Mathematical physicist quantum machine physicist factor. Medical search. Frequent questions

Polish mathematical physicist Roman Stanisław Ingarden published the paper "Quantum Information Theory" in Reports on Mathematical Physics, vol. 10, 43-72, 1976 (The paper was submitted in 1975). (wikipedia.org)
At the First Conference on the Physics of Computation, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in May, Paul Benioff and Richard Feynman gave talks on quantum computing. (wikipedia.org)
Bikas K. Chakrabarti & collaborators from Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India, proposed that quantum fluctuations could help explore rugged energy landscapes by escaping from local minima of glassy systems having tall but thin barriers by tunneling (instead of climbing over using thermal excitations), suggesting the effectiveness of quantum annealing over classical simulated annealing. (wikipedia.org)
He moved to Australia in 1990, initially as Professor of Mathematical Physics at The University of Adelaide. (edge.org)
This view was later complicated by the weirdness of quantum mechanics, but the Bohr model endures as a valuable introduction to atomic physics to this day. (worldsciencefestival.com)
He had decided to sit in on a class by physics professor Peter Freund, who, with a zeal "bordering on rapture," led students through mathematical theories of symmetry and ways in which these theories can predict behaviors in the physical world. (scitechdaily.com)
In his new book, he distills scientists' collective understanding of the physical world into 10 broad philosophical themes, using the fundamental theories of physics, from cosmology to quantum mechanics, to reframe ideas of space, time, and our place in the universe. (scitechdaily.com)
People out of the loop who wish to have access to the papers could try the compilation from Springer-Verlag assembled by Bouwmeester, Artur Ekert and Anton Zeilinger ( The Physics of Quantum Information, 3-540-66778-4), which at the time of writing I have not seen. (accu.org)
Quantum theory is the theoretical basis of modern physics that explains the nature and behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic level. (techtarget.com)
The nature and behavior of matter and energy at that level is sometimes referred to as quantum physics and quantum mechanics. (techtarget.com)
Planck won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his theory in 1918, but developments by various scientists over a thirty-year period all contributed to the modern understanding of quantum theory. (techtarget.com)
The fact is, Tesla was also a physicist who studied in college such courses as analytic geometry, experimental physics and higher mathematics. (newdawnmagazine.com)
Gamow, one of the founding fathers of quantum physics, tells us that in the mid-1920's, Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck discovered not only that electrons were orthorotating, but also that they were spinning at 1.37 times the speed of light. (newdawnmagazine.com)
Gamow makes it clear that this discovery did not violate anything in quantum physics, what it violated was Einstein's principle that nothing could travel faster than the speed of light. (newdawnmagazine.com)
In 1901, when the first Nobel Prizes were awarded, the classical areas of physics seemed to rest on a firm basis built by great 19th century physicists and chemists. (nobelprize.org)
But it does not matter whether you believe (or even understand) my arguments, you only have to look at the data to see that particle physicists' predictions for physics beyond the standard model have, in fact, not worked for more than 30 years. (blogspot.com)
The only reliable prediction we currently have for physics beyond the standard model is that we should eventually see effects of quantum gravity. (blogspot.com)
Your critics on this blog seem to feel strongly that your proof is not stated carefully enough in mathematical and physical terms to elicit a disproof from the physics community, and that is why the latter has not been forthcoming. (lifeboat.com)
The change stems from the discoveries of quantum physics, where the traditional idea of a material substance is replaced, and concepts of space, time and cause-and-effect are radically transformed. (hunterhastings.com)
The same Newtonian mechanistic and mathematical approach that was applied in physics has been adopted in economics. (hunterhastings.com)
Physicist Richard Feynman captured the difference in a well-turned phrase: "Imagine how much harder physics would be if electrons had feelings. (hunterhastings.com)
In 1900, the British physicist Lord Kelvin is said to have pronounced: "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. (livescience.com)
While pursuing your degree in physics, you'll have direct access to outstanding academic facilities, such as an optics research lab, the Materials Science and Engineering Center, an electron microscopy lab, an electronics lab, a machine shop and the Hobbs Observatory. (uwec.edu)
not that the equations of quantum physics are exactly at the tip of my tongue, but still. (fieldofscience.com)
The performance of a computing centre depends primarily on how much heat can be dissipated," says Renato Renner, Professor for Theoretical Physics and head of the research group for Quantum Information Theory. (phys.org)
Marvel comics, quantum physics, and the secrets of the cosmos. (claremontreviewofbooks.com)
Quantum mechanics transformed physics twice over, initially by introducing the probabilistic wave-form distribution as a fundamendal unit, and secondly by occasionally reversing the arrow of time in causality. (digitizingbiology.com)
As a field, physicists and philosophers of physics have spent decades debating what is causal vs what is merely associative. (digitizingbiology.com)

