DiseasesChemicals and DrugsInformation Science
KwashiorkorProtein-Energy MalnutritionMalnutritionPalmitatesEncyclopedias as TopicProtein DeficiencyNutrition DisordersInfant Nutrition Disorders
Difference between kwashiorkor and marasmusAcuteForm of severe malnutritionDeficienciesUndernutritionEdemaMarasmicSigns of malnutritionTypes of malnutritionIntakePrevalence of malnutrition amongCase fatality ratesInsufficientOvernutritionCaloriesOedemaDiseasesChildhood malnutritionNutritionalExtreme thinnessSymptomsChildrenAffectsCharacterized by energy deficiencyPrevalentRate of malnutritionFood shortagesOccursProteinsCarbohydratesNutritious dietClinicalLack of nutrientsObesityCaused by a deficiencyInadequateDiagnosesComplicationsFormsStarvationDifferencesNutrientsDiagnosisLaboratoryPathologicalDisordersDeveloping countriesDeficit
Difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus1
Acute18
  • [ 3 ] A 2013 guideline by the WHO reported that severe acute malnutrition affects nearly 20 million preschool-age children, mostly from the WHO African Region and South-East Asia Region and that malnutrition is a significant factor in approximately one third of the 8 million deaths in children who are under 5 years of age worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Objective: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age worldwide. (scirp.org)
  • hospital based rehabilitation of severe malnutrition, acute phase, rehabilitation phase, catch-up growth, methods to detect cases of severe malnourished. (edu.gh)
  • The malnutrition ward at Helmand Province's Bost Hospital has been admitting 200 children a month for severe, acute malnutrition - four times more than in January 2012. (sojo.net)
  • Can we predict the burden of acute malnutrition in crisis-affected countries? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sample surveys are the mainstay of surveillance for acute malnutrition in settings affected by crises but are burdensome and have limited geographical coverage due to insecurity and other access issues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a possible complement to surveys, we explored a statistical approach to predict the prevalent burden of acute malnutrition for small population strata in two crisis-affected countries, Somalia (2014-2018) and South Sudan (2015-2018). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In settings affected by crises due to armed conflict, community violence, displacement and/or food insecurity, acute malnutrition is a prominent public health threat that, at the individual level, presents a short-term mortality risk, exacerbates endemic and epidemic infectious diseases and worsens long-term developmental outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Acute malnutrition prevalence among children is also a key summative indicator of crisis severity, as it reflects the wider situation of food security, livelihoods and the public health and social environment [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adults who had non-edematous severe acute malnutrition (SAM) during infancy (i.e., marasmus) have worse glucose tolerance and beta-cell function than survivors of edematous SAM (i.e., kwashiorkor). (bvsalud.org)
  • Despite the presence standard protocol for management of severe acute malnutrition case-fatality rates in African hospitals remain unacceptably high. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, this study was aimed to assess survival status and predictors of mortality among children with severe acute malnutrition admitted to stabilization centers of general hospitals in Tigray region, northern Ethiopia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sever acute malnutrition (wasting and/or nutritional edema) is defined globally as a very low weight for length/height (WFL/WFH) below - 3 zscores of the median WHO growth standards, or less than 70% of the median National Center for Health Statistics standard or the presence of nutritional edema. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In children aged 6-59 months, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) less than 11.5 cm is also indicative of severe acute malnutrition [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sever-acute malnutrition (SAM) remains a major killer of children under 5 years of age [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Children with severe acute malnutrition are nine times more likely to die than well-nourished children [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2016, 17 million children under 5 were affected by severe acute malnutrition globally, in which more than three-fourth of them are from South East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with nearly half of under-five mortality attributable to malnutrition [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite the majority of Ethiopian children with severe acute malnutrition come to hospital or health center to be treated at therapeutic feeding center they die in the stabilizing centers (SCs). (biomedcentral.com)
Form of severe malnutrition2
Deficiencies4
