AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
Blood-Brain BarrierBrainBrain EdemaTransendothelial and Transepithelial MigrationOccludinBrain InjuriesPermeabilityEndothelial CellsCapillary PermeabilityEvans BlueTight JunctionsMicrovesselsBrain NeoplasmsDomperidoneDisease Models, AnimalEncephalitisAstrocytesCentral Nervous SystemRats, Sprague-DawleyBrain IschemiaMagnetic Resonance ImagingNeuroprotective AgentsNanoparticlesMice, Inbred C57BLDrug Delivery SystemsInjections, IntraperitonealMicrogliaChoroid PlexusTime FactorsNeurogliaP-GlycoproteinInflammationBrain ChemistryNeuronsStrokeLeukocytesAmyloid beta-PeptidesCells, CulturedOctanolsImmunohistochemistryAlzheimer DiseaseDose-Response Relationship, DrugMice, KnockoutModels, BiologicalBrain MappingCerebrospinal FluidInfarction, Middle Cerebral ArteryBrain StemBiological TransportCerebrovascular CirculationMatrix Metalloproteinase 9Blood-Retinal BarrierBrain AbscessBlood-Air BarrierMembrane ProteinsContrast MediaMice, TransgenicEndothelium, VascularBlood-Testis BarrierCommunication Barriers
Cross the blood-brain bEndothelial cellsMolecularPermeabilityNeuroinflammationVesselsNeuroprotectiveDopamine in the brainDisruptionTumorsRatsDiseasesUptake into the brainNeurotoxicityApproachesTraumaticLeakageMoleculesInjuryPatientsSerine proteaseParkinson'sTissueCerebralProtectiveProteinPossible mechanismSystemicBiomarkersNeuralTargetsAcuteVasculatureVitroBreakdownPenetrateExposureDisruptCellularDysfunctionLevodopa availableIncompletely understoodPericytesVascularStrokeActionUnderstoodStudyClinicalExpressionFunctionOxygenReceptorsAnatomicalEffectsImmuneSubstancesUnbound
Cross the blood-brain b4
Endothelial cells6
  • Astrocytes are critically important for developing and maintaining the neuroprotective mechanisms of BSCB endothelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Article: Deletion of prostaglandin E2 synthesizing enzymes in brain endothelial cells attenuates inflammatory fever by Daniel Björk Wilhelms, Milen Kirilov, Elahe Mirrasekhian, Anna Eskilsson, Unn Örtegren Kugelberg, Christine Klar, Dirk A. Ridder, Harvey R. Herschman, Markus Schwaninger, Anders Blomqvist and David Engblom. (eurekalert.org)
  • It is a serine protease ( EC 3.4.21.68 ) found on endothelial cells , the cells that line the blood vessels . (wikidoc.org)
  • The abnormal perfusion stimulates the production of substances in the blood that activate or injure endothelial cells. (health.am)
  • Serum bioactivity (with and without exosomal fractions) was assessed via 1) serum cumulative inflammatory potential (SCIP) assay on mouse brain endothelial cells (MBEC) and 2) myography using naïve thoracic aorta from male C57BL6 mice incubated with 1% serum from exposed mice to evaluate vasodilatory changes. (cdc.gov)
  • Endothelial cells build up the vessel wall and control the exchange between the blood and surrounding brain tissue. (lu.se)
Molecular6
  • Multidrug resistance in cancer: understanding molecular mechanisms, immunoprevention and therapeutic approaches. (nature.com)
  • Herein, we presented an overview of a previously published work regarding the role of stem cell therapy in ischemic stroke and its underlying molecular mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
  • A quantitative understanding of how the molecular transport systems at the human BBB are altered in diseases is essential not only to elucidate the pathophysiological roles of the BBB in human brain, but also to aid development of effective drugs and appropriate pharmacotherapies for CNS diseases. (aspetjournals.org)
  • We are interested in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins exert their neurodegenerative properties and in the case of prion proteins, gain their infectious properties. (edu.au)
  • We analyzed the molecular mechanisms leading to glutamate release from rat primary cultures of RPE cells, under isosmotic conditions. (molvis.org)
  • Objective: To study the protective effect of quercetin(Que) on blood- brain barrier in rats with traumatic brain injury(TBI) and its molecular mechanism. (cabi.org)
Permeability13
Neuroinflammation5
  • They wrote that underlying mechanisms might include systematic metabolic changes that lead to low-grade inflammation , impairment of the blood-brain barrier, and neuroinflammation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Capsaicin attenuates excitotoxic-induced neonatal brain injury and brain mast cell-mediated neuroinflammation in newborn rats. (cabi.org)
  • Excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation are key contributors to perinatal brain injuries. (cabi.org)
  • Bifidobacterium breve HNXY26M4 attenuates cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation by regulating the gut-brain axis in APP/PS1 mice. (cabi.org)
  • Neuroinflammation related to the blood-brain barrier and sphingosine-1-phosphate in a pre-clinical model of periodontal diseases and depression in rats. (bvsalud.org)
Vessels6
  • The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is a semipermeable anatomical interface that consists of the specialized small blood vessels that surround the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
