During favorable conditions, conidia are released from infected lesions on the leaves or fruit and dispersed to other plants through rainfall or wind. (wikipedia.org)
Phomopsis viticola overwinters as pycnidia until favorable conditions arise again. (wikipedia.org)
Such lesions become zonate and under favorable conditions spread rapidly causing extensive blighting of leaves, pods and stems of cowpea (Singh and Allen, 1979). (codemint.net)
Asexual2
This pathogen produces sexual spores (ascospores) in the teleomorph stage and asexual spores (conidia) during the anamorph stage. (wikipedia.org)
Citrus black spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Guignardia citricarpa (sexual stage) and Phyllosticta citricarpa (asexual stage), was first found in south Florida in March 2010. (ufl.edu)
Lesions9
Spots or lesions on shoots and leaves are common symptoms of the disease. (wikipedia.org)
Leaves become distorted and die if large numbers of lesions develop. (wikipedia.org)
The lesions are small, round, sunken with gray centers and brick-red to chocolate brown margins. (ufl.edu)
Fungal structures appear as slightly elevated black dots in the center of lesions. (ufl.edu)
Many fungal structures can be found in these lesions. (ufl.edu)
Alternaria spot on curcubits and cotton produces brown, grey or tan lesions (spots) on cotyledons, leaves and bracts varying from 1 to 10mm in diameter (Report of Plant Disease, 1989). (codemint.net)
Lesions form on lower leaf surface tends to be more diffuse. (codemint.net)
Cercospora leaf spot produces circular to irregular cherry-red to reddish brown lesions up to 10mm diameter on cowpea (Singh and Allen, 1979). (codemint.net)
Under moist weather the lesions become covered with a pink spore mass. (infonet-biovision.org)
Conidia2
Once new plants are infected, conidia are produced throughout the season as the secondary cycle of this polycyclic disease. (wikipedia.org)
Rain splash may also move spores from infected fruit (conidia) and/or leaf litter (conidia and ascospores), but moves the spores only a few inches (centimeters). (ufl.edu)
Ascospores3
The teleomorph stage of the disease cycle does not occur in nature and involves sexual combination of the antheridium with the ascogonium to produce ascospores, allowing for genetic variation. (wikipedia.org)
The ascospores are encased in an ascus, which is further protected in a survival structure called the perithecium. (wikipedia.org)
Wind-borne ascospores are forcibly ejected from fungal fruiting bodies embedded in leaves in the leaf litter under trees and are carried by air currents, approximately 75 feet (25 meters) from leaf litter. (ufl.edu)
Moist1
Fungal pathogens depend on moist conditions, causing the intensity of disease outbreaks to increase in wet environments. (wikipedia.org)
Lesion1
A small, raised pustule usually develops at the centre of the lesion, especially on the lower leaf surface. (infonet-biovision.org)
Bacterial4
Management strategies are different for various diseases whether it be fungal, bacterial or viral, therefore, proper identification is imperative. (ufl.edu)
This is the stage at which the disease is most readily distinguished from bacterial blight. (infonet-biovision.org)
In bacterial pustule, small infections may run together and cause large, irregular brown areas surrounded by a yellow margin. (infonet-biovision.org)
Pre-existing wounds on the plant from annual pruning or insects allow the pathogen to gain entry into the next plant. (wikipedia.org)
Some insects also cause damage that appears like a spot disease.Leaf spot may result in defoliation in some Bread(Nix, 2014). (codemint.net)
Centers3
With age they become round sunken necrotic spots with gray centers and prominent margins that are brick-red to chocolate brown. (ufl.edu)
Numerous small, water soaked spots first appear on the lower leaves, these spots soon become circular to angular with dark margins and grayish white centers often bearing one or more tiny black bodies called pycnidia, which are spore-bearing structures. (codemint.net)
Individual leaf spots initially occur on older leaves and then progress to younger leaves are approximately 0.80cm in diameter with ash colored centers and purple to brown borders and circular to oval in shaped. (codemint.net)
Irregular3
Leaf infections first appear as small, light-green spots with irregular, occasionally star-shaped margins. (wikipedia.org)
Septoria spot produceslesions on wild blueberry and banana that are dark red, circular to irregular, 2-4mm in diameter, appearing similar on both leaf surfaces (Singh and Allen, 1979). (codemint.net)
