Mechanisms photo receptor cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Inherited forms of retinal degeneration, which afflict 1 in 3000 people worldwide, arise primarily from mutations in transcripts expressed in rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells. (berkeley.edu)
Horizontal Cell Feedback to Cone Photoreceptors in Mammalian Retina: Novel Insights From the GABA-pH Hybrid Model. (neurotree.org)

In the mammalian retina, rod photoreceptors form selective contacts with rod ON-bipolar cells by aligning the presynaptic voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel directing glutamate release (Ca V 1.4) with postsynaptic mGluR6 receptors. (nih.gov)
2) Glutamate receptor trafficking is a critical process for synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. (uhnresearch.ca)
However, a recent study published in Brain by MultiPark researchers shows promising results in rodents treated with compounds blocking the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5). (lu.se)

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is one of the most common inherited retinopathies and involves progressive loss of rod and cone photoreceptor neurons. (jneurosci.org)
3) We study how light-sensitive photoreceptors transmit signals to second-order neurons in the retina. (uhnresearch.ca)
The combined results indicate that glycolysis is regulated by the compartmental expression of hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M1, and pyruvate kinase M2 in photoreceptors, whereas the inner retinal neurons exhibit a lower capacity for glycolysis and aerobic glycolysis. (molvis.org)
Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondria-associated adenylate kinase, and several mitochondria-associated creatine kinase isozymes was highest in the outer retina, whereas expression of cytosolic adenylate kinase and brain creatine kinase was higher in the cones, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells indicating the diversity of ATP-buffering strategies among retinal neurons. (molvis.org)
We have tested the influence of sensory cues, social context, and sex hormones on progesterone receptor (PR)-expressing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) that are critical for male territorial aggression. (stanford.edu)
Although apoptosis is important for establishment of proper neural circuits by eliminating abnormally differentiated neurons, it is unclear how differentiating cells monitor their own abnormality, and how the threshold at which apoptosis is induced is determined. (oist.jp)
Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)

John Dowling's The Retina , published in 1987, quickly became the most widely recognized introduction to the structure and function of retinal cells. (nhbs.com)
The retina is a complex tissue in the back of the eye that contains the rod and cone photoreceptor cells. (berkeley.edu)
In particular, for retinal gene therapy it would be highly advantageous to transduce a single cell type that spans the entire retina after an intravitreal injection of a gene delivery vehicle for the subsequent secretion of a general neuroprotective factor throughout the retina. (berkeley.edu)
Our goals were twofold: 1) to characterize the gene expression, protein expression, and activity of key synthesizing and regulating enzymes of energy metabolism in the whole mouse retina, retinal compartments, and/or cells and 2) to provide an integrative analysis of the results related to function. (molvis.org)
Sun X , Hirano AA, Brecha NC , Barnes S . Calcium-activated BKCa channels govern dynamic membrane depolarizations of horizontal cells in rodent retina. (neurotree.org)
Liu X , Grove JC , Hirano AA, Brecha NC , Barnes S . Dopamine D1 receptor modulation of calcium channel currents in horizontal cells of mouse retina. (neurotree.org)
Parallel Inhibition of Dopamine Amacrine Cells and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Non-Image-Forming Visual Circuit of the Mouse Retina. (neurotree.org)
An aspect of the present disclosure is directed to providing a spectrophotometer capable of reproducing human vision and measuring the wavelength, intensity, etc. of light by coupling a photoreceptor with a field-effect transistor, an artificial retina kit comprising the same, a method for manufacturing the same and a method for detecting light using the same. (justia.com)
According to another embodiment, an artificial retina kit includes the photoreceptor protein-based spectrophotometer. (justia.com)
Thus, the retina provides a good model for studying cell differentiation and neural circuit formation in the developing brain. (oist.jp)

Cytoskeleton participation in subcellular trafficking of signal transduction proteins in rod photoreceptor cells. (xenbase.org)
Since the spectrophotometer can convert the light absorbed by the photoreceptor protein to an electrical signal using the FET, it can mimic human vision by using human photoreceptor proteins. (justia.com)
Embodiments relate to a spectrophotometer capable of absorbing light and converting the absorbed light into an electrical signal by mimicking actual human eyes using photoreceptor proteins. (justia.com)
Photoreceptor proteins are proteins present on the cell membrane of optic nerve cells and absorb light. (justia.com)
Opsins are membrane proteins present on the cell membrane of optic nerves. (justia.com)
LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)