  • They line the inner surface of cerebral blood vessels. (bmbreports.org)
  • Pericytes wrap around brain ECs and astrocytes extend their endfeet to contact with blood vessels. (bmbreports.org)
  • Engblom showed that instead, they could be synthesised from two enzymes in the blood vessels on the inside of the brain, before moving to the hypothalamus, where the body's thermostat is located. (eurekalert.org)
  • The study to be published in The Journal of Neuroscience with David Engblom and his doctoral student Daniel Wilhelms as lead authors is based on tests with mice that lack the enzymes COX-2 and mPGES-1 in the brain's blood vessels. (eurekalert.org)
  • Firstly, that it comes from prostaglandins circulating in the blood, secondly that it comes from immune cells in the brain, and thirdly Engblom's theory, which stresses the importance of the brain's blood vessels. (eurekalert.org)
Neuroprotective1
  • Gelatin coating of brain implants is known to provide considerable benefits in terms of reduced inflammatory sequalae and long-term neuroprotective effects. (lu.se)
Dopamine in the brain2
  • Levodopa is converted to a chemical called dopamine in the brain. (rxlist.com)
  • Symptoms of Parkinson's disease may be caused by low levels dopamine in the brain. (rxlist.com)
Disruption3
  • Because of its function as a protective barrier for the spinal cord, disruption of the BSCB exposes spinal cord tissue to inflammatory signals, pathogens, and toxins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pericytes: a link between Parkinson-related protein and blood-brain barrier disruption? (lu.se)
  • Disruption of the blood-brain barrier and other microvascular alterations are increasingly recognized as a common denominator of several neurodegenerative disorders. (lu.se)
Tumors1
  • However, it is unclear whether there is prognostic value of temporalis muscle thickness (TMT), a potential surrogate for sarcopenia, in adults patients with brain tumors. (cabi.org)
Rats4
  • The evaluation was performed in rats using microdialysis, which enabled continuous sampling of the released drug in both the brain (striatum) and blood. (springer.com)
  • Glutathione PEGylated liposomes: pharmacokinetics and delivery of cargo across the blood-brain barrier in rats. (springer.com)
  • Preliminary study of protective effect of quercetin on blood-brain barrier in rats with traumatic brain injury. (cabi.org)
  • At 7wk, HF-fed animals exhibited several immune alterations (blood leukocyte/neutrophil number, lymph node B-cell proportionality)-effects which were more pronounced in SD rats. (cdc.gov)
Diseases8
  • We aim to provide the basis for establishing a future study to promote the clinical translation of stem cell therapy in ischemic brain diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • Owing to this highly selective barrier, many drugs targeting brain diseases are not likely to pass through the BBB. (bmbreports.org)
  • Gabathuler R. Approaches to transport therapeutic drugs across the blood-brain barrier to treat brain diseases. (springer.com)
  • Many of these diseases are associated with the misfolding of certain proteins into aberrant forms that are found in the brain tissues of individuals with these diseases. (edu.au)
  • This project involves developing a minimally invasive blood test for the early detection of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). (edu.au)
  • tPA is used in some cases of diseases that feature blood clots , such as pulmonary embolism , myocardial infarction , and stroke , in a medical treatment called thrombolysis . (wikidoc.org)
  • Neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases (including the shared mechanisms of nerve cell death that contribute to many diseases), Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID), NINDS tissue/cell resources, basic invertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ). (nih.gov)
  • Cracking brain diseases from gut microbes-mediated metabolites for precise treatment. (cabi.org)
Uptake into the brain2
  • Putative receptors that are responsible for rhLAMAN uptake into the brain across the Blood Brain Barrier were investigated and we were able to study the outcome of long-term ERT on the neuropathology and associated behavioural deficits observed in immune-tolerant alpha-Mannosidosis mice. (europa.eu)
  • We were able to show that encapsulation into PEGylated liposomes of a peptide with limited brain delivery could double the drug uptake into the brain without using a specific brain targeting ligand. (springer.com)
Neurotoxicity1
  • At present, the mechanism of neurotoxicity caused by immunotherapy has not been completely elucidated. (hindawi.com)
Approaches1
  • Today, the most promising therapy for lysosomal storage disorders including alpha-Mannosidosis is Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) where the respective enzyme lacking in the patient is produced by recombinant approaches and then introduced into the blood stream, from where it is internalized by the cells and reaches the lysosomes replacing the missing endogenous enzyme. (europa.eu)
