OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesHealth Care
Diphtheria AntitoxinDiphtheriaTetanus AntitoxinDiphtheria ToxoidDiphtheria ToxinAntitoxinsCorynebacterium diphtheriaeDiphtheria-Tetanus VaccineImmunity, Maternally-AcquiredTetanusBotulinum AntitoxinAntibodiesAntibodies, ViralAntibodies, BacterialAntibody SpecificityAntibody FormationAntibodies, NeutralizingMaternal-Fetal ExchangeAntibodies, MonoclonalImmunoglobulin GDiphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis VaccineNeutralization TestsTetanus ToxoidVaccinationToxoidsBacterial ToxinsMeasles Vaccine
PertussisToxoidVaccinationVaccineVaccinesImmunizationImmunitySusceptible to diphtheriaBotulismCorynebacteriumCell-mediatedBacterialMonoclonalToxinTdapImmuneTitresImmunoglobulinTetanus antitoxinCutaneousRespiratoryConcentrationsRabiesAntigen-binding fDiphtheriaeProphylaxisLethalNasalInitiallyInfectionDiseasesPathogenSpecificLaboratoryProtectiveSubstantialAsthmaEffectiveness
Pertussis16
  • On June 10, 2005, a tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) formulated for use in adults and adolescents was licensed in the United States for persons aged 11--64 years (ADACEL ® , manufactured by sanofi pasteur, Toronto, Ontario, Canada). (cdc.gov)
  • Prelicensure studies demonstrated safety and efficacy, inferred through immunogenicity, against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis when Tdap was administered as a single booster dose to adults. (cdc.gov)
  • studied the immune response to diphtheria and tetanus toxoid components of a combined diphtheria tetanus whole-cell pertussis/enhanced inactivated poliovirus vaccine, administered in a 3-dose schedule to Israeli infants at 2, 3.5 and 10 months of age and followed by a booster dose at the age of 8 years [3]. (who.int)
  • Background: Maternal Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination provides antibody transfer to newborn infants and may affect their antibody response to the primary vaccination series. (cdc.gov)
  • This study aimed to assess the effect of Tdap vaccination during pregnancy on infant antibody response to the whole cell pertussis (DTwP) primary series. (cdc.gov)
  • Again though, the best example of passive immunity is the transfer of a mother's antibodies to her baby through her placenta, which can include antibodies against measles, pertussis, and hepatitis B, etc., as long as the mother has immunity to these diseases. (vaxopedia.org)
  • one tussis antibodies, which will pass through the placenta, likely survey of 1,231 women (August 2011 to April 2012) estimated providing the newborn with protection against pertussis in that only 2.6% of women received Tdap during their recent early life, and will protect the mother from pertussis around pregnancy ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • BOOSTRIX is a vaccine indicated for active booster immunization against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis in individuals aged 10 years and older. (nih.gov)
  • An initial dose of BOOSTRIX is administered 5 years or more after the last dose of the Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis (DTaP) series or 5 years or more after a dose of Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed (Td). (nih.gov)
  • BOOSTRIX may be administered as an additional dose 9 years or more after the initial dose of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed (Tdap). (nih.gov)
  • Severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of any tetanus toxoid-, diphtheria toxoid-, or pertussis antigen-containing vaccine or to any component of BOOSTRIX. (nih.gov)
  • The non-live Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis vaccine (DTP) has been associated with increased child mortality, especially for females. (bvsalud.org)
  • INTRODUCTION: The introduction of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine into childhood immunization programs resulted in its widespread elimination in high-income countries. (bvsalud.org)
  • METHOD: Relevant studies and reports included in our review were obtained by a search through Google Scholar, PubMed, and organization websites using the terms "Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus vaccine OR Diphtheria antitoxin and Nigeria OR Diphtheria Outbreak. (bvsalud.org)
  • Key words: vaccines - immunization - combination vaccines - DTP/Hib vaccine The combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis- Haemo- philus influenzae type b (DTP/Hib) vaccine allows for a reduction in the number of required injections, thus im- proving compliance to the vaccination schedule and high- er vaccination coverage. (vdocuments.mx)
  • group of children at the same age given the The vaccination status for each child customary schedule of diphtheria, pertussis was checked from records of the Depart- and tetanus (DTP) triple-vaccine at 2, 4, 6 ment of Health. (who.int)
Toxoid2
Vaccination7
  • This study evaluated the effectiveness and usefulness of vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus in different age groups in Gaza, Palestine. (who.int)
  • Using ELISA methods, the efficacy of vaccination was estimated at 87.8% for diphtheria and 98.3% for tetanus. (who.int)
  • There are few available studies to evaluate the diphtheria and tetanus vaccination programme in Gaza or neighbouring countries. (who.int)