Undernutrition10
  • Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), sometimes called protein-energy undernutrition (PEU), is a form of malnutrition that is defined as a range of conditions arising from coincident lack of dietary protein and/or energy (calories) in varying proportions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Altered fat distribution: Protein undernutrition can have varying effects depending on the period of fetal life during which the malnutrition occurred. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term malnutrition is often used to call undernutrition. (lessknownfacts.com)
  • Kwashiorkor and marasmus are two forms of undernutrition prevalent in developing countries. (self-instruct.com)
  • Kwashiorkor is a severe form of undernutrition that typically affects children under the age of five. (self-instruct.com)
  • Unlike marasmus, which involves overall undernutrition with wasting of muscle and fat tissue, kwashiorkor is characterized by a swollen belly and limbs. (self-instruct.com)
  • Marasmus is a severe form of undernutrition where the body expends its fat reserves and muscle tissue for energy. (self-instruct.com)
  • This includes both undernutrition, such as kwashiorkor, and overnutrition, which is caused by consuming too many calories. (qwhats.com)
  • Protein-energy undernutrition (PEU), previously called protein-energy malnutrition, is an energy deficit due to deficiency of all macronutrients, but primarily protein. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Overview of Undernutrition Undernutrition is a form of malnutrition. (msdmanuals.com)
Edema5
  • Kwashiorkor is caused by severe protein malnutrition and is characterized by collection of fluid (edema) in the legs and belly. (medindia.net)
  • Kwashiorkor presents with edema, usually seen in the feet, lower legs and arms where in severe cases it may also be seen in the upper limbs and face. (scirp.org)
  • Marasmus is below-3 Z-scores without edema. (scirp.org)
  • It is further distinguished from marasmus by the presence of edema, which is swelling caused by the accumulation of fluid in the body or tissues. (self-instruct.com)
  • The most severe forms of PEM are kwashiorkor (characterized by edema or swelling, particularly in the legs and face) and marasmus (extreme thinness and wasting). (chewdigest.com)
Marasmic2
Signs of malnutrition2
Types of malnutrition1
  • Kwashiorkor and marasmus are different types of malnutrition, and it is crucial to understand the difference between the two to create effective interventions that will address these health concerns. (self-instruct.com)
Intake11
  • Protein-energy malnutrition affects children the most because they have less protein intake. (wikipedia.org)
  • This article focuses mainly on marasmus that results from an insufficient nutritional intake as observed under impaired socioeconomic conditions, such as those present in developing countries. (medscape.com)
  • Malnutrition is an imbalance between the body's nutrient requirement and its intake. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • Malnutrition refers to imbalances in a person's intake of energy or nutrients and can occur due to an excess consumption of nutrients or a lack of nutrients. (medindia.net)
  • Kwashiorkor is due to adequate carbohydrate consumption and decreased protein intake which leads to decreased synthesis of visceral proteins. (scirp.org)
  • Marasmus is described as an insufficient energy and nutrient intake seen mainly in infants between 6 to 8 months of age but may occur in children less than 5 years old. (scirp.org)
  • For a child suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition and weighing 12 kg, the daily calorie intake should be about 12×140=1680 kcal and protein intake should be 12×4 or 5=48 to 60 g. (nutritionfact.in)
  • Kwashiorkor and marasmus are a result of inadequate nutrient intake, leading to undernourishment and, in severe cases, death. (self-instruct.com)
  • In treating kwashiorkor, the priority is to restore balance to the protein intake of the child. (self-instruct.com)
  • Malnutrition is unbalanced intake of foods which causes kwashiorkor, marasmus and diarrhea in children under 5 years old. (edu.et)
  • Kwashiorkor is the severe protein deficiency in the children, while marasmus is the severe deficiency of the nutrients and insufficient intake of calorie. (biodifferences.com)
Prevalence of malnutrition among2
  • New study was conducted to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among adolescent girls and to assess the association of nutrition with socio-demographic variables. (medindia.net)
  • The prevalence of malnutrition among these women ranges from 2 percent in the South East to 10 percent in the North East. (042.org)
Case fatality rates1
  • To determine the prevalence, risk factors, co-morbidities and case fatality rates of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) admissions at the paediatric ward of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, South-east Nigeria over a 10 year period. (biomedcentral.com)
Insufficient2