Traumatic4
  • Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury: Promising or Wishful Thinking? (medscape.com)
  • A recent review by Hadanny and colleagues recommends hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) for acute moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and selected patients with prolonged postconcussive syndrome . (medscape.com)
  • This paper reviews the role of oxidative stress in neuronal loss following traumatic brain injury and presents experimental and clinical evidence of the role of exogenous antioxidants as neuroprotectants. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results: Traumatic brain injury causes massive production of reactive oxygen species with resultant oxidative stress. (bvsalud.org)
Leakage3
  • In conclusion, the beneficial effects of gelatin may be the combined results of faster healing of the blood brain barrier curtailing leakage of blood borne molecules/cells into brain parenchyma and to a modulation of the microglial population response favoring restitution of the injured tissue. (lu.se)
  • Overexpression of the Parkinson-related protein, α-synuclein, leads to blood-brain barrier leakage and pericyte activation in mice. (lu.se)
  • Interestingly, changes such as pericyte activation and blood-brain-barrier leakage are already observed at the early stages of the disorder, even before behavioral changes or dopaminergic cell loss can be detected, explains Gesine Paul-Visse. (lu.se)
Molecules3
  • The primary function of the BSCB is to protect the spinal cord from potentially toxic substances within the blood while still delivering necessary molecules to maintain spinal cord activities. (wikipedia.org)
  • It protects the brain from exogenous substances by strictly regulating the transport of molecules from the blood vasculature into the brain. (bmbreports.org)
  • These signaling molecules cannot pass the blood-brain barrier, the purpose of which is to protect the brain from hazardous substances. (eurekalert.org)
Injury9
  • Ischemic brain injury is associated with a high rate of mortality and disability with no effective therapeutic strategy. (hindawi.com)
  • The objective of this study was to provide a generalized critique for the role of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in ischemic stroke injury, its underlying mechanisms, and constraints on its preclinical and clinical applications. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, MSCs were suggested as a promising candidate for ischemic brain injury patients[ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Within five minutes following the initial injury, normally impermeable blood components like the large molecule albumin or red blood cells can be detected in spinal cord tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rees, S., Harding, R. & Walker, D. An adverse intrauterine environment: implications for injury and altered development of the brain. (nature.com)
  • ISC projects apply organoid culture and ko mice to injury-inducible vs homeostatic stem cells and symmetric division mechanisms. (stanford.edu)
  • However, the mechanisms for gelatin's protective role in brain injury are still unknown. (lu.se)
  • Background: Management of brain injury can pose enormous challenges to the health team. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results with clinical brain injury are however more varied. (bvsalud.org)
Patients4
  • We suggest that current information regarding the structure, mechanism and regulation of ABC transporters should be used in clinical trials to improve the efficiency of chemotherapeutics for patients with cancer. (nature.com)
  • Using 'Next-Generation' deep sequencing to identify all the microRNA species in patients' blood, microRNA biomarkers can be selected by comparing differences in microRNA profiles from AD and PD patients to healthy controls. (edu.au)
  • As it is not possible to isolate brain material from live patients to test for neurodegeneration, the capture of exosomes in the bloodstream can be equivalent to non-invasive brain biopsy. (edu.au)
  • Prognostic value of temporal muscle thickness, a novel radiographic marker of sarcopenia, in patients with brain tumor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (cabi.org)
Serine protease1
  • Our previous work showed that upon the alteration of the blood-retina barrier, the serine protease thrombin could contribute to the transformation, proliferation, and migration of RPE cells. (molvis.org)
Parkinson's1
  • This is thought to be the mechanism whereby levodopa relieves symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (centerwatch.com)
Tissue5
  • Intrinsically, ischemic stroke indicates the cascade of congesting events, i.e., thrombus formation and embolism, that ultimately decreases the local blood flow and cause oxygen deprivation in affected brain tissue. (hindawi.com)
  • Usage of mobile phones near the head increases the possibility of effects on brain tissue. (nih.gov)
  • Menkes and Wilson disease ATPases use common biochemical mechanisms, but the tissue-specific expression differs. (medscape.com)