R. P. Poplavskii published "Thermodynamical models of information processing" (in Russian) which showed the computational infeasibility of simulating quantum systems on classical computers, due to the superposition principle. (wikipedia.org)
Not to worry, as sections familiar to the reader (e.g. what a Turing machine is for programmers, or the properties of a superposition of states for quantum physicists) can be skipped to reach intriguing material. (accu.org)
Since we do not know, the cat is both dead and alive, according to quantum law - in a superposition of states. (techtarget.com)
Qubit coherence refers to the time span over which quantum superposition and entanglement can be maintained. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)
One of the most mystifying principles underpinning quantum computing is superposition - the phenomenon where qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)
Superposition enables phenomena like quantum parallelism, allowing quantum computers to evaluate millions of permutations in parallel. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)
Programming algorithms to leverage superposition is key to harnessing quantum speedups. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)
Mathematical physicist Dr. Roger Colbeck developed techniques for visualizing superposition known as Qplexes to help programmers model superposed qubit states. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)
With Qplex mapping, programmers can trace how input values will propagate through quantum circuitry in superposition. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)
Researchers believe programming techniques leveraging superposition will become vital as quantum computers grow more powerful. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)
Already, hybrid quantum-classical algorithms like variational quantum eigensolvers demonstrate the benefits of encoding optimization problems in superposition. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)
By exploiting phenomena like entanglement, interference and tunneling, superposition-based quantum algorithms can find high quality solutions using resources exponential times fewer than classical methods. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)
This phenomenon is a huge problem when constructing quantum computers, because it prevents quantum mechanical superposition states from being maintained long enough to be used for computing operations. (phys.org)

It is one of the first attempts at creating a quantum information theory, showing that Shannon information theory cannot directly be generalized to the quantum case, but rather that it is possible to construct a quantum information theory, which is a generalization of Shannon's theory, within the formalism of a generalized quantum mechanics of open systems and a generalized concept of observables (the so-called semi-observables). (wikipedia.org)
In this work, Benioff showed that a computer could operate under the laws of quantum mechanics by describing a Schrödinger equation description of Turing machines, laying a foundation for further work in quantum computing. (wikipedia.org)
Benioff's built on his earlier 1980 work showing that a computer can operate under the laws of quantum mechanics. (wikipedia.org)
He is also justly famous for his extreme displeasure with the probabilistic underpinnings of quantum mechanics. (infinite-energy.com)
Within three decades, quantum mechanics and Einstein's theory of relativity had revolutionized the field. (livescience.com)
At the same time, the laws of quantum mechanics dictate that there are only a finite number of possible particle configurations within each cosmic patch (10^10^122 distinct possibilities). (livescience.com)
One scene in Dark World briefly features a blackboard on which the astrophysicist Erik Selvig (Stellan Skarsgård) has scribbled a mess of equations and diagrams, some fictional and some referring to real discoveries in quantum mechanics. (claremontreviewofbooks.com)
I can step up to the plate and tell you why we observe light quanta, why quantum mechanics is not spooky after all, and why this means teleportation is pseudoscience. (scienceforums.net)
Quantum mechanics evolved during the early years of the twentieth century in response to the black body problem' date=' where the energy distribution of light from a cavity oven was charted as a hump rather than increasing continuously with frequency. (scienceforums.net)
Next came Heisenberg and Born with matrix mechanics in 1925, a purely mathematical approach which gave no picture of the underlying phenomena. (scienceforums.net)

