.org)
1 Electromyographic studies showed co-contraction and synergistic innervation of the medial and lateral rectus muscles and even of the vertical rectus muscles in different positions of gaze. (oftalmoloji.org)
Medial and lateral rectus muscles originate from the annulus of Zinn. (medscape.com)
The nerve to the inferior oblique muscle enters the muscle laterally at the junction of the inferior oblique and inferior rectus muscles. (medscape.com)

[ 12 ] Anomalous innervation between medial rectus and vertical rectus or oblique muscles also may explain upshoots and downshoots seen in adduction. (medscape.com)
The condition is caused by aberrant innervation of the lateral rectus by fibers of the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (lookformedical.com)
Therefore, the convergent innervation of the Vme and MVN neurons onto the oculomotor and pre-oculomotor nuclei would be a neuroanatomic substrate for interaction of masticatory proprioception with the vestibulo-ocular signals upon the oculomotor system during vertical-torsional VOR. (listlabs.com)
Neurogenic ptosis results from any condition which disrupts the innervation of either the levator muscle or muller's muscle. (nih.gov)
Abnormal innervation has also been found to cause subsequent fibrotic changes in the extraocular muscles. (oftalmoloji.org)
Considering the miswiring of the oculomotor innervation present in DS, this altered innervation may affect static and dynamic pupillary features. (oftalmoloji.org)
The innervation to fibrillenstruktur fibrils is thick and heavily myelinated, with a single (en plaque) neuromuscular junction, whereas the innervation to felderstruktur fibrils is thin, with multiple grapelike clusters of neuromuscular junctions. (medscape.com)
The parasympathetic innervation to the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle travels with the nerve to the inferior oblique muscle. (medscape.com)
The physiological and anatomical features of the innervation of the four most distal muscles in the legs of Eupagurus are described. (caltech.edu)
A double motor innervation has been shown for several muscles of marine crustaceans. (caltech.edu)
The innervation of the muscles of the cheliped of Cambarus clarkii has been investigated both anatomically and physiologically. (caltech.edu)
It is found that at least three of the six principal muscles of the cheliped show a triple innervation. (caltech.edu)
An extension of the last fibre can, in a number of cases, be seen to join two fibres for the adductor of the dactylopodite, making the innervation of this muscle complete. (caltech.edu)
It then passes deep to the mylohyoid muscle to supply motor innervation to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, except palatoglossus. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
The superior root of the ansa cervicalis (containing C1 nerve fibers) leaves the epineurial sheath of the hypoglossal and descends in the neck where it unites with the inferior root to supply motor innervation to most of the infrahyoid muscles. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
The greater occipital nerve, the dorsal ramus of C2, is shown emerging from the lower border of the obliquus capitis inferior muscle and provides sensory innervation to most of the posterior scalp. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
Diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. (bvsalud.org)

Orbital fat atrophy or contraction of an entrapped extraocular muscle also can cause globe retraction after orbital blowout fractures. (medscape.com)
Recent work showed that each extraocular muscle is controlled by two motoneuronal groups: (1) Motoneurons of singly-innervated muscle fibers (SIF) that lie within the boundaries of motonuclei mediating a fast muscle contraction: and (2) motoneurons of multiply-innervated muscle fibers (MIF) in the periphery of motonuclei mediating a tonic muscle contraction. (uni-muenchen.de)
Extraocular muscle paralysis resulting from lesions in one or all of these cranial nerves results in failure of one or both eyes to rotate in concert with the other eye. (medscape.com)
instead, one eyeball may point forward, but the other is directed medially or laterally due to the impaired extraocular muscle tone exerted on the eyeball. (brainmadesimple.com)
It supplies only one extraocular muscle, i.e., the lateral rectus. (brainmadesimple.com)
See also Extraocular Muscle Actions . (medscape.com)
However, the consent among strabismus surgeons regarding the dose effect of the extraocular muscle (EOM) recession or resection was not achieved yet and the disagreement about the appropriate amount of strabismus surgery still exists. (bmj.com)
Four mathematical models as potential instruments for extraocular muscle (EOM) resection length, EOM recession length and postoperative angle of deviation modelling in esotropia and exotropia surgery were developed. (bmj.com)
Heterotropy of extraocular muscle pulleys causes incomitant strabismus. (ozhurnal.com)