  • In January 2017, the National ALS Biorepository was initiated with the primary goal of assembling the largest bank of ALS blood and tissue samples in the US and making them available for research. (cdc.gov)
  • Tissue plasminogen activator (abbreviated tPA or PLAT ) is a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots . (wikidoc.org)
Cerebral2
  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an interface between cerebral blood and the brain parenchyma. (bmbreports.org)
  • Phenybut, a GABA derivative capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier, enhances inhibitory hyperpolarization in the cerebral cortex and improves discrimination between the inhibitory and reinforcing light flashes. (erowid.org)
Protective1
Protein4
  • Susceptibility to toxins is already increased in BSCB endothelium through the relative downregulation of the critical efflux protein p-glycoprotein, thus slowing elimination of the toxins that penetrate the barrier. (wikipedia.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to demonstrate experimentally that alterations of in vivo transporter function at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in disease and during pharmacotherapy can be reconstructed from in vitro data based on our established pharmacoproteomic concept of reconstructing in vivo function by integrating intrinsic transport activity per transporter molecule and absolute protein expression level at the BBB. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Quantitative targeted absolute proteomic analysis of 31 membrane proteins showed that P-glycoprotein (P-gp/mdr1a) protein expression levels were significantly increased in brain capillaries of PTZ (129%), EL (143%), and PHT mice (192%) compared with controls. (aspetjournals.org)
  • After harvesting brain samples, protein / mRNA expression analyses and fluorescence immunohistochemistry were performed in the frontal cortex (FC). (bvsalud.org)
Possible mechanism2
  • The increased brain delivery was observed only when the drug was encapsulated into the liposomes, thus excluding any effects of the liposomes themselves on the blood-brain barrier integrity as a possible mechanism. (springer.com)
  • One possible mechanism whereby brain biomarkers such as microRNA can travel across the BBB is via exosomes. (edu.au)
Systemic1
  • The mechanisms underlying observed systemic effects are incompletely understood and the contribution of extracellular vesicles, or exosomes, to the systemic delivery of lung-derived inflammatory mediators was explored in this study. (cdc.gov)
Biomarkers1
  • Our research aims to determine whether exosomes provides a vehicle for brain biomarkers to travel through the BBB where they can be detected in the blood. (edu.au)
Neural2
  • I want to talk to someone about my research proposal (basic research, neural mechanisms, or disease mechanisms). (nih.gov)
  • The RPE is the predominant component of the outer blood-retina barrier (BRB), and plays an essential role in the maintenance of the functional and structural integrity of the neural retina required for visual function. (molvis.org)
Targets1
  • Increasing knowledge about these mechanisms could unravel possible targets for early treatments and protection of the blood-brain barrier. (lu.se)
Acute1
  • Kernicterus is brain damage caused by unconjugated bilirubin deposition in basal ganglia and brain stem nuclei, caused by either acute or chronic hyperbilirubinemia. (msdmanuals.com)
Vasculature1
  • In collaboration, they investigated how a progressive accumulation of α-synuclein affects these cells and brain vasculature over time. (lu.se)
Vitro1
  • The material from each step isscreened using acellular and in vitro assays for evaluating general toxicity, mechanisms of toxicity, and macrophage function. (cdc.gov)
Breakdown2
  • More studies are needed to demonstrate the mechanisms of that breakdown. (nih.gov)
  • Carbidopa helps prevent the breakdown of levodopa before it can reach the brain and take effect. (rxlist.com)
Penetrate1
  • The active agent can easily penetrate this barrier and reach the brain directly taking a short route. (sciencedaily.com)
Exposure2
  • We previously reported that short-term MWCNT exposure produces serum bioactivity that impairs endothelial function leading to vasodilatory insufficiencies, as well as induction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairments. (cdc.gov)
  • 2004) did not find doi:10.1289/ehp.9030 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 20 April 2006] any evidence of changes in GFAP levels in the brain after exposure to Mn sulfate or phos- phate. (cdc.gov)
Disrupt1
  • They further noted that consuming high levels of UPFs may disrupt the microbiome and the gut-brain axis, as consuming them instead of whole foods may lead to a lack of essential nutrients and bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Cellular1
Dysfunction1
  • Microvascular changes often involve pathological pericyte activation and bloodbrain barrier dysfunction. (lu.se)
Levodopa available2