  • Unfortunately, inducing a the advantages and disadvantages of an antibody-based protective response by vaccination may take longer than the defense strategy, and proposes stockpiling specific antibodies time between exposure and onset of disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccination studies have established a direct cor- botulism is largely supportive, although prompt administration relation between antibody titer to PA and survival after lethal of an antitoxin may reduce the severity of symptoms by neu- challenge with virulent anthrax spores (7,8). (cdc.gov)
  • Behring investigated treatment of diphtheria using serum therapy, which is an alternative to vaccination that uses protective agents from other people's blood to defend a patient against disease. (asu.edu)
  • Using this approach, a birth cohort established in the Faroe Islands showed strong negative correlations between serum PFAS concentrations at age 5 years and antibody concentrations before and after booster vaccination at age 5, and 2.5 years later [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccine5
  • While the antibodies babies get through the placenta are IgG antibodies and are directed against most vaccine-preventable diseases, breastmilk antibodies are IgA. (vaxopedia.org)
  • While the secretory IgA antibodies children get in breastmilk won't protect them against most vaccine-preventable diseases, they can protect them from other viruses and bacteria that cause diarrhea and respiratory infections, etc. (vaxopedia.org)
  • In subjects aged 11 to 18 years, lower levels for antibodies to pertactin (PRN) were observed when BOOSTRIX was administered concomitantly with meningococcal conjugate vaccine (serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135) as compared with BOOSTRIX administered first. (nih.gov)
  • In subjects aged 19 to 64 years, lower levels for antibodies to filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and PRN were observed when BOOSTRIX was administered concomitantly with an inactivated influenza vaccine as compared with BOOSTRIX alone. (nih.gov)
  • All articles considering diphtheria outbreaks, DTP vaccine, and DAT supply in Nigeria were considered without time restriction due to the paucity of data. (bvsalud.org)
Vaccines4
  • Unlike vaccines, which require time to induce pro- tective immunity and depend on the host's ability to mount an immune response, passive antibody can the- oretically confer protection regardless of the immune status of the host. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to perfluorinated alkylate substances (PFASs) is associated with immune suppression in animal models, and serum concentrations of specific antibodies against certain childhood vaccines tend to decrease at higher exposures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These trials have evaluated a diverse range of primary series and booster schedules, including antibody persistence, co-administration of Hexaxim with other routine pediatric vaccines, and specific populations (born to Tdap-vaccinated women, preterm, and immunocompromised infants). (bvsalud.org)
  • Aluminum adjuvant in vaccines induce the production of IgE antibodies, which can lead to an increase in allergies and sensitivities. (currenthealthscenario.com)
Immunization3
  • Thus, biological immunity is passive immunization with protective antibody. (cdc.gov)
  • Infection results from umbilical cord contamination during unsanitary delivery, coupled with a lack of maternal immunization. (medscape.com)
  • Passive immunization was widely employed in the 1920s and 1930s against human pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides, and Haemophilus influenzae, in addition to tetanus and diphtheria. (veteriankey.com)
Immunity7
  • Although diphtheria and tetanus occur rarely in the world, outbreaks of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union and in several Eastern European countries are a reminder that even a well-controlled infection can re-emerge when herd immunity is not maintained [1]. (who.int)
  • Active immunity is acquired through the exposure to a pathogen, which triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • The only available countermeasure that can provide immediate immunity against a biological agent is passive antibody. (cdc.gov)
  • After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because these fluids were traditionally known as humors , antibody-mediated immunity is sometimes known as, or considered a part of, humoral immunity . (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary cause of diphtheria outbreaks and its high mortality rates in Nigeria was waning herd immunity due to low DTP coverage and a lack of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT), respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • Edmond Nocard in 1897 demonstrated the induction of passive immunity by tetanus antitoxin in humans and could be used for prophylaxis and management. (pediatriconcall.com)
Susceptible to diphtheria2
Botulism4
  • antitoxin serum - often produced in animals, this type of serum can provide antibodies against botulism and diphtheria toxins. (vaxopedia.org)