The three nerves that control the extraocular muscles are the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves, which are the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves. (wikipedia.org)
[1] The oculomotor nerves send somatic motor fibres to all extraocular muscles, except the superior oblique and lateral rectus. (physio-pedia.com)
Cranial nerves are parts of the peripheral nervous system that supply the muscles of eye movement. (eye.com.ph)
3) beneath the trapezius, with the branches for the muscle derived from the third and fourth cervical nerves. (co.ma)
The orbits (figs. 45-1 and 45-2 ) are two bony cavities occupied by the eyes and associated muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and much of the lacrimal apparatus. (dartmouth.edu)
At the junction of the medial wall with the roof, the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina transmit the nerves and arteries of the same name. (dartmouth.edu)
The third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves innervate the extraocular muscles that position the globes in the orbits. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] All other nerves enter their respective muscle at the junction of the posterior one third and anterior two thirds of the muscle. (medscape.com)
The oculomotor nerve is the third of 12 pairs of cranial nerves in the brain. (healthline.com)
Traversing the lateral wall of this sinus are the oculomotor, trochlear, and ophthalmic nerves enroute to the orbit. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
The inferior alveolar and lingual nerves descend on the surface of the medial pterygoid muscle to the mandibular canal and floor of the mouth, respectively. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
Testing eye muscles- Usually tested alongside nerves IV & VI, the movement of the eye and eyelid is observed in response to a stimulus. (vetsci.co.uk)
Binocular horizontal diplopia (images displaced horizontally) is usually due to disease of the medial or lateral rectus muscle, the neuromuscular junction, or the nerves supplying these muscles (e.g., cranial nerves III or VI). (eyewiki.org)
Vertical diplopia (images displaced vertically) can be due to involvement of extraocular muscles, neuromuscular junction (e.g., myasthenia gravis), or cranial nerves (e.g. (eyewiki.org)
Most commonly, the eyes are misaligned because of a disorder affecting the cranial nerves innervating the extraocular muscles (third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerves). (msdmanuals.com)

The vertical gaze is controlled by the rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. (wikipedia.org)
It is also connected to the medial longitudinal fasciculus. (brainmadesimple.com)
The medial longitudinal fasciculus is placed in relation to its dorsal aspect, whilst the lemniscus is carried up in its ventral part. (co.ma)

Inferior branch innervates the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique. (physio-pedia.com)
The inferior branch innervates the medial rectus which adducts the eyeball, the inferior rectus which depresses the eyeball and the inferior oblique which elevates, abducts and laterally rotates the eyeball. (physio-pedia.com)
The modified technique involves splitting of the lateral rectus into two halves followed by transposing the superior half from below the superior oblique and superior rectus and inferior half from below the inferior oblique and inferior rectus to attach them at the superior and inferior edge of the medial rectus insertion, respectively. (bmj.com)
The inferior oblique muscle arises anteromedially, immediately lateral to the nasolacrimal canal. (dartmouth.edu)
The oculomotor nerve innervates the following extraocular muscles of either eye: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae, ciliary muscle, and iris sphincter. (medscape.com)
The inferior oblique muscle originates from the maxillary bone behind the lacrimal fossa, slightly posterior to the orbital rim. (medscape.com)
The lower division of CN III innervates the inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique muscles. (medscape.com)
Myogenic involvement can occur with disease of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, or inferior oblique muscles alone or in combination. (eyewiki.org)

It originates from the oculomotor nucleus and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus within the midbrain of the brainstem . (physio-pedia.com)
The oculomotor nerve exits the brainstem near midline at the base of the midbrain just caudal to the mammillary bodies. (physio-pedia.com)
Nuclear portion: The cell bodies for axons that travel in the oculomotor nerve reside in the column-shaped nuclear groups on either side of the midbrain tegmentum. (medscape.com)
Fascicular intraparenchymal midbrain portion: The fascicular portion of the oculomotor nerve courses ventrally from the nucleus in the dorsal midbrain tegmentum, passes through the red nucleus, and emerges from the medial aspect of the cerebral peduncle. (medscape.com)

In the infratemporal fossa the lateral pterygoid muscle has been removed. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