A photoreceptor protein-based spectrophotometer may include a field-effect transistor and a photoreceptor protein on the field-effect transistor (FET), the photoreceptor protein exhibiting change in electrical properties by absorbing light and being activated. (justia.com)
The photoreceptor protein consists of retinal which is an oxidation product of vitamin A coupled with the membrane protein of opsin. (justia.com)
When the photoreceptor protein absorbs light, energy is produced while opsin and retinene are split from each other. (justia.com)
and immobilizing a photoreceptor protein on the field-effect transistor, the photoreceptor protein exhibiting change in electrical properties by absorbing light and being activated. (justia.com)
We focus on zebrafish mutants, in which photoreceptor degeneration is caused by defects in protein synthesis in ER, protein transport from ER to the apical photoreceptive membrane region, and phototransduction. (oist.jp)
A trehalose-functionalized photoaffinity nanoprobe that could photo-crosslink the protein receptor on mycobacteria was developed to investigate these specific interactions further. (uml.edu)
From development to aging and disease, the brain parenchyma is under the constant threat of debris accumulation, in the form of dead cells and protein aggregates. (frontiersin.org)
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), a member of tyrosine protein kinase receptors (TPKR), is phosphorylated during LPLI-induced proliferation, but tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor has not been affected. (biomedcentral.com)
The cone-rod homeobox (CRX) protein is a key transcription factor essential for photoreceptor function and survival. (bvsalud.org)
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1) is expressed in photoreceptors where it facilitates the assembly of phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) which hydrolyses cGMP within the phototransduction cascade. (bvsalud.org)
Retinal organoids were generated using these cells, which retained AIPL1 gene transcription, but AIPL1 protein was undetectable. (bvsalud.org)
Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. (bvsalud.org)

Rab11 is essential for polarized post-Golgi vesicle trafficking to photosensitive membrane rhabdomeres in Drosophila photoreceptors. (sdbonline.org)
Lysosomes are membrane-bound cell organelles that respond to nutrient changes and are implicated in cell homeostasis and clearance mechanisms, allowing effective adaption to specific cellular needs. (irrf.org)
Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. (bvsalud.org)

Lenses consist of two cell-types: lens epithelial cells and lens fiber cells. (oist.jp)
Lens epithelial cells differentiate into lens fiber cells, each of which are integrated in a stereotyped geometric pattern to form spherical lens fiber core. (oist.jp)

At metabotropic synapses, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. (nih.gov)
In this study, we combined patch-clamp recording and two-photon Ca 2+ imaging to examine Ca 2+ dynamics in hair cell ribbon synapses in the bullfrog amphibian papilla of both sexes. (jneurosci.org)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hair cell synapses can transmit sound-driven signals precisely in the kHz range. (jneurosci.org)
This allowed us to reveal the Ca 2+ extrusion mechanisms that are required for phase-locking at auditory hair cell ribbon synapses. (jneurosci.org)

However, previous studies of Ca 2+ handling in auditory hair cells have often been conducted in immature hair cells, with elevated extracellular Ca 2+ concentration, or through steady-state stimulation that may not be physiologically relevant. (jneurosci.org)

Dynactin is often essential for dynein activity and can be thought of as a "dynein receptor" that modulates binding of dynein to cell organelles which are to be transported along microtubules. (wikipedia.org)
Farrell SR , Rankin DR, Brecha NC , Barnes S . Somatostatin receptor subtype 4 modulates L-type calcium channels via Gβγ and PKC signaling in rat retinal ganglion cells. (neurotree.org)

check the tag ADOLESCENCE HN - 2008 BX - Nutrition in Adolescence FX - Adolescent Nutrition Physiology MH - Peritoneal Stomata UI - D054048 MN - A01.047.025.600.700 MN - A10.810 MS - Natural openings in the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus in the PERITONEUM, delimited by adjacent mesothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)

Eliminating α2δ4 in mice abolishes rod synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission to rod ON-bipolar cells, and disrupts postsynaptic mGluR6 clustering. (nih.gov)
Hirano AA, Liu X , Brecha NC , Barnes S . Analysis of Feedback Signaling from Horizontal Cells to Photoreceptors in Mice. (neurotree.org)
In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and neural network mechanisms underlying these behaviors in mice. (stanford.edu)

in Xenopus laevis photoreceptors that exhibit covalent and non-covalent interactions. (xenbase.org)
Transgenic animal models expressing rhodopsin glycosylation mutants also exhibit light exacerbated retinal degeneration (RD). In this study, we used transgenic Xenopus laevis to investigate the pathogenic mechanism connecting light exposure and RD in photoreceptors expressing T4K or T17M rhodopsin. (jneurosci.org)