  • Carbidopa inhibits the decarboxylation of peripheral levodopa, making more levodopa available for delivery to the brain. (centerwatch.com)
  • Since its decarboxylase inhibiting activity is limited to extracerebral tissues, administration of carbidopa with levodopa makes more levodopa available for transport to the brain. (nih.gov)
Incompletely understood1
  • Blood has long been a symbol of life and health, so it may be surprising that some aspects of blood production, i.e., hematopoiesis, remain incompletely understood. (news-medical.net)
Pericytes2
  • Pericytes are uniquely positioned at the blood-brain interface. (lu.se)
  • Hence, it is possible that the dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier induced by α-synuclein depends on pericytes also in the brain. (lu.se)
Vascular2
  • These include effects upon blood vessel tone, vascular inflammation, blood pressure, and cardiac contractility. (yahoo.com)
  • The vascular endothelium provides a single target for these blood-borne products, which explains the multiple organ system involvement in preeclampsia. (health.am)
Stroke2
Action1
  • The presence of cytokines in CNS has raised many questions about their function and mechanisms of action. (jneurosci.org)
Understood1
  • While clinically we see significant benefit, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood in pure western terms. (yinyanghouse.com)
Study4
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate formulation factors causing improvement in brain delivery of a small peptide after encapsulation into a targeted nanocarrier in vivo . (springer.com)
  • Lindqvist A, Rip J, Gaillard PJ, Bjorkman S, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Enhanced brain delivery of the opioid peptide DAMGO in glutathione pegylated liposomes: a microdialysis study. (springer.com)
  • When asked what may explain the effects of UPF consumption on cognitive performance, Prof. Kaarin Anstey , scientia professor of psychology at the University of South Wales and senior principal research scientist at Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), who was not involved in the study, told Medical News Today that UPFs, in theory, may worsen cognitive performance through several mechanisms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • LFLB1, DJOA2, VCFR3: study aumenta la posibilidad de desarrollar esquizofrenia y depresión en individuos sin historial previo, y que podría exacerbar conception, VCFR3: manuscript cuadros psiquiátricos previos con dificultad en el tratamiento. (bvsalud.org)
Clinical1
  • Method: We reviewed published literature on reactive oxygen species and their role in experimental and clinical brain injuries in journals and the Internet using Yahoo and Google search engines. (bvsalud.org)
Expression1
Function2
  • While similar to the blood-brain barrier in function and morphology, it is physiologically independent and has several distinct characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
  • The barrier function results from the restriction of both paracellular and transcellular transport. (bmbreports.org)
Oxygen3
  • Mechanisms of benefit for HBOT include increased oxygen availability and angiogenesis . (medscape.com)
  • It works to protect us from harmful substances, while allowing substances required by the brain such as water and oxygen. (yinyanghouse.com)
  • Conclusion: Oxidative stress due to excessive generation of reactive oxygen species with consequent impai rment of endogenous antioxidant defence mechanisms plays significant role in the secondary events leading to neuronal death. (bvsalud.org)
Receptors1
  • The mechanisms of these observations are complex and involves interaction with receptors other than cannabinoid receptors, including actions exerted through various naturally occurring mediator compounds in the body. (yahoo.com)
Anatomical1
Effects2
  • However, for most BBB transporters, it is still difficult to synthesize selective probes and inhibitors to enable specific evaluation of the transport activities of the target transporters, because of the effects of other transporters, including functionally unknown transporters, as well as binding to brain tissues. (aspetjournals.org)
  • CBD seems to have effects on some chemicals in the brain, but these are different than the effects of THC. (medlineplus.gov)
Immune1
  • High-resolution structures, biophysical and in silico studies have led to tremendous progress in understanding the mechanism of drug transport by these ABC transporters, and several promising therapies, including irradiation-based immune and thermal therapies, and nanomedicine have been used to overcome ABC transporter-mediated cancer chemoresistance. (nature.com)
Substances1
  • Medically active substances are normally distributed via the blood -- either directly by injection into the bloodstream or indirectly, for example through the digestive tract after oral administration. (sciencedaily.com)
Unbound1
  • Then, the reconstructed P-gp/mdr1a functional activities were integrated with unbound fractions of verapamil in plasma and brain to reconstruct K p brain of verapamil. (aspetjournals.org)