A very considerable tract of ascending fibres takes origin within the inferior colliculus and passes upwards, in the inferior brachium, into the tegmentum subjacent to the medial geniculate body. (co.ma)
Cajal's microscopy studies led him to believe that the lateral leminiscus (A) received input from the cochlear and superior olivary nuclei, and carried some of it to the inferior colliculus (B), which integrated the signals necessary for auditory reflexes, while the bulk of the information was sent directly to the medial geniculate body (C), which then relayed the information on to the auditory cortex via the thalamo-cortical path (e). (nih.gov)
Modern studies have shown, however, that the inferior colliculus actually processes nearly all the input sent to the medial geniculate body and receives signals from the descending auditory pathway, as well as providing the motor integration necessary for auditory reflexes hypothesized by Cajal, making it a true hub for auditory signaling. (nih.gov)

Free running EMG continuously records the motor unit potentials (MUP) of the muscle fibers. (entokey.com)
This leads to recording of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) from the muscle fibers. (entokey.com)
These fibers provide motor impulses to one of the extraocular muscles, the superior oblique muscle. (brainmadesimple.com)
Cholinergic motor neurons supply both types of muscle fibers. (medscape.com)
It was further found that the two medial giant fibers in fresh, carefully dissected, preparations show a functional connection in the brain. (caltech.edu)
It is probable that, under natural conditions, both medial giant fibers are always active at the same time. (caltech.edu)
Such muscles are innervated by two motor fibers only, each causing a different type of contraction. (caltech.edu)

There are two primary functions of the autonomic parasympathetic (involuntary) oculomotor nerve. (physio-pedia.com)

The oculomotor nerve controls all the other extraocular muscles, as well as a muscle of the upper eyelid. (wikipedia.org)
The oculomotor nerve has no direct function, but sympathetic fibres run with the oculomotor nerve to innervate the superior tarsal muscle (helps to raise the eyelid). (physio-pedia.com)
Unlike in previous primate studies a considerable GABAergic input was found to all SIF motoneuronal groups, whereas a glycinergic input was confined to motoneurons of the medial rectus (MR) muscle mediating horizontal eye movements and to those of the levator palpebrae (LP) muscle elevating the upper eyelid. (uni-muenchen.de)
From an anatomical point of view, the eyelid consists primarily of skin, underlying soft tissue also called a subcutaneous tissue and a thin layer of muscle called the orbicularis oculi. (eyelidsbybrown.com)

We describe a modification of the existing technique of medial transposition of the split lateral rectus by force augmentation through the use of equatorial fixation sutures resulting in an improved outcome in primary gaze alignment. (bmj.com)
Surgery on the involved eye muscle or muscles can be in the form of recession-resection, or transposition, or muscle split, or a combination, depending on the complexity of the eye deviation. (eye.com.ph)

The lateral muscular branch of the ophthalmic artery supplies the lateral rectus, superior rectus, and superior oblique muscles. (medscape.com)

The oculomotor nerve divides into superior and inferior branches in the anterior part of the cavernous sinus. (physio-pedia.com)
one fibre gives branches to each of the muscles, a second to the abductor only, and a third to the extensor. (caltech.edu)
The facial motor nerve supplies motor branches to the muscles of facial expression. (usc.edu)

After crossing the posterior triangle the nerve ends by supplying the trapezius muscle on its deep surface. (co.ma)
Abducens nerve emerges from the brain stem in the posterior cranial fossa from a groove at the junction of the pons and medulla oblongata medial to the facial nerve exit. (brainmadesimple.com)
The tendon of the medial rectus muscle inserts 5.5 mm posterior to the limbus along the medial aspect of the globe. (medscape.com)
The tendon passes beneath the superior rectus muscle before inserting posterior to the equator on the superior and lateral aspect of the globe. (medscape.com)
It passes posteriorly and laterally in the orbit, forming an angle of 51º with the visual axis of the eye in primary position, before passing beneath the inferior rectus muscle and inserting posterior to the equator on the inferior and lateral aspect of the globe. (medscape.com)
It was found that the primary sensory fibres of the dorsal muscle receptor organs, entering through the second root, send out an anterior branch to the brain and a posterior one to the last ganglion. (caltech.edu)
The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (unboundmedicine.com)
The ascending pharyngeal artery arises from the medial origin of the ECA while the superior thyroid and occipital arteries arise from respective anterior and posterior borders. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