Theoretical physicist Paul Davies writes that, when looking at the overall structure of the universe, "the impression of design is overwhelming" (1988, p. 203). (infidels.org)
Here is an answer, based on an interview with Paul Davies , a theoretical physicist and cosmologist at Arizona State University and Director of BEYOND: Centre for Fundamental Concepts in Science . (maths.org)

Niels Bohr proposed the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory, which asserts that a particle is whatever it is measured to be (for example, a wave or a particle), but that it cannot be assumed to have specific properties, or even to exist, until it is measured. (techtarget.com)

In 1900, physicist Max Planck presented his quantum theory to the German Physical Society. (techtarget.com)
In 1900, Planck made the assumption that energy was made of individual units, or quanta. (techtarget.com)

A new study shows that quantum technology will catch up with today's encryption standards much sooner than expected. (technologyreview.com)
That's significantly more than the 70 qubits in today's state-of-the-art quantum computers . (technologyreview.com)
Organizations in several countries have devoted significant resources to the development of quantum computing , which uses quantum theory to drastically improve computing capabilities beyond what is possible using today's classical computers. (techtarget.com)

Since the late 1960s, when physicists hit on the "particle zoo" at nuclear energies, they always had a good reason to build a larger collider. (blogspot.com)
The Higgs was the last good prediction that particle physicists had. (blogspot.com)
Fact is, particle physicists have predicted dark matter particles since the mid-1980s. (blogspot.com)
Fact is, particle physicists predicted grand unified theories starting also in the 1980s. (blogspot.com)
Particle physicists had a good case to build the LHC with the prediction of the Higgs-boson. (blogspot.com)

Paul Benioff described the first quantum mechanical model of a computer. (wikipedia.org)
Paul Benioff further developed his original model of a quantum mechanical Turing machine. (wikipedia.org)
A quantum mechanical former life may not be essential but (former) exposure to vectors (as in matrices, you at the back stop reaching for C++ vector) would be advised. (accu.org)
It has reached a stage where fundamental 'things' are described by quantum mechanical wavefunctions - mathematical entities that may or may not physically exist. (philosophynow.org)
Atomic constraints such as the quantum-mechanical bonding of water molecules allow snow crystals to self-organize into spectacular forms, producing order from disorder. (informationphilosopher.com)

The college course on mathematical symmetry was an early instance. (scitechdaily.com)

The old worldview was Newton's: that the universe was a machine, its motion and planetary interactions governed by unbreakable mathematical laws. (hunterhastings.com)

Tables serve a vital role in preliminary surveys of problems before programming for machine operation, and they are indispensable to thousands of engineers and scientists without access to machines. (doverpublications.com)
Designed to include a maximum of information and to meet the needs of scientists in all fields, it is a monumental piece of work, a comprehensive and self-contained summary of the mathematical functions that arise in physical and engineering problems. (doverpublications.com)
If TNT wasn't big enough, if machine guns weren't big enough, if poison gas wasn't big enough, how certain can the scientists be in their conviction that the atomic bomb will be the capstone on death and destruction? (worldsciencefestival.com)
So computer scientists have attempted to calculate the resources such a quantum computer might need and then work out how long it will be until such a machine can be built. (technologyreview.com)
Indeed, computer scientists consider it practically impossible for a classical computer to factor numbers that are longer than 2048 bits, which is the basis of the most commonly used form of RSA encryption. (technologyreview.com)
Get back into programming and data - I've spent two years leading teams of Software Engineers, Machine Learning Engineers, and Data Scientists. (digitizingbiology.com)
The dream of explaining and predicting everything from a few simple rules has long captured the imagination of many scientists, particularly physicists. (scienceandnonduality.com)

As well as a physical object, examples of which surround you everywhere you go, a thing can be an idea, a concept, a mathematical equation, or a tune in your head. (philosophynow.org)
Planck wrote a mathematical equation involving a figure to represent these individual units of energy, which he called quanta . (techtarget.com)

The quantum equivalent in economics and business is the growing recognition that numbers and equations and top-down command and control management have no place in a system composed of human factors not machine parts. (hunterhastings.com)

To understand ourselves and our place in the universe, "we should have humility but also self-respect," the physicist writes in a new book. (scitechdaily.com)
His grandson had been born as Wilczek was laying out the structure for his book, and in the preface, the physicist writes that he watched as the baby began building up a model of the world, based on his observations and interactions with the environment, "with insatiable curiosity and few preconceptions. (scitechdaily.com)