4) We investigate the mechanisms by which immune cells release toxic substances to kill cancer cells and pathogens. (uhnresearch.ca)
Engineered light-dependent switches provide uniquely powerful opportunities to investigate and control cell regulatory mechanisms. (nature.com)
Second, we will investigate mechanisms that regulate photoreceptor degeneration. (oist.jp)
We will also investigate the role of microglia in photoreceptor degeneration. (oist.jp)
We will investigate mechanisms that regulate lens fiber differentiation. (oist.jp)

Recent evidence indicates that the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells play a key role in the pathophysiology of photophobia. (researchgate.net)
Although pharmacologic manipulation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and the neural pathways that mediate photophobia may be possible in the future, current therapies are directed at the underlying cause of the photophobia and optical modulation of these cells and pathways. (researchgate.net)

In humans, visual signals from 126 million photoreceptors funnel down to one million ganglion cells that convey at least a dozen representations of a visual scene to higher brain regions. (nhbs.com)
Smith BJ, McHugh CF, Hirano AA, Brecha NC , Barnes S . Transient and sustained ganglion cell light responses are differentially modulated by intrinsically produced reactive oxygen species acting upon specific voltage-gated Na channel isoforms. (neurotree.org)
Farrell SR , Sargoy A , Brecha NC , Barnes S . Modulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in rat retinal ganglion cells by gabapentin. (neurotree.org)
The model ablating Crb1 and its homolog Crb2 (using mRx-Cre) from the beginning of the eye development is the most complete as it shows blindness during the eye-opening stage, pigmentary defects in the RPE, ganglion cell layer heterotopia, disruption of retinal lamination, and acellular patches. (bvsalud.org)

However, the mechanisms of cell proliferation induced by LPLI are poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)

We conclude that, in addition to fast diffusion mediated by mobile Ca 2+ buffer, multiple Ca 2+ extrusion pumps are required for phase-locking at the auditory hair cell ribbon synapse. (jneurosci.org)

Our results identify a novel pathogenic mechanism in which the glycosylation-deficient rhodopsins are destabilized by light activation. (jneurosci.org)
This study aims to review the pathogenic mechanisms of various CRX mutations and propose two therapeutic strategies to rescue sick photoreceptors in CRX-associated retinopathies, namely, Tet-On-hCRX system and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene augmentation. (bvsalud.org)

Photoreceptors provide a useful model for studying such a surveillance mechanism of neuronal development and homeostasis, because there are many hereditary retinal diseases in humans associated with photoreceptor degeneration. (oist.jp)
Abnormal lysosomal activation or inhibition has dramatic consequences on photoreceptor cell homeostasis and impacts extensive cellular function, which in turn affects vision. (irrf.org)

CAR affects both rods and cones, whereas MAR is typically characterized by antibodies directed toward bipolar cells that interfere with rod function. (medscape.com)

Retinal I/R injury is associated with pathological increases in reactive oxygen species and inflammation, resulting in retinal neuronal cell death. (mdpi.com)

Consistently, phase-locking of synaptic vesicle releases from hair cells was also significantly reduced by blocking PMCA, MCU, or SERCA, but not NCX. (jneurosci.org)
Here we examine Ca 2+ clearance from hair cell synaptic ribbons in a fully mature preparation at physiological concentration of external Ca 2+ and at physiological temperature. (jneurosci.org)

In this revised edition, Dowling draws on twenty-five years of new research to produce an interdisciplinary synthesis focused on how retinal function contributes to our understanding of brain mechanisms. (nhbs.com)

Gene therapy has great potential for treating retinal diseases including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and inherited photoreceptor diseases. (berkeley.edu)
To date, most gene therapies have targeted monogenic recessive retinal diseases and employed viral vectors to transfer a 'normal ' copy of the mutated gene to the affected cell. (berkeley.edu)
These animal models are the subject of study to determine the pathophysiological mechanisms whereby these gene defects lead to photoreceptor degeneration and hopefully will lead to pilot studies of novel therapies for retinal degeneration. (berkeley.edu)
In previous work, we have demonstrated significant slowing of photoreceptor degeneration in several animal models following gene transfer of neurotrophic agents. (berkeley.edu)
We find that gene therapy has vast potential for treating and potentially curing a number of inherited photoreceptor diseases. (berkeley.edu)
Data from two pivotal trials suggest that a single infusion of the CRISPR-based gene therapy exagamglogene autotemcel (exa-cel) can provide a 'functional cure' for patients with transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia or severe sickle cell disease. (cdc.gov)

Vesicular Release of GABA by Mammalian Horizontal Cells Mediates Inhibitory Output to Photoreceptors. (neurotree.org)
Targeted Deletion of Vesicular GABA Transporter from Retinal Horizontal Cells Eliminates Feedback Modulation of Photoreceptor Calcium Channels. (neurotree.org)