  • He helped us understand conditions that lead to food shortages and taught us about diseases, such as kwashiorkor and marasmus, which are caused by insufficient protein or general malnutrition. (sojo.net)
  • Protein-energy malnutrition develops in children whose consumption of protein is insufficient. (whrsa.com)
Overnutrition2
Calories7
  • Marasmus is a condition primarily caused by a deficiency in calories and energy, whereas kwashiorkor indicates an associated protein deficiency, resulting in an edematous appearance. (medscape.com)
  • Marasmus is a severe potentially life-threatening form of malnutrition caused by a diet deficient in calories and proteins. (medindia.net)
  • People with marasmus are deprived of calories in general, either because they?re eating too little or expending too many, or both. (researchpaperwriters.org)
  • People with kwashiorkor may not be deprived of calories in general but are deprived of protein-rich foods" (C.C. Medical, n.d. (researchpaperwriters.org)
  • Marasmus is a type of malnutrition that occurs when a person does not get enough calories in their diet. (qwhats.com)
  • There is the protein-energy malnutrition which has two severe forms: marasmus (a lack of protein and calories) and kwashiorkor (a lack of just protein). (042.org)
  • Marasmus (also called the dry form of PEU) is a severe deficiency of calories and protein that tends to develop in infants and very young children. (msdmanuals.com)
Oedema2
  • SAM has two forms, kwashiorkor and marasmus that are differentiated on the basis of clinical findings, with the primary difference being the presence of oedema in kwashiorkor. (scirp.org)
  • The second type, is nutritional oedema (kwashiorkor) as seen with this child in the picture. (lionguardians.org)
Diseases5
  • An inadequate supply of these can result in diseases of malnutrition (e.g kwashiorkor, marasmus, scurvy, rickets etc). (siyavula.com)
  • Protein deficiency causes kwashiorkor disease and It has symptoms of Large pot - like belly, Stunted growth, Swelling in the face and limbs, Skin diseases, Mental retardation, and Diarrhea. (whrsa.com)
  • For newborn and infant, a lack of breastfeeding can cause malnutrition and can lead to infectious diseases such as gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria, and measles, which increase the nutrient requirement. (042.org)
  • Malnutrition can lead to a number of diseases and health problems due to a lack of essential nutrients in the body. (chewdigest.com)
  • This refers to a group of malnutrition diseases caused by a lack of protein and energy in the diet. (chewdigest.com)
Childhood malnutrition2
  • Jamina Galler, a researcher at Harvard Medical School, gave a plenary talk at the 2013 meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry on the long-term effects of even short-term childhood malnutrition, including marasmus (calorie deficiency) and kwashiorkor (protein deficiency). (bipolarnews.org)
  • The prevalence of childhood malnutrition varies significantly across the six geopolitical zones. (042.org)
Nutritional4
  • The reasons for a progression of nutritional deficit into marasmus rather than kwashiorkor are unclear and cannot be solely explained by the composition of the deficient diet (ie, a diet deficient in energy for marasmus and a diet deficient in protein for kwashiorkor). (medscape.com)
  • Identifying the factors that contribute towards malnutrition in adolescents can pave the way for planning and implementing of better programs for the improvement of their nutritional status. (medindia.net)
  • In Egypt, the incidence matous cases before and after a nutritional of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) was rehabilitation programme, and to correlate found to be 16.5% [3]. (who.int)
  • 4]. Cintra and colleagues [5] stated that were recruited from the nutritional unit of prenatal and chronic malnutrition produces the Children's Hospital and assessed at the important alterations in the homeostatic and Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams Uni- circadian process of sleep, thus altering the versity. (who.int)
Extreme thinness1
  • Symptoms of marasmus can include extreme thinness, fatigue, irritability, and poor growth and development. (qwhats.com)
Symptoms6
  • The symptoms of kwashiorkor such as underweight, poor brain development, loss of appetite, protruding belly, hair and skin discoloration, and thin curved legs. (whrsa.com)
  • Symptoms of kwashiorkor and marasmus also differ. (self-instruct.com)
  • In kwashiorkor, the swollen belly and limbs are the most striking symptoms. (self-instruct.com)
  • In comparison, the symptoms of marasmus include a shrunken appearance, skin that is dry and thin, and hair that is scanty and breaks easily. (self-instruct.com)
  • The mice became severely underweight, indicating that the symptoms of kwashiorkor. (faceofmalawi.com)
  • In situations where malnutrition is extreme, it is known as starvation and some of the symptoms include a short height, thin body, very poor energy levels, and swollen legs and abdomen. (042.org)
Children35