His research has ranged from the origin of the universe to the origin of life, and includes the properties of black holes, the nature of time and quantum field theory. (edge.org)
What is quantum theory? (techtarget.com)
The existence of these units became the first assumption of quantum theory. (techtarget.com)
Planck assumed there was a theory yet to emerge from the discovery of quanta, but, in fact, their very existence implied a completely new and fundamental understanding of the laws of nature. (techtarget.com)
The two major interpretations of quantum theory's implications for the nature of reality are the Copenhagen interpretation and the many-worlds theory. (techtarget.com)
The second interpretation of quantum theory is the many-worlds (or multiverse theory. (techtarget.com)
Also, you seem to make a lot of confusion between the reasons behind a given theory (which may very well be not sound, flawed, you name it) and the actual mathematical content of the theory. (blogspot.com)
Well, that's just wrong, unless you want to claim that the theories themself (which, I'd like to remember, are simply extensions of the same quantum field theories that work in the Standard Model, not esoteric math stuff like string theory or quantum loop gravity) are flawed and not mathematically sound. (blogspot.com)
Quantum theory and relativity theory forced the world to change its worldview. (hunterhastings.com)
The connection between the two theories is hinted at by a formal curiosity: information theory uses a mathematical term that formally resembles the definition of entropy in thermodynamics. (phys.org)
The mathematical sciences have consistently been making major advances in both fundamental theory and high-impact applications, and recent decades have seen tremendous innovation and productivity. (nationalacademies.org)

Their approach uses atoms and photons and is the progenitor of modern quantum computing and networking protocols using photons to transmit qubits and atoms to perform two-qubit operations. (wikipedia.org)
In 2015, researchers estimated that a quantum computer would need a billion qubits to do the job reliably. (technologyreview.com)
Now Gidney and Ekerå have shown how a quantum computer could do the calculation with just 20 million qubits. (technologyreview.com)
As a result], the worst case estimate of how many qubits will be needed to factor 2048 bit RSA integers has dropped nearly two orders of magnitude," they say. (technologyreview.com)
It is known that qubits, which will be used by future quantum computers to perform calculations, must work close to the thermodynamic optimum to delay decoherence," says Renner. (phys.org)

Ultimate Zero and One , Colin P. William's and Scott H. Clearwater's second QIP book (their first being Explorations in Quantum Computing , Springer-Telos, 1998, 0 3879 4768 X) is typically an ideal comprehensive first book. (accu.org)

Just as a Universal Turing machine can simulate any other Turing machine efficiently (Church-Turing thesis), so the universal quantum computer is able to simulate any other quantum computer with at most a polynomial slowdown. (wikipedia.org)

Cryptographic key distribution is not at all mentioned in An Introduction to Quantum Computing Algorithms and as can be picked up from the title, Pittenger is pretty much leaving the constructs around candidate particles out of the picture. (accu.org)
The decisive factor is not minimising the number of computing operations, but implementing algorithms that use as little energy as possible. (phys.org)

In 1954, a conference on mathematical tables, sponsored by M.I.T. and the National Science Foundation, met to discuss a modernization and extension of Jahnke and Emde's classical tables of functions. (doverpublications.com)
The codes in question encrypt data using "trapdoor" mathematical functions that work easily in one direction but not in the other. (technologyreview.com)

Historically, such bridges serve as drivers for additional accomplishments, as do the many interactions between the mathematical sciences and fields of application, and so the existence of several striking examples of bridge-building in this chapter is a very promising sign for the future. (nationalacademies.org)

For example, as Princeton physicist Freeman Dyson has pointed out (1979, p. 251), if the Pauli exclusion principle did not exist - which is what keeps two electrons from occupying the same energy state in an atom - all electrons would occupy the lowest atomic energy state, and thus no complex atoms could exist. (infidels.org)