Competition assays with pyruvate revealed that LDH-5 was localized in the photoreceptor inner segments. (molvis.org)
The material from each step isscreened using acellular and in vitro assays for evaluating general toxicity, mechanisms of toxicity, and macrophage function. (cdc.gov)

Based on the antibody intensities and the COX and LDH activity, Müller glial cells (MGCs) had the lowest capacity for glycolysis, aerobic glycolysis, and OXPHOS. (molvis.org)

LCA8 represents a unique type of retinal dystrophy among LCA subtypes, driven by dysfunctional retinal progenitor cells during eye development. (bvsalud.org)
We compared five strategies in CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, using either Cas9 nuclease or adenine base editors. (cdc.gov)

According to the team's earlier genetic research, the tiny spiders most likely share an "ancient genetic tool kit" with insects: their bodies first construct the photoreceptors, then top them off with lenses. (scientificamerican.com)
That mechanism makes sense for certain insects that add new photoreceptors, capped with separate lenses, to their eyes as they grow larger. (scientificamerican.com)

Photoreceptor degeneration is an important topic for medical research, because more than 300 genetic mutations are associated with photoreceptor degeneration in humans. (oist.jp)
Limited in vitro LCA4 models are available, and these rely on patient-derived cells harbouring patient-specific AIPL1 mutations. (bvsalud.org)
To model the functional consequences of patient-independent AIPL1 mutations, CRISPR/Cas9 was implemented to produce an isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell line harbouring a frameshift mutation in the first exon of AIPL1. (bvsalud.org)
Cases of Leber congenital amaurosis caused by mutations in CRX (LCA7) exhibit an early form of the disease and show signs of significant photoreceptor dysfunction and eventual loss. (bvsalud.org)

However, the supporting mechanisms of this process are not fully understood. (sdbonline.org)
However, the mechanism of how trehalose-conjugated nanoparticles interact with mycobacteria needs to be better understood. (uml.edu)
The mechanisms underlying context-dependent flexibility in odor valence are not fully understood. (plos.org)

This method is expected to facilitate the detection of receptors expressed in other bacterial species or human cells by simply changing the ligand. (uml.edu)
Now, drawing inspiration from the body's own defence mechanisms based on peptides, we have developed a new approach to treating severe bacterial infections", says Artur Schmidtchen, professor in dermatology and venereology and senior consultant at Skåne University Hospital, who led the study. (lu.se)
It blocks a receptor, CD14, which plays a key role in detecting bacterial substances and initiating the immune response. (lu.se)

In the second part, we will compare the mechanisms that mediate recognition and engulfment and their epigenetic, transcriptional, metabolic, and immunological consequences. (frontiersin.org)

Sigma 1 receptor (Sig1R), a pluripotent modulator of cell survival, is neuroprotective in models of retinal degeneration when activated by the high-affinity, high-specificity ligand (+)-pentazocine ((+)-PTZ). (opticnervenetwork.com)

Dynactin is involved in various processes like chromosome alignment and spindle organization in cell division. (wikipedia.org)

Our laboratory focuses on understanding the genetic and mechanistic underpinning of photoreceptor degeneration, and developing rational therapies for these blinding conditions. (berkeley.edu)
Growing evidence suggests a role for lysosome-related mechanisms in retinal degeneration. (irrf.org)

By stimulating hair cells with sinusoidal voltage commands that mimic pure sound tones, we recapitulated the phase-locking of hair cell exocytosis with an in vitro approach. (jneurosci.org)

Single Cell Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Impact of bHLH Factors on Human Retinal Organoid Development. (neurotree.org)
Therefore, we believe that the investigation of the molecular events induced by LPLI could eventually reveal the mechanisms of LPLI. (biomedcentral.com)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable cancer in which uncontrolled plasma cell proliferation disrupts the bone marrow environment and impairs immune function. (hrb.ie)
Low power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes proliferation of multiple cells, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of cellular signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell proliferation is a very important physiological effect for low power laser irradiation (LPLI) used in clinical practice. (biomedcentral.com)
then we review the studies on the molecular mechanisms of LPLI-induced proliferation since January 1999, which will serve as a reference for the researchers in this field. (biomedcentral.com)

We previously reported that the antioxidant regulatory transcription factor Nrf2 may be involved in Sig1R-mediated retinal photoreceptor cell (PRC) rescue. (opticnervenetwork.com)

