To be specific, glucosamine-6-phosphate is synthesized from fructose 6-phosphate and glutamine as the first step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Although cancer cells are frequently faced with a nutrient- and oxygen-poor microenvironment, elevated hexosamine-biosynthesis pathway (HBP) activity and protein O -GlcNAcylation (a nutrient sensor) contribute to rapid growth of tumor and are emerging hallmarks of cancer. (mcw.edu)
Pathway8
Additionally, the unacclimated larvae also adjusted the spliceosome pathway, whereas the heat-acclimated larvae adjusted the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids pathway when encountering heat stress. (biomedcentral.com)
Principal pathway of flavonid biosynthesis and related Myb transcription factors in grape. (scirp.org)
Glucose, glutamine, fatty acids, and amino acids are the primary drivers of tumor growth and act as substrates for the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). (biomedcentral.com)
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and its end product uridine diphosphate N-acetyl glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) are important regulators of cell signaling that favor tumor promotion. (biomedcentral.com)
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway utilizes up to 2-5% of glucose that enters a non-cancer cell and along with glutamine, acetyl-coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) and uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) are used to produce the amino sugar UDP-GlcNAc [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This is then converted to GlcNAc-1P (N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate) by PGM3/AGM1 (phosphoglucomutase) and further to UDP-GlcNAc (uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine) by UAP/AGX1 (UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase), utilizing UTP from the nucleotide metabolism pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
He is director of research at CNRS and, since 2001, is the head of the Laboratory of Bacterial Envelopes and Antibiotics which, for more than 30 years, has been studying the biochemistry, genetics and physiology of the bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway as a whole. (degruyter.com)
His main research interests concern the identification of genes and enzymes involved in this pathway, the regulation of this metabolism, the mode of action of antibiotics and bacteriocins interfering with this pathway and the corresponding resistance mechanisms, as well as the molecular bases for the recognition of bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan by host innate immunity mechanisms. (degruyter.com)
Genes7
Although the heat-acclimated and unacclimated larvae upregulated expression of heat shock protein genes under heat stress including HSP70 , HSP27 and CRYAB , their biosynthesis, metabolism and detoxification-related genes expressed differentially. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecular mechanisms involved in N. meningitidis capsule biosynthesis have also been identified, and genes involved in this process and in cell surface translocation are clustered at a single chromosomal locus termed cps . (cdc.gov)
Genes in region A encode enzymes for biosynthesis of the capsular polysaccharide, and genes in regions B and C are implicated in the translocation of the high molecular weight polysaccharides to the cell surface. (cdc.gov)
Serogroup-specific capsule biosynthesis genes located in region A have been published for serogroup X, and nucleotide sequences for serogroups E, L, and Z have been submitted to GenBank (accession nos. (cdc.gov)
In order to enhance berry coloration of bright-red grape cultivars, the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) treatment on the quantity and composition of anthocyanins as well as the expression of genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis in the berry were examined. (scirp.org)
Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ABA treatment around véraison resulted in the upregulation of genes encoding enzymes responsible for both general flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis. (scirp.org)
The deduced amino acid sequences of these ORFs showed a high degree of homology to the deduced amino acid sequences of the rfbC, rfbD, rfbA, and rfbB genes of Salmonella typhimurium LT2, which have been shown to encode a set of enzymes responsible for conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to dTDP-rhamnose. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Novo2
So, one could ask how do plants manage that many SAR signals and how are these connected and perceived in the systemic tissue to further activate gene expression and de novo salicylic acid biosynthesis. (plantae.org)
Mechanistically, metabolic reprogramming in PCK1-loss hepatoma cells led to oxaloacetate accumulation and increased de novo uridine triphosphate synthesis contributing to uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) biosynthesis. (mcw.edu)
Synthesis1
Like most enzymes of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, MurD constitutes an attractive target for the design and synthesis of new antibacterial agents. (degruyter.com)
Fructose1
Glucose enters the cell and undergoes two-step conversion to fructose-6P (fructose-6-phosphate), after which approximately 95% of it proceeds to glycolysis and 3-5% of it is converted to glucosamine-6P (glucosamine-6-phosphate) by the enzyme GFAT (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase), utilizing glutamine that enters the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
Yeast2
An improved method for the isolation of some nucleoside diphosphate sugar from yeast. (neglectedscience.com)
2. Maxwell, E.S. and de Robichon-Szulmajster, H. Purification of uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase from yeast and the identification of protein-bound diphosphopyridine nucleotide. (qmul.ac.uk)
Metabolism4
Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine or UDP-GlcNAc is a nucleotide sugar and a coenzyme in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
The DEGs between heat-acclimated and unacclimated larvae after heat shock were enriched in the biosynthesis and metabolism pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Otto Warburg noticed that cancer cells utilize far more glucose than normal cells and reprogram their metabolism largely to glycolysis even in oxygen-rich conditions [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We first review the basics of microglial metabolism and the effects of common metabolites, such as glucose, lipids, ketone bodies, glutamine, pyruvate and lactate, on microglial inflammatory and phagocytic properties. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycoproteins2
The HBP culminates in the production of an amino sugar uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) that, along with other charged nucleotide sugars, serves as the basis for biosynthesis of glycoproteins and other glycoconjugates. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, glycoproteins with the Tn antigen have different subcellular distributions in different cells, which may be attributed to the distinct mechanisms for the formation of protein O-GalNAcylation. (mcw.edu)
Metabolites1
Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-sugars are important metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and may be important signaling molecules. (bvsalud.org)
Interconversion1
UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (UGE) catalyzes the interconversion between UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal, whose biological function in rice (Oryza sativa) fertility is poorly understood. (bvsalud.org)
Derivatives1
2',3'-O-Carbonyl derivatives of uridine and 6-azauridine. (cas.cz)
Structural2
In this review, we discuss the key differences in the structural features of xylans across diverse plant species, how these features affect their interactions with cellulose and lignin, and recent developments in understanding their biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
For more than 30 years, his main research interests have been the functional and structural study of the enzymes of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, the determination of the structure of peptidoglycan from certain bacterial species, and the search for peptidoglycan biosynthesis inhibitors that could act as antibacterial agents. (degruyter.com)
Molecular mechanism4
In thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines, low critical sterility-inducing temperature (CSIT) is vital to safeguard the production of two-line hybrid seeds in rice (Oryza sativa), but the molecular mechanism determining CSIT is unclear. (bvsalud.org)
These results are helpful to understand the molecular mechanism underlying heat acclimation of insects. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the molecular mechanism by which C. sinensis juvenile initially infects the host remains poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
riok3 was initially characterized as a homolog of aspergillus nidulans sudd and showed down-regulation at the invasive front of malignant melanomas, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Isolation1
Therefore, there is a need to advance more in the knowledge about the conditions of production, isolation, and action mechanisms of EV. (frontiersin.org)
Glutamine1
Cell growth is primarily supported by growth factor-driven glucose and glutamine intake, which form building blocks for biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Insights1
Taken together, our findings reveal a regulatory mechanism of CSIT, providing new insights into RQC and potential targets for future two-line hybrid breeding. (bvsalud.org)
Reaction1
In the present review, we will deal with work performed on substrate specificity, reaction mechanism and 3D structure of E. coli MurD. (degruyter.com)
Role3
The authors identified the occurrence of glucose conjugates of MeSA and presented evidence for a key role of one particular uridine diphosphate- glycosyltransferase (UGT) in modulating SAR in Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ). (plantae.org)
In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms according to which T2D induces cellular senescence and the role of type 2 diabetes-induced cellular senescence in the pathogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer. (frontiersin.org)
However, little is known about the potential role of PCK1 in enhanced HBP activity and HCC carcinogenesis under glucose-limited conditions. (mcw.edu)
Cell2
For more than 15 years he has been involved in discovery of inhibitors of bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis as potential antibacterial agents. (degruyter.com)
knowledge of the mechanisms underlying cell wall biosynthesis in aspergillus spp. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Formation1
Reversible glucose conjugation of salicylic acid aids its storage and formation of methyl ester salicylic acid (MeSA) facilitates long-distance transport and systemic communication (Park et al. (plantae.org)
Product1
Glucose transfer from doliochol monophosphate glucose: the product formed with endogenous microsomal acceptor. (neglectedscience.com)
Conditions1
In this study, PCK1 knockout markedly enhanced the global O -GlcNAcylation levels under low-glucose conditions. (mcw.edu)
In mammals, there is enrichment of OGT transcripts in the pancreas beta-cells, and UDP-GlcNAc is thought to be part of the glucose sensing mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
Enhance1
Addressing these questions will enhance our understanding of the mechanisms to achieve SAR. (plantae.org)
Early1
2-Hydroxybutyrate is an early marker for both insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation that appears to arise due to increased lipid oxidation and oxidative stress (PMID: 20526369). (pathbank.org)