A weakness in the power of the particular nerve would lead to an inability of the muscle or muscles to move the eyeball in a particular position. (eye.com.ph)
Lesions along the oculomotor nerve present with ptosis and restriction of adduction, elevation and depression movements of the eyeball. (nih.gov)
It is a long, slender, motor nerve and supplies only one of the extraocular muscles of the eye and functions in the movement of the eyeball within the orbit. (brainmadesimple.com)
Extraocular or extrinsic muscles of the eye are outside the eyeball. (brainmadesimple.com)
These muscles include four recti (lateral, medial, superior, and inferior) and two obliques (superior and inferior) and are involved in eyeball movements. (brainmadesimple.com)
As the name shows, the lateral rectus is a small straight muscle present on the lateral side of the eyeball in the orbital cavity. (brainmadesimple.com)

it then curves forwards and downwards over the two carotid arteries, lying medial to the digastric and stylo-hyoid muscles. (co.ma)
The inferior alveolar nerve gives rise to the mylohyoid nerve, motor to the mylohyoid and anterior digastric muscles. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)

The orbit possesses four walls (fig. 45-1 A and C): a roof, lateral wall, floor, and medial wall. (dartmouth.edu)
Cavernous sinus portion: The next segment of the oculomotor nerve runs through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus superiorly. (medscape.com)
Here, it moves towards the lateral wall of the orbit and supplies the lateral rectus muscle. (brainmadesimple.com)

The margin of the orbit, readily palpable, is formed by the frontal, zygomatic, and maxillary bones (fig. 45-1 A). It may be considered in four parts: superior, lateral, inferior, and medial. (dartmouth.edu)
It runs in the subarachnoid space and the cavernous sinus inside the skull, enters the back of the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, and innervates the lateral rectus muscle. (unboundmedicine.com)

We have previously identified a projection from the jaw muscle afferent mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) neurons to oculomotor nuclei (III/IV) and their premotor neurons in interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC)-a well-known pre-oculomotor center manipulating vertical-torsional eye movements. (listlabs.com)

The two motor fibres, which innervate antagonistic muscles, are reversely excited and inhibited by these fields. (caltech.edu)

However, if there is muscle restriction (e.g., thyroid eye disease, orbital fracture, orbital myositis) then the diplopia may be worse in the opposite field of action of the restricted muscle. (eyewiki.org)

This results in fracture of the orbital floor and/or the medial wall. (medscape.com)
Particular focus will be made on the use of triggered and free-running electromyography (EMG) of extraocular muscles for lesions around the cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure. (entokey.com)
The superior oblique muscle originates from the orbital apex above the annulus of Zinn and passes anteriorly along the superomedial orbital wall. (medscape.com)
The tendon of the superior oblique muscle passes through the trochlea (which is located nasally at the superior orbital rim) and is reflected inferiorly, posteriorly, and laterally at an angle of 51º to the visual axis with the eye in primary position. (medscape.com)
Thin-section orbital T2-weighted imaging was performed in the orthogonal coronal plane with a turbo spin-echo technique to evaluate the extraocular muscles, using the following parameters: repetition time/echo time 3657/120 ms, field of view 150×150 mm, matrix 256×256 and section thickness 2 mm. (bmj.com)

the abducens nerve is responsible for abducting the eye, which it controls through contraction of the lateral rectus muscle. (wikipedia.org)
In most cases, the abducens nucleus and nerve are absent or hypoplastic, and the lateral rectus muscle is innervated by a branch of the oculomotor nerve. (bionity.com)
The abducens nerve (CN VI) innervates the lateral rectus muscle. (medscape.com)

The superior margin, formed by the frontal bone, presents near its medial end either a supraorbital notch or a supraorbital foramen, which transmits the nerve and vessels of the same name. (dartmouth.edu)
The medial margin, formed by the maxilla as well as by the lacrimal and frontal bones, is expanded as the fossa for the lacrimal sac. (dartmouth.edu)
The roof (frontal and sphenoid bones) presents the fossa for the lacrimal gland anterolaterally and the trochlear pit for the cartilaginous or bony pulley of the superior oblique muscle anteromedially. (dartmouth.edu)
The medial wall (ethmoid, lacrimal, and frontal bones) is very thin. (dartmouth.edu)

Co-contraction of the medial and lateral recti allows the globe to slip up or down under the tight lateral rectus producing the up and down shoots characteristic of the condition. (bionity.com)

The functional status of the facial nerve is monitored by recording EMG of the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (entokey.com)
When the patient can raise their forehead bilaterally, but unilaterally the facial muscles are paralyzed, the problem is located in the upper motor neuron. (usc.edu)

It constricts the pupil (miosis) by innervating the smooth muscle (sphincter pupillae) near the pupil. (physio-pedia.com)
the inferior division innervates all the other muscles innervated by the third nerve, including the iris sphincter, which constricts the pupil. (medscape.com)