Then, we will discuss several principles that govern macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including the existence of redundant recognition mechanisms ("find-me" and "eat-me") that lead to a tight coupling between apoptosis and phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
Because it is such a diverse population of cells, a fundamental question is whether they have a common precursor or whether each macrophage population develops from a different precursor. (frontiersin.org)

AIPL1 knockout resulted in a decrease in rod photoreceptor-specific PDE6α and ß, and increased cGMP levels, suggesting downstream dysregulation of the phototransduction cascade. (bvsalud.org)

Dendrite pruning requires the developmentally regulated degradation of the cell adhesion molecule Neuroglian , and loss of Rab11 causes defects in the developmental degradation of Neuroglian and another target, the ion channel Ppk26 . (sdbonline.org)
In contrast, other LCA types and RP12 are caused by photoreceptor defects. (bvsalud.org)
Proposed mechanisms include autoimmune destruction of melanocytes, reduced survival of melanocytes, and primary melanocyte defects. (msdmanuals.com)

The genetic and biochemical diversity of photoreceptor degnereration presents major challenges for therapy as there are many pathways to cell death. (berkeley.edu)
Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)

Apoptosis is observed in developing tissues and is believed to remove abnormal cells. (oist.jp)

Photoreceptor cells are highly susceptible to oxidative-stress-induced damage due to their high metabolic rate. (mdpi.com)

These regulations do not the exposure with the potential health effects or address explicitly the question regarding return mechanisms. (who.int)

These cells, also through the optic nerve, project directly to the thalamus which is also receiving intracranial nociceptive input. (researchgate.net)

Originally approved to treat parasites, IVM was discovered to be a " multifaceted medication " with antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, and immune-modulating mechanisms beneficial for many conditions. (transcend.org)
Trial organizers announced that the first participant had been treated using immune cells with four base-edited genes, equipping the cells to better target and destroy tumors. (cdc.gov)
At 7wk, HF-fed animals exhibited several immune alterations (blood leukocyte/neutrophil number, lymph node B-cell proportionality)-effects which were more pronounced in SD rats. (cdc.gov)

The immunoreactivity levels of well-characterized antibodies, for all major retinal cells and their compartments, were obtained using our established semiquantitative confocal and imaging techniques. (molvis.org)
The pattern and intensity of the antibodies and of the COX and LDH activity showed the high capacity of photoreceptors for aerobic glycolysis and OXPHOS. (molvis.org)

Current projects in our lab involve development of retinal cell specific viral vectors based upon lentivirus and adeno-associated viruses. (berkeley.edu)
New insights into cell-specific and compartmental ATP and GTP production, as well as utilization and buffering strategies and their relationship with known retinal and cellular functions, are discussed. (molvis.org)
Six models have been proposed utilizing the Cre-loxP system to delete candidate genes in specific retinal cell types and developmental stages. (bvsalud.org)

For instance, baby spiders' tiny photoreceptors provide poor light sensitivity. (scientificamerican.com)
This simultaneously offers on-line monitoring of light-dependent switching and precise quantification of activation-relaxation properties in intact living cells. (nature.com)
Humans have four kinds of opsins, which are iodopsins present in cone cells and allow distinguishment of red, green and blue colors, and opsin present in rod cells allows distinguishment of light and darkness. (justia.com)
The light must be absorbed by the endogenous chromophores of cells or tissues for actions. (biomedcentral.com)

It can differentiate between cancer cells and normal ones with 99% confidence. (zmescience.com)

In particular, sound-evoked spikes in auditory afferent fibers in vivo are phase-locked to sound frequencies up to 5 kHz, but it is not clear how hair cells can handle intracellular Ca 2+ changes with such high speed and efficiency. (jneurosci.org)

Anatomy35

Organisms21

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs53

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care3

Cone photoreceptors2

Glutamate3

Neurons7

Retina10

Proteins7

Protein12

Membrane3

Epithelial cells2

Synapses4

Extracellular1

Modulates2

Physiology1

Mice3

Xenopus2

Investigate5

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal gangl2

Ganglion4

Poorly understood1

Synapse1

Pathogenic2

Homeostasis2

Bipolar cells1

Neuronal1

Synaptic2

Contributes1

Gene6

Horizontal Cells2

Assays2

Glial Cells1

Progenitor cells2

Lenses2

Mutations4

Understood3

Bacterial3

Mediate1

Ligand1

Organization1

Degeneration2

Vitro1

Reveal2

Proliferation4

Rescue1

Macrophage2

Phototransduction1

Defects3

Pathways2

Abnormal1

Oxidative stress1

Exposure1

Optic1

Immune3

Antibodies2

Specific3

Light4

Differentiate1

Intracellular1