Mean chromosomes take extrachromosomal inheritance. Medical search. Frequent questions

In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids, whereas, in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. (wikipedia.org)
Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 to a few hundred kilobase (kb) segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
There are a few prokaryotes, bacteria for instance, and a few eukaryotes that have extrachromosomal DNA called plasmids. (mometrix.com)
Plasmids are extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and other organisms, that differ significantly from genomic DNA in both form and function. (keydifference.info)
However, it appears that this inheritance is extremely unstable on the evolutionary scale such that the repertoires of unique psiRNAs are completely replaced even in closely related prokaryotes, presumably, in response to rapidly changing repertoires of dominant phages and plasmids. (biomedcentral.com)
Plasmids are one of the primary sources for extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria and are capable of self-transmission. (frontiersin.org)
Plasmids are typically circular (but also less commonly linear) double-stranded DNA molecules that are able to independently control their multiplication and stable inheritance from generation to generation in their bacterial h osts (2) . (resistancecontrol.info)
Although all plasmids basically function in similar ways, what makes targeting plasmids difficult is that the genes and proteins they need for multiplication and stable inheritance are highly diverse making it unlikely to find a single compound that will block them all. (resistancecontrol.info)

Extrachromosomal DNA (abbreviated ecDNA) is any DNA that is found off the chromosomes, either inside or outside the nucleus of a cell. (wikipedia.org)
Although extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is found in normal eukaryotic cells, extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a distinct entity that has been identified in the nuclei of cancer cells and has been shown to carry many copies of driver oncogenes. (wikipedia.org)
We used the resulting dataset to show that somatic driver alterations including single-nucleotide variants, focal DNA alterations and oncogene amplification on extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) elements were in majority propagated from tumor to model systems. (amsterdamumc.org)
Some of the DNA in cancer cells may be found in circular structures, rings of extrachromosomal DNA, or ecDNA, that may unloose all manner of mayhem. (genengnews.com)
Quantitative assessment of the chromatin state reveals that although ecDNA is packaged into chromatin with intact domain structure, it lacks higher-order compaction that is typical of chromosomes and displays significantly enhanced chromatin accessibility," the article's authors wrote. (genengnews.com)

NcRNAs such as those involved in RNA interference can be independently inherited, and can also direct chromatin modification and DNA methylation see [7, 8] RNA Inheritance of Acquired Characters , and Nucleic Acid Invaders from Food Confirmed , SiS 63). (i-sis.org.uk)
Cytosine modifications directly affect the positioning of nucleosomes (the first level of chromatin organization into chromosome involving the DNA chain wound around a core of 8 histone proteins), and recruit chromatin-modifying complexes that modify histones. (i-sis.org.uk)
Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)

Rather than passing DNA to subsequent generations by dividing into genetically identical daughter cells-a process called mitosis, involving paired chromosomes that divide and used by all eukaryotes-cancer cells propagate somewhat like bacterial cells. (genengnews.com)
Genomic DNA is essential to human development, inheritance, and gene regulation while plasmid DNA - while not found naturally within humans - may play an essential role in antibiotic resistance as well as genetic engineering and bacterial adaptation. (keydifference.info)
The functioning of this system seems to involve integration of fragments of foreign genes into archaeal and bacterial chromosomes yielding heritable immunity to the respective agents. (biomedcentral.com)

Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes contained in the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to DNA found outside the nucleus in cells, infection by viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane-bound nucleus like eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. (wikipedia.org)
Inside of eukaryotes, you can locate the chromosomes inside the nucleus. (mometrix.com)
In this scanning electron micrograph of inside the nucleus of a cancer cell, chromosomes are indicated by blue arrows and circular extrachromosomal DNA are indicated by orange arrows. (genengnews.com)
Human DNA typically forms long, twisting double helices of genetic material: roughly three billion base pairs organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes miraculously squeezed into every cell nucleus, each averaging just six micrometers in diameter. (genengnews.com)
Genes in the chromosomes have undoubtedly been proved to be responsible for the transmission of the various hereditary characters which in turn are located in the nucleus. (biologydiscussion.com)
But in recent years there have been found some evidences which suggest that inheritance of characters occur by some self-perpetuating or replicating bodies like plastids and mitochondria which possess their own equipment for synthesizing for DNA and proteins present in the cytoplasm and not in the chromosomes present in the nucleus. (biologydiscussion.com)

Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research into replication because it is easy to identify and isolate. (wikipedia.org)
This is often referred to as semiconservative replication, and it is key to the stable inheritance of genetic traits. (mometrix.com)
all genes associated with this syndrome (ie, DKC1 , TERT, TERC, NOP10 ) encode proteins in the telomerase complex responsible for maintaining telomeres at the ends of chromosomes regarding shortening length, protection, and replication. (medscape.com)
Rifl is essential for establishing the correct replication timing program and is likely to have critical roles in chromosome reorganization during differentiation. (grantome.com)
In the presence of functional DNA replication, RTEL1 mutations produce a large amount of extrachromosomal T-circles. (medscape.com)

1. Describe the structure, function and evolution of eukaryotic chromosomes, and identify the factors governing chromosome stability and driving karyotype diversity. (aber.ac.uk)
This module explores how chromosomes have evolved to be proficient vehicles of inheritance, and how differences and changes in chromosome number and structure have important implications for speciation and the fitness of eukaryotic organisms. (aber.ac.uk)

Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
Ability to discern the central role of the chromosome in the genetics and evolution of eukaryotes. (aber.ac.uk)

It also shows how chromosomes provide the environment for the expression and recombination of genes, and how chromosomes underpin sex determination and the evolution of breeding systems. (aber.ac.uk)

Advances of our knowledge of heredity, however, left no doubt that genes in the chromosomes account for the specific transmission of most of the individual, racial and other characters. (biologydiscussion.com)
In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)

As each chromosome contains a single centromere, it remains unclear how acentric fragments derived from shattered chromosomes are inherited between daughter cells during mitosis 6 . (nature.com)
Here we tracked micronucleated chromosomes with live-cell imaging and show that acentric fragments cluster in close spatial proximity throughout mitosis for asymmetric inheritance by a single daughter cell. (nature.com)
Here we show that pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei spatially cluster throughout mitosis and identify the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex as an essential regulator of this process. (nature.com)
All chromosomes normally appear as an amorphous blob under the microscope and only take on a well-defined shape during mitosis. (iiab.me)
It is entirely coincidental that the Y chromosome, during mitosis, has two very short branches which can look merged under the microscope and appear as the descender of a Y-shape. (iiab.me)

In 1952, Joshua Lederberg coined the term plasmid, in reference to any extrachromosomal heritable determinant. (addgene.org)
By the 1970s the combined discoveries of restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, and gel electrophoresis allowed for the ability to move specific fragments of DNA from one context to another, such as from a chromosome to a plasmid. (addgene.org)
The set of genes for multiplication, stable inheritance and transfer are called the plasmid backbone or core. (resistancecontrol.info)

In several instances, ecDNAs and chromosomal alterations demonstrated divergent inheritance patterns and clonal selection dynamics during cell culture and xenografting. (amsterdamumc.org)
Our analysis shows that extrachromosomal elements allow rapid increase of genomic heterogeneity during GBM evolution, independently of chromosomal DNA alterations. (amsterdamumc.org)

Extrachromosomal DNA in the cytoplasm has been found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. (wikipedia.org)
In prokaryotes, all the DNA is a single round-shaped chromosome in the cytoplasm. (mometrix.com)
The total self reproducing hereditary material of cytoplasm is termed as Plasmon like the genome (which refers to the total gene complement of an haploid set of chromosomes) of chromosomes and such units of cytoplasmic hereditary material are called cytoplasmic genes or plasma-genes or Plasmon's. (biologydiscussion.com)
While considering various examples of cytoplasmic inheritance it has been assumed that the cytoplasm in the sperm cell is present in very minute quantity and mostly it is in larger quantity in the egg. (biologydiscussion.com)
Having got it through the cytoplasm, it may be cited as an example of cytoplasmic inheritance. (biologydiscussion.com)