My personal belief is that biologists tend to be uncompromising and reductionistic because they're still feeling somewhat insecure with their basic dogma, whereas physicists have three hundred years of secure foundation for their subject, so they can afford to be a bit more freewheeling in their speculation about these complex systems. (edge.org)
Indeed, other calculations show that stars with lifetimes of more than a billion years, as compared to our sun's lifetime of ten billion years, could not exist if gravity were increased by more than a factor of 3000. (infidels.org)
highly, a download the that has separate years for dr quantum, loads, and all of the typical human cavities imperfecti need most after doping order from their people. (mdlabor.de)
As a quantum physicist, Renner's focus on this question is no coincidence: with quantum thermodynamics, a new research field has emerged in recent years that has particular relevance for the construction of quantum computers. (phys.org)
That's before factoring in the TV shows, video games, theme park rides, merchandise, and all the other movies scheduled for production in years to come. (claremontreviewofbooks.com)

They also have experience using sophisticated technology and solving complex equations, and can apply physical and mathematical principles across disciplinary boundaries - making them extremely versatile employees. (uwec.edu)

As shown in this chapter and in the separate report Fueling Innovation and Discovery: The Mathematical Sciences in the 21st Century , the discipline's vitality is providing clear benefits for diverse areas of science and engineering, for industry and technology, for innovation and economic competitiveness, and for national security. (nationalacademies.org)

Yoshihisa Yamamoto and K. Igeta proposed the first physical realization of a quantum computer, including Feynman's CNOT gate. (wikipedia.org)
Today, no physicist would dare assert that our physical knowledge of the universe is near completion. (livescience.com)
In this blog, we will use the Wolfram Language and its knowledge about physical units and constants to see how these and other physical constants will gain (or lose) uncertainty, and why this is a mathematical consequence of the definition of the base units. (wolfram.com)
The notion of space is central to the mathematical sciences, to the physical sciences, and to engineering. (nationalacademies.org)
A physicist who wants to devise theories of how living things behave or emerge has to start by making intuitive choices about how to translate the characteristics of the examples of life we know into a physical language. (scienceandnonduality.com)

Mathematics appears to be a product of the mind, yet there will always be mathematical 'things' that we can never know because they are infinite, like all the digits of pi or every prime number. (philosophynow.org)

These guys have found a more efficient way for quantum computers to perform the code-breaking calculations, reducing the resources they require by orders of magnitude. (technologyreview.com)
Quantum supremacy refers to the point where a quantum computer can carry out calculations beyond the practical capabilities of even the most powerful classical supercomputers. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)

Google's 2019 announcement that their 53-qubit quantum processor named Sycamore had attained quantum supremacy represented a watershed moment for the field. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)

Using a standard measure of force strengths - which turns out to be roughly the relative strength of the various forces between two protons in a nucleus - gravity is the weakest of the forces, and the strong nuclear force is the strongest, being a factor of 1040 - or ten thousand billion, billion, billion, billion - times stronger than gravity. (infidels.org)

Their method focuses on a more efficient way to perform a mathematical process called modular exponentiation. (technologyreview.com)
In contrast, the new public access quantum computer utilizes a modular architecture optimized for versatility and easy programmability. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)

This was perhaps the earliest result in the computational complexity of quantum computers, proving that they were capable of performing some well-defined computational task more efficiently than any classical computer. (wikipedia.org)
Despite the increasing use of computers, the basic need for mathematical tables continues. (doverpublications.com)
Many people worry that quantum computers will be able to crack certain codes used to send secure messages. (technologyreview.com)
But quantum computers change this thinking. (technologyreview.com)
These machines are far more powerful than classical computers and should be able to break these codes with ease. (technologyreview.com)
That raises an important question-when will quantum computers be powerful enough to do this? (technologyreview.com)
And since then, quantum computers have been increasing in power. (technologyreview.com)
It's easy to imagine that at this rate of progress, quantum computers should soon be able to outperform the best classical ones. (technologyreview.com)
The reason is that noise becomes a significant problem for large quantum computers. (technologyreview.com)
This staggering speedup proved that quantum computers can transcend classical limits. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)

On that basis, security experts might well have been able to justify the idea that it would be decades before messages with 2048-bit RSA encryption could be broken by a quantum computer. (technologyreview.com)

David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa proposed a computational problem that can be solved efficiently with the deterministic Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm on a quantum computer, but for which no deterministic classical algorithm is possible. (wikipedia.org)

