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RibosomesBase SequenceRNA, MessengerNucleic Acid HybridizationDNARNAProtein SubunitsRNA, RibosomalRNA, ViralRibosomal ProteinsRNA, TransferRNA, BacterialRNA, Small InterferingProtein BiosynthesisMolecular Sequence DataRNA, Transfer, PheEscherichia coliRibosome Subunits, Small, BacterialRibosome SubunitsRNA SplicingRNA EditingRibosome Subunits, Large, EukaryoticAmino Acid SequenceRibosome Subunits, Large, BacterialNucleic Acid ConformationRibosome Subunits, Small, EukaryoticGene Transfer TechniquesBinding SitesModels, MolecularKineticsDNA-Directed RNA PolymerasesRibosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1RNA, Transfer, Amino AcylMutationPhenylalanineProtein BindingPeptide Chain Elongation, TranslationalRNA, FungalMacromolecular SubstancesRNA InterferenceRNA VirusesPoly UPeptide Elongation Factor GPeptide Chain Initiation, TranslationalPuromycinRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalPolyribosomesGene Transfer, HorizontalEmbryo TransferRNA, Double-StrandedRNA, Ribosomal, 23SSaccharomyces cerevisiaeRNA, CatalyticPeptide Elongation FactorsRNA Polymerase IIBacterial ProteinsProtein ConformationRNA PrecursorsRNA FoldingRNA StabilityMolecular WeightRNA CapsElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelProtein Structure, TertiaryRNA, Ribosomal, 28SPlasmidsCell LineRNA HelicasesCentrifugation, Density GradientFluorescence Resonance Energy TransferRNA, Ribosomal, 18SSequence Homology, Amino Acid5' Untranslated RegionsRNA-Binding ProteinsRNA, AntisenseRecombinant ProteinsEscherichia coli ProteinsGuanosine TriphosphatePeptide BiosynthesisRibonucleasesTranscription, GeneticMutagenesis, Site-DirectedRibosome Subunits, SmallSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsTransfer (Psychology)RNA, Small NuclearPeptide Elongation Factor TuRNA, Transfer, MetCell NucleolusRNA, UntranslatedCell-Free SystemPeptide Initiation FactorsCryoelectron MicroscopyCodonCloning, MolecularStructure-Activity RelationshipGenetic VectorsHeLa CellsThermus thermophilusSequence Analysis, RNA
TRNAPolymeraseSynthesisMoleculeMitochondrialProteinsRibosomalTranscriptionNucleicMacromolecularMammalianEukaryoticHydrogen bondsMRNAInitiation factorEnzymeInteractionsStructuralAmino acidsGenomeRegulationVivoMoleculesBacteriaModificationsAccelerated by speciCellularAssemblyBindFunctionsElusiveBoundBasesComponentsRoleActivityFormationFoundTemplateModelsActionCells
TRNA9
  • RelA is associated with about every one in two hundred ribosomes and it becomes activated when an uncharged transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule enters the A site of the ribosome, due to the shortage of amino acid required by the tRNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Remarkably, the cross linked BP-PhetRNAPhe was reactive in peptidyl transfer when ribosomes were supplied with in the amino acyl-tRNA as an A-site substrate. (globalscienceresearchjournals.org)
  • If the peptidyltransferase reaction proceeds through the most plausible reaction pathway of direct nucleophilic attack the aminoacyl-tRNA on acyl ester of peptidylt-RNA, and then the 23S rRNA might make a variety of contributions to catalysis, including in the use of intrinsic substrate binding energy and precise substrate positioning. (globalscienceresearchjournals.org)
  • Depending on the organism and availability, mt-tRNA Val or mt-tRNA Phe are incorporated, most likely due to their genomic proximity to mt-rRNA genes and consequent near stoichiometric presence of their transcripts 4 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an adapter molecule that links a specific codon in mRNA with its corresponding amino acid during protein synthesis. (nature.com)
  • Ogle, J. M., Murphy, F. V., Tarry, M. J. & Ramakrishnan, V. Selection of tRNA by the ribosome requires a transition from an open to a closed form. (nature.com)
  • In this study, we demonstrate that exposure to oxidative stress results in a quick repression of translation by deactivation of the aminoacyl-ends of all transfer-RNA (tRNA). (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) enter ribosome-mediated protein biosynthesis in a translationally competent state, which includes post-transcriptional modifications at various positions, including the anticodon loop, and the presence of an intact single-stranded CCA-sequence at the 3′-terminus that is required for amino acid attachment by the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase [7] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • This molecule called tRNA, then called sRNA (soluble RNA). (infinitylearn.com)
Polymerase2
  • When (p)ppGpp associates with the promoter it affects the RNA polymerase enzyme's ability to bind and initiate transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is thought that (p)ppGpp may affect the stability of the open complex formed by RNA polymerase on DNA and therefore affect promoter clearance. (wikipedia.org)
Synthesis6
  • p)ppGpp, guanosine pentaphosphate and tetraphosphate, also known as the "magic spot" nucleotides, are alarmones involved in the stringent response in bacteria that cause the inhibition of RNA synthesis when there is a shortage of amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • These nucleotides were found to accumulate rapidly in Escherichia coli cells starved for amino acids and inhibit synthesis of ribosomal and transfer RNAs. (wikipedia.org)