  • Among other applications, immunotherapy is used for the post-exposure treatment and/or prophylaxis of important infectious diseases, such as botulism, diphtheria, tetanus and rabies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Botulism, diphtheria, tetanus and rabies are severe infectious diseases caused by different agents, which have in common the recommendation of using immunotherapy as post-exposure treatment and/or prophylaxis [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the cases of botulism, diphtheria and tetanus, the main objective of immunotherapy is to neutralize toxins, but also to opsonize the bacteria, promoting complement-dependent bacteriolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Corynebacterium4
Cell-mediated3
  • Very young infants are dependent solely on maternal harmonized to the greatest extent possible with recom- antibodies and lack the ability to mount a cell-mediated mendations made by the American Academy of Pediatrics, response ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Regarding rabies, antibodies aim to neutralize viral particles, block their entry into uninfected cells, and also to promote antibody-directed cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of infected cells by natural killer cells [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NK cells are specialized effectors of the innate immune system that destroy their targets by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, have prominent antitumor effects, and are potent killers of virally infected cells. (medscape.com)
Bacterial3
  • These results demonstrate the high resolution with which WGS can aid molecular investigation of diphtheria outbreaks, through the quantification of bacterial genetic relatedness, as well as the detection of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance markers among case isolates. (cdc.gov)
  • Diphtheria is a toxin-mediated bacterial acute upper respiratory tract infection, but sometimes it infects the skin. (patient.info)
  • It was demonstrated that blood serum containing antibodies to bacterial toxins such as those from tetanus or diphtheria could be transferred from an immune animal to a susceptible individual and so confer protection ( Fig. 12.1 ). (veteriankey.com)
Monoclonal3
  • In recent years, there has been a renais- weapon against a population universally immunized with sance in the use of antibodies for therapy: 10 monoclonal anti- vaccinia. (cdc.gov)
  • palivizumab (Synagis) - a monoclonal antibody that is specific for the RSV product and which is given to high risk premature babies to keep them from getting sick during RSV season. (vaxopedia.org)
  • Polyclonal antibodies generated in immunized animals and monoclonal antibodies generated in the laboratory are increasingly employed in the treatment of diverse animal and human diseases. (veteriankey.com)
Toxin3
  • Diphtheria toxin inhibits cellular protein synthesis. (patient.info)
  • Diphtheria toxin can also be absorbed into the bloodstream, causing distant organ dysfunction, including polyneuropathy, nephritis, and myocarditis. (patient.info)
  • 2 Kitasato Shibasaburo first isolated Clostridium tetani from humans in 1891 later demonstrated how the bacteria produced disease when subjected to animals and also demonstrated the neutralization of toxin by specific antibodies. (pediatriconcall.com)
Tdap4
  • The 2011 Tdap rec- pregnancy will not provide high levels of antibodies to protect ommendation did not call for vaccinating pregnant women newborns during subsequent pregnancies ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Physicians, AAFP, the American College of Obstetricians of antipertussis antibodies following a dose of Tdap show and Gynecologists, and the American College of Nurse- antibody levels in healthy, nonpregnant adults peak during the Midwives. (cdc.gov)
  • Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report antipertussis antibody concentrations from maternal delivery lower socioeconomic status, the interval between pregnancies and cord blood pairs from women who received Tdap within generally is 18 months ( 15 ). (cdc.gov)
  • These data demonstrate that maternal reactions following receipt of Tdap are common (two-thirds of the study population). (greenmedinfo.com)
Immune9
  • immune globulin - either pooled or from a single person with high titers of antibodies, immune globulin is made from donated plasma can provide antibodies against the hepatitis A or B virus, measles, rabies, tetanus, and varicella. (vaxopedia.org)
  • An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), [1] is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
  • Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion). (wikipedia.org)
  • To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. (wikipedia.org)
  • The constant region at the trunk of the antibody includes sites involved in interactions with other components of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibodies from different classes also differ in where they are released in the body and at what stage of an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Together with B and T cells , antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system . (wikipedia.org)
  • shaped antibody in preparations referred to as immune globulins. (ncccam.com)
  • As described in Chapter 1 , it was not long after Louis Pasteur's initial discoveries that the sources of immune protection were found in the blood and were called antibodies. (veteriankey.com)
Titres2
  • Mean serum titres varied significantly by age group: for diphtheria 0.24 IU/mL at age 2-4 years, 0.63 IU/mL at 7-8 years and 0.46 IU/mL at 11-12 years, and for tetanus 1.01 IU/mL, 2.63 IU/mL and 1.20 IU/mL respectively. (who.int)