1996).Initial symptoms on the leaves are small circular reddish-brown spots which enlarge, becoming surrounded by irregular shaped water-soaked areas. (codemint.net)
Infections2
Infections of leaf petioles may cause leaves to turn yellow and fall off. (wikipedia.org)
Live leaves that have latent infections (infections that are not visible) are common means of long distance spread. (ufl.edu)
Occurs1
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot occurs wherever grapes are grown. (wikipedia.org)
Symptoms4
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is a disease that causes symptoms in the common grapevine species, Vitis vinifera, in many regions of the world. (wikipedia.org)
Black spot symptoms occur in several forms called hard spot, cracked spot, false melanose and virulent spot which are described below. (ufl.edu)
Leaf and stem symptoms are not as common as fruit symptoms, but can occur when there is insufficient disease control on any cultivar. (ufl.edu)
Udugama, 2002).Wild blueberry leaf spot caused by Septoria sp, symptoms appears as small water soaked blisters on the bottom side of the leaf. (codemint.net)
Occur2
The anamorph stage is known to occur in nature and produces the main inoculum associated with this plant pathogen. (wikipedia.org)
It may occur on green fruit and does not have pycnidia (fungal structures). (ufl.edu)
Pods1
Aphids are found in clusters (colonies) on stems, young shoots and pods and underside of leaves. (infonet-biovision.org)
Black2
Small, black spots on the internodes at the base of developing shoots are probably the most common disease symptom. (wikipedia.org)
This will help prevent movement of black spot and other diseases into newly established grove plantings. (ufl.edu)
Spot7
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is more severe in grape-growing regions characterized by a humid temperate climate through the growing season. (wikipedia.org)
Crop losses up to 30% have been reported to be caused by Phomopsis cane and leaf spot. (wikipedia.org)
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is caused by an ascomycete fungal plant pathogen. (wikipedia.org)
The severity of Phomopsis cane and leaf spot in grapevine varies greatly between growing seasons. (wikipedia.org)
Spot is a common descriptive term applied to a number of diseases affecting Bread. (codemint.net)
A leaf spot disease creates spots on foliage. (codemint.net)
Concentric rings or a dark margin around the spot may be present. (codemint.net)
Yield1
Older or vigorous plants may tolerate bean fly attack, but their leaves turn yellow, their growth is stunted and their yield reduced. (infonet-biovision.org)
Sunken1
Those that emerge from the soil often have brown, sunken cankers on the cotyledons (seedling leaves). (infonet-biovision.org)
Present1
As the amount of rainfall changes between the seasons, so does the amount of pathogen present in the field. (wikipedia.org)
Plant1
Bubák (teleomorph: Diaporthe Nitschke) is a cosmopolitan fungal genus that contains both plant pathogens and endophytes described from a wide range of annual and perennial hosts, including economically important crops. (wikipedia.org)
Found2
It has been found that the pathogen experiences the fastest rate of reproduction between 23 and 25 °C (73 and 77 °F). Although temperature is important, the amount of rainfall has a greater impact on this pathogen because rainfall is an effective method of conidial dispersal. (wikipedia.org)
By the first week of May, the disease has been found in another location about 14 miles northeast from the original find. (ufl.edu)
Season1
Prolonged rainfall early in the season has been correlated with greater disease outbreak. (wikipedia.org)
Lower1
Usually only the lower one to four leaves on a shoot are affected. (wikipedia.org)
Develop1
The infected areas develop diffuse red margins (Wild blue berry Fact Sheet, 2007). (codemint.net)
The latter shows water soaking at the centre or the margin of the dead area in the early stages of infection. (infonet-biovision.org)
Female flies lay eggs on young leaves, piercing the leaves and sucking the exuding sap resulting in yellow blotches on the leaves, which are the first signs of bean fly attack and are useful for early detection of this pest. (infonet-biovision.org)
Brown1
Parts of the brown dead areas may crack, giving the leaf a ragged appearance. (infonet-biovision.org)
Base1
Maggots mine their way from the leaves down to the base of the stem, where they complete their development. (infonet-biovision.org)