To test the motor supply of patients, ask them to clench their teeth together while observing and feeling the bulk of the masseter and temporalis muscles. (usc.edu)
Third division of trigeminal nerve innervates masseter and temporalis, so you should check for contraction of both muscles! (usc.edu)

Co-contraction of extraocular muscles due to synkinesis or aberrant firing can lead to retraction on a congenital or acquired basis. (medscape.com)
Thus, co-contraction of the muscles takes place, limiting the amount of movement achievable and also resulting in retraction of the eye into the socket. (bionity.com)
3 Different classifications of DS have been proposed based on motility, electromyographical findings, and the extraocular muscles involved in abnormal co-contraction. (oftalmoloji.org)
In this case, a single impulse in the thicker motor fiber causes a twitch-like contraction, and the system behaves in almost all respects as does a single motor unit of a vertebrate muscle: single shocks of different strengths give twitches of a considerable strength and a constant height, and during tetanic contraction the action currents are all of the same magnitude. (caltech.edu)
In contrast to this, single shocks given to the thinner fiber produce no visible response in the muscle, but faradic stimulation causes action currents which grow in height and a contraction with a long latent period. (caltech.edu)
The chemical changes occurring in the adductor muscle of the cheliped of the crayfish Cambarus clarkii during these two types of contraction were investigated in order to obtain evidence on two possible mechanisms by which the two contractions might occur in the same muscle fiber. (caltech.edu)
A single impulse in the thick fibre does not cause a contraction, but sets up a muscle-action current. (caltech.edu)
Epidural anaesthesia is the m ost efficient way of relieving the ache of childbirth, and provides com plete relief of contraction pain in 95% of labouring wom en. (dnahelix.com)

The worst position of gaze will typically represent the field of action of the paretic muscle. (eyewiki.org)

It also innervates the ciliary muscles. (physio-pedia.com)

Thus, we injected different anterograde tracers into the Vme and medial vestibular nucleus (MVN)-the subnuclear area particularly harboring excitatory vestibulo-ocular neurons, and immunostained III/IV motoneurons. (listlabs.com)
Under confocal microscope, we observed the Vme and MVN neuronal endings simultaneously terminated onto the same III/IV motoneurons and the same INC pre-oculomotor neurons. (listlabs.com)
We consider that jaw muscle proprioceptive Vme neurons projecting to the III/IV and INC would sense spindle activity if the jaw muscle is stretched by gravity dragged mandible or connection between mandible and clavicle during head rolling. (listlabs.com)
The pupillomotor and ciliary muscle neurons derive from the Edinger-Westphal subnucleus, which is in the midline in the most rostral and anterior part of the oculomotor nerve nucleus. (medscape.com)

In all vertebrates the eyes are moved by six pairs of extraocular muscles enabling horizontal, vertical and rotatory movements. (uni-muenchen.de)
Fibrillenstruktur (or fast-twitch) muscle fibrils generate fast eye movements and are composed of well-defined myofibrils with well-developed sarcomeres. (medscape.com)
Felderstruktur muscle fibrils generate slow or tonic eye movements and are composed of poorly defined myofibrils with poorly developed sarcomeres. (medscape.com)

The trigeminal nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face and controlling the muscles involved in chewing. (proprofs.com)

The oculomotor nerve is the chief motor nerve to the ocular and extraocular muscles . (physio-pedia.com)
The common abnormalities include disease of the muscle itself (myopathy), and motor nerve damage in peripheral/spinal cord/brain from cancer or trauma. (usc.edu)

Anatomy78

Organisms18

Diseases19

Chemicals and Drugs32

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes51

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Information Science4

Health Care2

Palsy11

Cranial nerve11

Trochlear nerve7

Rectus muscles7

Innervation17

Extraocular muscle9

Nerves15

Longitudinal fasciculus3

Inferior oblique8

Midbrain4

Pterygoid muscle1

Geniculate body3

Fibers7

Autonomic1

Eyelid4

Transposition2

Ophthalmic1

Branches3

Posterior8

Eyeball6

Digastric2

Mandibular1

Lateral wall3

Orbit2

Nuclei1

Innervate1

Diplopia1

Orbital5

Abducens3

Frontal4

Recti1

Facial2

Constricts the pupil2

Masseter2

Contraction8

Gaze1

Ciliary muscles1

Neurons4

Movements3

Trigeminal1

Motor nerve2