  • The relatively low antibody titres, especially for diphtheria, suggest the need for a booster dose. (who.int)
Immunoglobulin4
  • Horse F(ab') 2 antitoxins and anti-rabies immunoglobulin preparations presented different amounts of protein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . (wikipedia.org)
  • The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The major antibody in mammalian serum is a protein called immunoglobulin (Ig)G. This is a Y-shaped protein of about 160 kDa. (veteriankey.com)
Tetanus antitoxin1
Cutaneous1
  • In countries where hygiene is poor, cutaneous diphtheria is the predominant clinical manifestation and source of infection. (patient.info)
Respiratory1
  • In diphtheria of the upper respiratory tract, there is a membranous pharyngitis (often referred to as a pseudomembrane) with fever, enlarged anterior cervical lymph nodes and oedema of soft tissues giving a 'bull neck' appearance. (patient.info)
Concentrations5
  • PFAS concentrations and concentrations of antibodies against diphtheria and tetanus were assessed in serum at age 7 years, and results were available from samples collected at age 5. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to standard regressions, structural equation models were generated to determine the association between three major PFASs measured at the two points in time and the two antibody concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Concentrations of all three 7-year PFAS concentrations were individually associated with a decrease in concentrations of antibodies, however, it was not possible to attribute causality to any single PFAS concentration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hence, the three 7-year concentrations were combined and showed that a 2-fold increase in PFAS was associated with a decrease by 54.4 % (95 % CI: 22.0 %, 73.3 %) in the antibody concentration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given the fact that three substances were measured postnatally on two occasions and that two different antibody concentrations are available as outcome variables, we complemented standard regression analysis with structural equation models. (biomedcentral.com)
Rabies1
  • The chromatographic profiles of antitoxins and anti-rabies immunoglobulins allowed to estimate the percentage of contaminants and aggregates in the samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigen-binding f1
  • Structurally an antibody is also partitioned into two antigen-binding fragments (Fab), containing one V L , V H , C L , and C H 1 domain each, as well as the crystallisable fragment (Fc), forming the trunk of the Y shape. (wikipedia.org)
Diphtheriae1
  • C diphtheriae produces a potent diphtheria exotoxin that is absorbed systemically and can lead to cardiac failure and paralysis of the diaphragm. (mayocliniclabs.com)
Prophylaxis1
  • Passive antibody therapy has substantial advantages over antimicrobial agents and other measures for postexposure prophylaxis, including low toxicity and high specific activity. (cdc.gov)
Lethal1
  • Diphtheria is a lethal disease that infected approximately 40,000 people in Germany between 1886 and 1888 with a general mortality rate of twenty-five percent. (asu.edu)
Nasal1
  • Often diphtheria presents with a nasal discharge that is initially watery and becomes purulent and blood-stained. (patient.info)
Initially1
  • Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell - these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
Infection1
  • While infants likely got exposed to polio when they were 6 to 12 months old, since they still had partial protection from maternal antibodies, they may have gotten diarrhea (enteric infection), but it wouldn't progress to the more serious paralytic polio. (vaxopedia.org)
Diseases1
  • In the case of maternal antibodies, they start to wane after a few months in many cases, even though they might provide protection against many diseases for up to six to twelve months. (vaxopedia.org)
Pathogen1
  • The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen . (wikipedia.org)
Specific3
  • This article proposes a biological defense initiative based on developing, producing, and stockpiling specific antibody reagents that can be used to protect the population against biological warfare threats. (cdc.gov)
  • Immunotherapy consists of the use of specific antibodies to neutralize the main causes of these afflictions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [2] [3] Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. (wikipedia.org)
Laboratory1
  • Laboratory tests may identify organisms directly (eg, visually, using a microscope, growing the organism in culture) or indirectly (eg, identifying antibodies to the organism). (msdmanuals.com)
Protective1
Substantial1
  • agents are potential weapons only against populations with a Passive antibody therapy was widely used in the pre-antibiotic substantial proportion of susceptible persons. (cdc.gov)
Asthma1
  • The researchers explored the association of asthma in children with maternal anxiety during pregnancy. (asu.edu)
Effectiveness1
  • The effectiveness and optimal concentration the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), and of maternal antipertussis antibodies in newborns are not yet the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (cdc.gov)