As quantum computer scientist Dr. IBM explains, "democratizing access is about more than just providing public cloud time. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)

The notion of an absolute time, one that's measurable and the same for all observers, was expressed most succinctly by Newton: "absolute, true and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own nature, flows equably without relation to anything external. (maths.org)

Back in 1994, the American mathematician Peter Shor discovered a quantum algorithm that outperformed its classical equivalent. (technologyreview.com)

In Feynman's talk, he observed that it appeared to be impossible to efficiently simulate an evolution of a quantum system on a classical computer, and he proposed a basic model for a quantum computer. (wikipedia.org)

ii) The extraordinary beauty and elegance of the laws and mathematical structure of the universe. (infidels.org)
For his part, Coyne finds physicist Sean Carroll's "That's just the way it is" a more satisfying and parsimonious explanation than the theistic explanation of the laws of Nature. (uncommondescent.com)

The programs of the National Science Foundation's (NSF) mathematical science institutes offer good evidence of this bridge-building, and the large-scale involvement of graduate students and postdoctoral researchers at those institutes suggests that the trend will continue. (nationalacademies.org)

Pittenger's book may not necessarily be so desirable to those established experienced mathematicians and physicists who would most be at ease with it, since they could consult omission-free papers. (accu.org)
Heh, I wrote a paper in high school in which this book factored in heavily. (metafilter.com)

Then in 2014 they used a similar device to factor 56,153. (technologyreview.com)

Energy-saving computer systems could make computing more efficient, but the efficiency of these systems can't be increased indefinitely, as ETH physicists show. (phys.org)
Causal Inference involves the use of statistics and mathematical modelling to distinguish causal factors in systems. (digitizingbiology.com)

Shor showed that a sufficiently powerful quantum computer could do this with ease, a result that sent shock waves through the security industry. (technologyreview.com)

It was a way of introducing domain knowledge into the model to reduce the amount of twisting and turning the machine had to do to fit the data. (eyequantum.com)
Machines have no such limitation and the belief of many is that if machines could learn how to reason then that, combined with the ability to process massive amounts of data, would allow a sentient AI to quickly move outside of human control. (ockm.ai)

However, another idea which Tesla discussed was abandoned by modern physicists, and that was the concept of the all pervasive ether. (newdawnmagazine.com)

David Deutsch, at the University of Oxford, described the first universal quantum computer. (wikipedia.org)
In 2012, physicists used a four-qubit quantum computer to factor 143. (technologyreview.com)
So, a new kind of computer model was developed called the support vector machine . (eyequantum.com)
One of the most groundbreaking aspects of the new public access quantum computer is the novel architecture that enabled it to achieve quantum supremacy. (judgmentcallpodcast.com)

Yuri Manin briefly motivated the idea of quantum computing. (wikipedia.org)

In early 2000 he devised and presented a three-part series for BBC Radio 4 on the origin of life, entitled The Genesis Factor . (edge.org)

One unexpected delightful problem I had when starting the process of reviewing quantum information processing (QIP) books was that more books on the topic were popping up. (accu.org)
Shor's algorithm factors large numbers and is the crucial element in the process for cracking trapdoor-based codes. (technologyreview.com)
Chester Floyd Carlson was an American physicist who invented xerography (22 Oct 1938), an electrostatic dry-copying process that found applications ranging from office copying to reproducing out-of-print books. (todayinsci.com)
So when I'm saying, is that you can sort of trace materialism to historical factors, cultural factors, which are not necessarily linked to the social engineering process. (skeptiko.com)

If you didn't factor in this time distorting effect of motion, then your GPS would very quickly begin to accumulate errors so that in an hour or two you'd be lost. (maths.org)

Alas, the hope that all scientific puzzles would be conquered through reductionism was more popular with physicists before the 20th century rolled around. (scienceandnonduality.com)

Bohr visiting the toiling physicists at Los Alamos is akin to Michael Jordan showing up to a high school's junior varsity basketball practice. (worldsciencefestival.com)
These machines were "managed" for high performance - organized as hierarchical command-and-control structures where the managers at the top who had all the equations and plans and visions instructed and directed the lower orders on how they should act. (hunterhastings.com)

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