  • and assembly into subunits that takes place in the nucleolus and includes in the association of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) with ribosomal proteins that are translocated from the site of synthesis in cytoplasm. (globalscienceresearchjournals.org)
  • Here, we give an overview of these results and integrate them with the mechanisms of ribosomal synthesis. (globalscienceresearchjournals.org)
  • iv)Severo Ochoa enzyme (polynucleotide phosphoryiase) was also helpful in polymerising RNA with defined sequences in a template independent manner (enzyme synthesis of RNA). (infinitylearn.com)
  • This process requires a transient intermediary called messenger RNA that carries the genetic information to the cell machinery responsible for protein synthesis. (rodefshalom613.org)
Molecule2
  • Is a RNA molecule thats shape allows it to catalyze a chemical reaction. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • RNA is the only molecule known to recapitulate all biochemical functions of life: definition, control, and transmission of genetic information, creation of defined three-dimensional structures, enzymatic activities, and storage of energy. (rodefshalom613.org)
Mitochondrial7
  • Here, a genome-wide analysis of the human mitochondrial transcriptome shows that 2'- O -methylation is limited to residues of the mitoribosomal large subunit (mtLSU) 16S mt-rRNA, introduced by MRM1, MRM2 and MRM3, with the modifications installed by the latter two proteins being interdependent. (nature.com)
  • Expression of this genome entails several, highly regulated processes, with newly synthesised transcripts being cleaved, chemically modified, polyadenylated and further matured in neighbouring structures known as mitochondrial RNA granules (MRGs). (nature.com)
  • Similar to other systems, the mitochondrial ribosome is composed of a small (mtSSU) and a large (mtLSU) subunit, with their core rRNAs, 12S and 16S mitochondrial (mt-) rRNAs, respectively, surrounded by MRPs (30 for the mtSSU and 52 for the mtLSU). (nature.com)
  • The mammalian mitochondrial ribosome is endowed with a number of specific features. (nature.com)
  • While RNA makes up most of the composition of bacterial and cytosolic eukaryotic ribosomes, mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes present a more elaborate protein shell, which aids coping with the oxidative microenvironment. (nature.com)
  • Almost half of these MRPs are evolutionarily exclusive to mitochondrial ribosomes, some of which were repurposed and accreted during reductive genome evolution 4 , 5 . (nature.com)
  • These results strongly circumscribe the possible mechanisms of PINK1 action in the mitochondrial life cycle and also raise the possibility that mitochondrial turnover events that occur in cultured embryonic axons might be restricted to the cell body in vivo, in the intact nervous system. (sdbonline.org)
Proteins5
  • The individual subunits are transported into the cytoplasm, where they remain separate from each other and are not actively synthesizing proteins. (globalscienceresearchjournals.org)
  • Ribosomes are granules at approximately 25 nm in diameter, composed of rRNA molecules and proteins assembled into two unequal subunits. (globalscienceresearchjournals.org)
  • Furthermore, the transcriptional responses of B5 at different temperature by using rice straw as sole carbon sources were also analyzed, based on which the mechanism of lignocellulose degradation at high temperature was revealed that B5 could resist the heat by up-regulating the heat shock proteins (HSP) and then secrete various Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZymes) to realize energy balance. (researchsquare.com)
  • Overall, this study reveals the impact of cln5 -deficiency on gene expression in D. discoideum , provides insight on the genes and proteins that play a role in regulating Cln5-dependent processes, and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying CLN5 disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • The genetic information of life on Earth have been conserved in natural nucleotides-A, G, C, T(U) forming two exclusive sets of base pairs A-T(U) & G-C, that complementing to the fundamental processes of DNA replication & RNA transcription by several polymerases and translation to functional proteins via ribosomal reactions. (fortuneonline.org)
Ribosomal1
  • The three-dimensional structures of isolated ribosomal subunits and intact ribosome have recently been solved by X-ray crystallography with atomic resolution1-4. (globalscienceresearchjournals.org)
Transcription2
  • The coordinated transcription of the genome is the fundamental mechanism in molecular biology. (mdpi.com)
  • Transcription in eukaryotes is carried out by three main RNA polymerases: Pol I, II, and III. (mdpi.com)
Nucleic1
Macromolecular1
  • While the RNA components of the mitoribosome are mitochondrially-encoded, all MRPs and assembly factors are encoded in the nuclear genome, thus requiring coordination between two genomes for the assembly of these macromolecular complexes. (nature.com)
Mammalian1
  • Here we have identified, by using double luciferase bicistronic vectors, the presence of internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) in the human FGF-1 5' UTRs, particularly in leaders A and C, with distinct activities in mammalian cells. (cnrs.fr)
Eukaryotic1