  • The problem of malnutrition in Pakistan , especially among children under five years old, is an issue of serious concern. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • There are two main categories of malnutrition generally observed in children: marasmus and kwashiorkor. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • In Pakistan, most of children suffer from marasmus. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • Malnutrition also makes children prone to disease. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • According to the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13, around 45 percent of children show evidence of chronic malnutrition or stunting and 11 percent are acutely malnourished and require urgent treatment. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • Kwashiorkor is common in children of both sexes, aged 1 - 3 years, but it can occur in younger or older children. (scirp.org)
  • Children with kwashiorkor have moon face, moderately low weight, wasted and weak muscles, misery and apathy with anorexic. (scirp.org)
  • On the average 640 children (aged 0-18 years) were admitted into the paediatric wards annually and malnutrition accounted for nearly 3% of those admissions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The children whose diet is deficient in protein, suffer from a disease called kwashiorkor. (whrsa.com)
  • To prevent malnutrition in children. (whrsa.com)
  • Growing children need more protein in their diet, protein deficiency leads to a disease called kwashiorkor. (whrsa.com)
  • Marasmus is more common among infants and children under 5 years of age. (whrsa.com)
  • Children with marasmus have a wasted appearance, with bones and muscles visible beneath the skin due to malnourishment. (self-instruct.com)
  • Unlike kwashiorkor, there is no accumulation of fluid, and children with marasmus have no swelling. (self-instruct.com)
  • Children who have experienced marasmus for an extended period of time may develop kwashiorkor if they are given a diet rich in protein too quickly. (self-instruct.com)
  • Children with marasmus tend to be irritable or have a reduced awareness of their environment. (self-instruct.com)
  • Children with kwashiorkor often need medical attention for several weeks, and the process may require hospitalization. (self-instruct.com)
  • Trehan stated that, "you have children living in the same village, eating the same food, having the same exposure to infections, and facing the same cycle of food insecurity […] from the outside, these kids look the same, but only some of them get kwashiorkor. (faceofmalawi.com)
  • The starving children were given a malnutrition treatment called, "ready-to-use therapeutic food," (RUTF). (faceofmalawi.com)
  • Limited data suggest that children with kwashiorkor have an impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. (qxmd.com)
  • Our objective was to determine glucose tolerance in children with kwashiorkor compared to marasmus and its relation to insulin secretion and sensitivity. (qxmd.com)
  • Six children with kwashiorkor and 8 children with marasmus were studied. (qxmd.com)
  • Glucose clearance rates during the OGTT were -392 (range 309) mL/kg in children with kwashiorkor, -156 (426) mL/kg in marasmus and 279 (345) mL/kg in the control group. (qxmd.com)
  • We show that glucose clearance rates are affected in both children with marasmus as well as kwashiorkor, which correlate with plasma albumin concentrations. (qxmd.com)
  • Malnutrition, which is the highest health risk to sustainable development, still devastates about 11% of Nigeria's under-five children, women and the elderly. (unu.edu)
  • Children born and raised in poor, rural families face a higher risk of malnutrition induced illnesses such as stunted growth, goitre, blindness, kwashiorkor and marasmus (FAO, 2005). (unu.edu)
  • It is important to ensure that people, especially children, have access to a varied and nutritious diet to prevent kwashiorkor and other forms of malnutrition. (qwhats.com)
  • Malnutrition can be problematic if it occurs during pregnancy, or before two years of age in children. (042.org)
  • It has been reported that every year, over one million children under five die and 45% of these death attributed to malnutrition. (042.org)
  • Between 47 and 50 percent of the children in these regions suffer malnutrition. (042.org)
  • One of the ways of preventing malnutrition in newborn and infant is for mothers to exclusively breastfeed their children for six months. (042.org)
  • PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 1024 children treated for severe malnutrition (weight-for-length z-score (bvsalud.org)
  • Malnutrition refers to a pathological state in which children and adults are suffering from deficiency or excess of one or more nutrients leading to the point where the body can no longer perform proper body functions [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In countries with high rates of food insecurity, marasmus is the most common form of PEU in children. (msdmanuals.com)
  • So children with kwashiorkor tend to be older than those with marasmus. (msdmanuals.com)
