• Congenital or genetic causes include McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS), familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP), and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). (medscape.com)
  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by impaired cortisol synthesis. (medscape.com)
  • [ 25 ] Congenital adrenal hyperplasia also presents with familial clustering. (medscape.com)
  • 1 This newer classification incorporates a wide range of conditions, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia ( CAH ), ovotesticular DSD , androgen insensitivity syndrome ( AIS ). (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • CAH is the most frequent cause of androgen excess and ambiguous genitalia in the female newborn and the various forms of CAH are due to defects in the biosynthesis of cortisol, with the subsequent excessive ACTH production leading to an accumulation of adrenal androgens and steroid precursors. (health.am)
  • Adrenal androgens undergo peripheral conversion to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, and steroid precursors produce specific findings depending upon the exact enzyme deficiency. (health.am)
  • In the interstitial tissue, Leydig cells synthesize androgens and the insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) [ 3 ], whereas in the seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells regulate the nutrients and factors that reach the germ cells by means of the blood-testis barrier. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The sex steroids (estrogen or testosterone) come from either the adrenal gland or the gonad, independent of the hypothalamic-pituitary portion of the pubertal axis. (medscape.com)
  • Excessive androgen production can be traced back to the mother, placenta or the fetal adrenal gland. (health.am)
  • The Thyroid gland develops from two different clusterings of embryonic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gland consists of numerous cell types, which specialize in making and releasing specific hormones. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Ovarian tumors include luteoma of pregnancy, arrhenoblastoma, hilar-cell tumor, masculinizing ovarian stromal cell tumor, and Krukenberg tumor. (health.am)
  • Finally, elevation of serum AMH above normal male prepubertal levels may be indicative of rare cases of sex-cord stromal tumors or Sertoli cell-limited disturbance in the McCune Albright syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cells that will become adrenal tissue move Retroperitoneally to the upper portion of the Mesonephros. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, successful delivery of siRNAs to the brain parenchyma faces obstacles such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), brain tissue penetration, and targeting of specific cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Leydig cell aplasia occurs when congenital absence of Leydig cells causes partially developed or ambiguous external genitals. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This review focuses on the differential responses of cell types to ATZ toxicity, testicular effects of ATZ in both in vitro and in vivo models and chemopreventive strategies, so as to highlight the current state of the art on the toxicological outcomes of ATZ exposure in several experimental model systems. (frontiersin.org)
  • Atrazine (ATZ) is an environmental pollutant that interferes with several aspects of mammalian cellular processes including germ cell development, immunological, reproductive and neurological functions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Primordial germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridge prior to 6 weeks and the infrastructure to support gonad development is further influenced by various genes. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • At 25 weeks, the adult adrenal cortex zone develops and is responsible for the primary synthesis of steroids during the early postnatal weeks. (wikipedia.org)
  • While sperm production has classically been the focus of adult reproductive function, somatic cells are crucial for the maintenance of spermatogenesis and gamete production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is thought that leiomyoma is the result of either transformation of normal uterine muscle cells into abnormal cells through somatic mutations , or through the growth of abnormal uterine muscle cells into tumors. (wikidoc.org)
  • OBJECTIVES: Bendamustine is a standard treatment for low-grade B-cell lymphomas, and considered safe in clinical trials. (bvsalud.org)
  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, elongated and spindle-shaped cells with a cigar-shaped nucleus are characteristic findings of leiomyoma. (wikidoc.org)
  • When in vitro experimental models are exposed to ATZ, they are faced with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity and decreased growth rate at dosages that may vary with cell types. (frontiersin.org)
  • Untreated maternal virilizing CAH is another potential cause, though androgen-secreting adrenal tumor in the mother is rare. (health.am)
  • On the other hand, rapid progression of hair growth suggests an androgen secreting tumor. (medscape.com)
  • When administered intratumorally to orthotopic glioblastoma multiform tumors (GBM) in CX3CR-1GFP mice, D-siGFP localizes in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) within the tumor parenchyma, minimizing off-target effects in other cell populations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Specific maturational changes take place both in these organs as a whole and in the different cell types that make them up. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This results in differing cytotoxic responses that are influenced by the nature of target cells, assay types and concentrations of ATZ. (frontiersin.org)
  • Sertoli cells not only regulate the inflow of external substances, but also produce several substances which are critical to the proper progression of spermatogenesis [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The alpha cells reach their peak in the middle stage of gestation. (wikipedia.org)
  • From the middle stage until term, the beta cells continue to increase in number until they reach an approximate 1:1 ratio with the alpha cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The other part is from the Caudal extensions of the fourth Pharyngobranchial pouches which results in the Parafollicular Calcitonin-secreting cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • At seven weeks of gestation, the adrenal cells are joined by sympathetic cells that originate from the Neural Crest to form the Adrenal Medulla. (wikipedia.org)
  • Five weeks later, the pancreatic alpha and beta cells have begun to emerge. (wikipedia.org)