  • Through this mechanism the eukaryotic cell dynamically represses and reactivates translation at low metabolic costs. (prolekarniky.cz)
Hydrogen bonds1
  • adenine (A) - A nitrogenous base that occurs in DNA and RNA nucleotides and pairs with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA) through two hydrogen bonds. (rcsb.org)
MRNA1
  • Messenger viral RNA (mRNA) is now developed as a vaccine and this technology poses many questions and serious health concerns that have been left unanswered by the vaccine manufacturers. (rodefshalom613.org)
Initiation factor1
  • A key mechanism to repress translation initiation is the phoshorylation of the alpha-subunit of translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) by stress-activated kinases [5] , [6] . (prolekarniky.cz)
Enzyme1
Interactions2
  • ppGpp inhibits IF2-mediated fMet-Phe initiation dipeptide formation, probably by interfering with 30S and 50S subunit interactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • New insights about the evolution, recognition and structural modularity of GNRA and A-minor RNA-RNA interactions are proposed. (cnrs.fr)
Structural1
  • The structural analyses followed and built on electron microscopy analyses of overall structures of the subunits and functional complexes. (globalscienceresearchjournals.org)
Amino acids1
  • The review also outlines the vast applications of UBPs as novel information storage components as well as in creation of semi-synthetic organisms expressing non canonical amino acids, high affinity aptamer generation, PCR based diagnostics and sitespecific labelling of RNAs. (fortuneonline.org)
Genome1
  • Marburg virus (MARV) is a lipid-enveloped virus harboring a negative sense RNA genome, which has caused sporadic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in Sub-Saharan Africa. (uci.edu)
Regulation1
  • If a mutant bacterium is relA− it is said to be relaxed and no regulation of RNA production due to amino acid absence is seen. (wikipedia.org)
Vivo1
  • Mutations in G2447 that were predicted to inhibit the charge-relay mechanism in fact confer resistance to the antibiotic linezolid in vivo , presumably indicating that the ribosomes are functional, and mutation of neither A2451 nor G2447 blocked peptidyl-transferase activity in vitro . (globalscienceresearchjournals.org)
Molecules1
  • But, a permuta tion combination of 4 3 (4x 4×4) would generate 64 codons, generating many more codons than required (ii)Har Gobind Khorana could synthesise RNA molecules with defined combinations of bases (homopolymers and copolymers). (infinitylearn.com)
Bacteria1
Modifications2
  • Many cellular processes, including ribosome biogenesis, are regulated through post-transcriptional RNA modifications. (nature.com)
  • Helm, M. & Alfonzo, J. D. Posttranscriptional RNA modifications: playing metabolic games in a cell's chemical Legoland. (nature.com)
Accelerated by speci1
  • Finally, the reaction could be accelerated by specific chemical contributions from the ribosome, such as metal ion positioning or general acid and/or a general base catalysis. (globalscienceresearchjournals.org)
Cellular1
  • While most of the CLN genes have been studied, the precise cellular mechanisms impacted by CLN gene mutations remain elusive. (frontiersin.org)
Assembly1
  • In its absence, mtLSU particles (visualized by cryo-EM at the resolution of 2.6 Å) present disordered RNA domains, partial occupancy of bL36m and bound MALSU1:L0R8F8:mtACP anti-association module, allowing five mtLSU biogenesis intermediates with different intersubunit interface configurations to be placed along the assembly pathway. (nature.com)
Bind1
  • these form the preinitiation complex, which with RNA poly II bind to and read single stranded DNA gene template. (flashcardmachine.com)
Functions1
  • Suzuki, T. in Fine-Tuning of RNA Functions by Modification and Editing , Vol. 12 (ed. (nature.com)
Elusive1
  • It remains elusive, which alternative mechanisms the cell employs to regulate translation during adverse environmental stress. (prolekarniky.cz)
Bound1
  • This residue was a major site of high-yield photo crosslinking of 3-(4'- benzoylphenyl) propionyl-Phe-tRNAPhe when it was bound to P site. (globalscienceresearchjournals.org)
Bases1
Components1
  • The subunits can be separated by sedimentation coefficients (S) in an ultracentrifuge into larger 60S and smaller 40S components. (globalscienceresearchjournals.org)
Role1
  • The Pink1/parkin pathway plays a role in the quality control mechanism aimed at eliminating defective mitochondria, and the failure of this mechanism results in a reduced lifespan and impaired locomotor ability, among other phenotypes. (sdbonline.org)
Activity1
  • Finally, consistent with the differential expression of genes associated with proteasomal degradation in cln5 - cells, we also observed elevated amounts of a proteasome subunit and reduced proteasome 20S activity during cln5 - growth and starvation. (frontiersin.org)
Formation1
  • The molecular mechanism underlying the formation of these ParB networks is unclear. (elifesciences.org)
Found1
Template1
Models1
  • Despite these recent experiments converging on DNA bridging models to explain the ParB spreading phenomenon, the mechanism underpinning this behaviour remains unresolved. (elifesciences.org)
Action1
  • Until now, there has not been an in-depth investigation into the mechanism of action of urolithins and their benefits following chronic administration. (lsd1receptor.com)
Cells1