Genetics, an essential part of the study of evolution, looks at the inheritance of characteristics by children from their parents. (britannica.com)
linkage group, in genetics, all of the genes on a single chromosome. (britannica.com)

Professor Elizabeth Blackburn won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009, jointly with professor Carol Greider and professor Jack Szostak, for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase. (frontiersin.org)

A second focus of this project will be to understand the role of Rifl in chromosome organization and cell fate decisions. (grantome.com)
Project 3 will look at how 'insulators'control chromosome organization during the cell cycle and then will investigate mechanisms by which topological domains are formed in pluripotent cells. (grantome.com)

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
The X and Y chromosomes are thought to have evolved from a pair of identical chromosomes, [11] [12] termed autosomes, when an ancestral animal developed an allelic variation, a so-called "sex locus" - simply possessing this allele caused the organism to be male. (iiab.me)

[5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)

That was the beginning of the epigenetic revolution [1] ( Epigenetic Inheritance - What Genes Remember , SiS 41). (i-sis.org.uk)
though major model organisms such as worms and flies have perfectly functional epigenetic inheritance despite lacking cytosine methylation. (i-sis.org.uk)
The overarching theme of this Program will be to define how the cell cycle coordinates epigenetic events and chromosome remodeling and how this impacts on pluripotency and cell fate decisions. (grantome.com)
Project 1 will define how epigenetic regulation and chromosome architecture are subject to cell cycle control at developmentally-regulated genes. (grantome.com)

The maintenance of a single centromere per chromosome is critical for establishing bipolar microtubule attachments to the mitotic spindle and achieving high-fidelity genome segregation 17 . (nature.com)
The human genome contains approximately 3.2 billion base pairs, distributed among 22 paired chromosomes, plus two X chromosomes in females and one X and one Y chromosome in males. (cilecenter.org)
With a 30% difference between humans and chimpanzees, the Y chromosome is one of the fastest-evolving parts of the human genome . (iiab.me)

Extrachromosomal DNA provides great impact in the evolution of bacteria in adapting to their surroundings. (frontiersin.org)

These characteristics show a limited form of variations, which are genetically determined by inheritance factors. (tnboardsolutions.com)

Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

Mitotic clustering facilitates the reassembly of acentric fragments into rearranged chromosomes lacking the extensive DNA copy-number losses that are characteristic of canonical chromothripsis. (nature.com)
The stochastic inheritance of chromosome fragments by both newly formed daughter cells could in part contribute to the alternating DNA copy-number states that are characteristic of chromothripsis 2 . (nature.com)
However, most fragments derived from pulverized chromosomes are acentric and cannot directly bind to spindle microtubules 14 . (nature.com)
Mitotic clustering drives the unequal inheritance of acentric fragments by a single daughter cell, providing an explanation for the origins of distinct patterns of chromothripsis found across diverse cancer types and congenital disorders. (nature.com)

The DNA in the human Y chromosome is composed of about 59 million base pairs. (iiab.me)

Both of these geneticists studied the inheritance of variegation in the respective plant species. (biologydiscussion.com)
Y is normally the sex-determining chromosome in many species, since it is the presence or absence of Y that typically determines the male or female sex of offspring produced in sexual reproduction . (iiab.me)

2. Outline the nature and effects on the phenotype of numerical and structural changes of chromosomes. (aber.ac.uk)
The nature of numerical and structural chromosome change and its relationship to fertility and aetiology of human genetic disorders. (aber.ac.uk)

Autosomal recessive is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. (genome.gov)

This variation is otherwise called qualitative inheritance. (tnboardsolutions.com)
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Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila. (esp.org)

Autosomal dominant is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. (genome.gov)

Over the next 100 years, many significant discoveries lead to the conclusions that genes encode proteins and reside on chromosomes, which are composed of DNA. (addgene.org)

Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
A child of a person affected by an autosomal dominant condition has a 50% chance of being affected by that condition via inheritance of a dominant allele. (genome.gov)
[ 6 ] Both an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and de novo occurrence have been associated with TINF2 mutations. (medscape.com)

Thus, distinct patterns of chromothripsis can be explained by the spatial clustering of pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei. (nature.com)
These studies implicate a potential mechanism suppressing the loss of genetic material after chromosome pulverization, although how distinct patterns of rearrangements arise in cancer and germline disorders remains unclear. (nature.com)

Chromosomes carry genes with great precision and fidelity between cell cycles, and from one generation to the next. (aber.ac.uk)

Within a cell, DNA ordered into dense protein-DNA complexes are called chromosomes. (mometrix.com)

In 1985, along with her student Carol Greider, Prof. Blackburn identified the enzyme responsible for adding telomeric ends to linear chromosomes, which was later named telomerase. (frontiersin.org)

Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)

its arrangement determines chromosome arrangement. (keydifference.info)
She realized that the previous idea of Clarence Erwin McClung, that the X chromosome determines sex, was wrong and that sex determination is, in fact, due to the presence or absence of the Y chromosome. (iiab.me)

Drivers and models of chromosome evolution, sex determination and breeding systems, extrachromosomal inheritance and epigenetics. (aber.ac.uk)

Aneuploidy is an abnormality in the number of chromosomes in a cell due to loss or duplication. (genome.gov)
In humans, aneuploidy would be any number of chromosomes other than the usual 46. (genome.gov)
[7] All Y-linked genes are expressed and (apart from duplicated genes) hemizygous (present on only one chromosome) except in the cases of aneuploidy such as XYY syndrome or XXYY syndrome . (iiab.me)

In these features, extra-nuclear inheritance contrasts sharply from nuclear inheritance. (biologydiscussion.com)

[18] This re-estimation of the age of the therian XY system is based on the finding that sequences that are on the X chromosomes of marsupials and eutherian mammals are present on the autosomes of platypus and birds. (iiab.me)

ecDNAs lack centromeres, and are consequently subject to random inheritance during cell division, driving intratumoral genetic heterogeneity 6 . (nature.com)

It is a distinctly different process of inheritance which allows for more rapid evolution and genetic change. (genengnews.com)

Recent Experiments on the Inheritance of Coat Colors in Mice The American Naturalist 43: 494-510. (esp.org)

Males have one Y chromosome and one X chromosome , while females have two X chromosomes. (iiab.me)
Over time, genes that were beneficial for males and harmful to (or had no effect on) females either developed on the Y chromosome or were acquired through the process of translocation . (iiab.me)

The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes ( allosomes ) in mammals, including humans , and many other animals. (iiab.me)
The Y chromosomes of humans and other mammals also contain other genes needed for normal sperm production. (iiab.me)

Multiple forms of extrachromosomal DNA exist, and, while some of these serve important biological functions, they can also play a role in diseases such as cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Discerning the central role of chromosomes in governing the phenotype is an important skill in terms of pursuing a career in clinical and biomedical science. (aber.ac.uk)
[1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)

[4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy56

Organisms14

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs31

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes150

Information Science4

Health Care1

Plasmids9

EcDNA5

Chromatin3

Bacterial3

Nucleus8

Replication5

Eukaryotic2

Eukaryotes2

Recombination1

Heredity2

Mitosis5

Plasmid3

Chromosomal2

Cytoplasm5

Genetics2

Telomeres1

Organization2

Organism2

Compaction1

Epigenetic4

Genome3

Bacteria1

Genetically1

Structures1

Fragments4

Base pairs1

Species2

Numerical2

Recessive1

Variation4

Drosophila1

Genetic disorders1

Proteins1

Autosomal3

Patterns2

Fidelity1

Complexes1

Telomerase1

Independently1

Determines2

Determination1

Aneuploidy3

Nuclear1

Sequences1

Heterogeneity1

Evolution1

Experiments1

Females2

Humans2

Role3

Copies1