Affects5
  • Malnutrition affects all development sectors and has high social and economic costs such as increased mortality and morbidity, loss of human potential, decrease in skills and intelligence, lower productivity, and higher poverty. (who.int)
  • The biological protection of the brain when malnutrition affects body growth. (freezingblue.com)
  • Malnutrition affects the physical appearance and energy level and also impacts the children's mental function. (whrsa.com)
  • The United Nations estimates that malnutrition affects one in three people globally. (self-instruct.com)
  • Kwashiorkor can also occur in adults who have an underlying condition that affects their ability to absorb or utilize protein, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or chronic kidney disease. (qwhats.com)
Characterized by energy deficiency1
  • One child had marasmus, a condition characterized by energy deficiency from which the child appeared emaciated, while the other suffered from kwashiorkor, a condition where fluids leak from blood vessels and the ability to reabsorb nutrients is compromised. (faceofmalawi.com)
Prevalent3
Rate of malnutrition2
  • Socio-economic factors including access to a kitchen/toilet and parental education are also significantly associated with the rate of malnutrition. (medscape.com)
  • Twelve years after the declaration of the Millennium Development Goals, where world leaders committed their nations to a bold global partnership to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015, an unacceptably high rate of malnutrition still persists in Nigeria, despite several commitments made by National and International Donor Agencies towards this course (Burchi et al. (unu.edu)
Food shortages1
  • Vulnerability, capacity, and disaster preparedness are examined specifically in the context of food shortages and malnutrition, with particular reference to the long-term disaster in the African country of Kenya. (nursingworld.org)
Occurs5
  • Malnutrition often occurs in the developing countries. (lessknownfacts.com)
  • Another disease that occurs due to prolonged protein-energy malnutrition is marasmus. (whrsa.com)
  • Kwashiorkor usually occurs when an infant is weaned onto a low-protein diet. (self-instruct.com)
  • Kwashiorkor is a type of malnutrition that occurs when a person does not get enough protein in their diet. (qwhats.com)
  • Kwashiorkor (also called the wet, swollen, or edematous form) is a risk after premature abandonment of breastfeeding, which typically occurs when a younger sibling is born, displacing the older child from the breast. (msdmanuals.com)
Proteins2
Carbohydrates2
Nutritious diet3
  • Kwashiorkor can be prevented by consuming a nutritious diet. (medindia.net)
  • Kwashiorkor is typically seen in areas where food is scarce or where there is a lack of access to a varied and nutritious diet. (qwhats.com)
  • Both kwashiorkor and marasmus can be treated with a nutritious diet and supplements. (qwhats.com)
Clinical2
  • Although national data indicate that the number of malnutrition diagnoses among hospital discharges has been steadily rising, an in-depth examination of the demographic and clinical characteristics of these patients has not been conducted. (researchgate.net)
  • Assessment in phases 1 and 2 included were from underprivileged families (having detailed dietetic history and clinical ex- low socioeconomic standard according to amination, with special emphasis on the Park and Park [15]) and had been breastfed anthropometric measurements and signs for at least 6 months and afterwards weaned of malnutrition as well as the laboratory while receiving artificial milk products. (who.int)
Lack of nutrients1
Obesity4
  • Definition of malnutrition (over and under nutrition), obesity, anorexia and bulimia, protein and energy malnutrition (kwashiorkor, marasmus). (caribexams.org)
  • The team surmised that if there was a link between gut microbes and obesity, then there could potentially be a link between gut microbes and malnutrition. (faceofmalawi.com)
  • In recent years, there has been a reduction in cases of malnutrition in Brazil but this has been accompanied with an increase in the overweight and obesity rates. (bvsalud.org)
  • For older adults, adverse health outcomes associated with malnutrition can often be more complex and disproportionally worse than outcomes associated with overweight or obesity. (researchpaperwriters.org)
Caused by a deficiency2
  • Kwashiorkor is caused by a deficiency of protein in the diet. (qwhats.com)
  • Overall, kwashiorkor is caused by a deficiency of protein in the diet and can be the result of a variety of underlying factors. (qwhats.com)
Inadequate1
  • In contrast, marasmus is usually the result of a long-term inadequate diet. (self-instruct.com)
Diagnoses1
  • In this case study, though the primary diagnoses is protein malnutrition, marasmus may be more fitting and in align with the physiologic problems this patient is facing. (researchpaperwriters.org)
Complications3
  • Despite these differences, both kwashiorkor and marasmus can lead to complications if left untreated. (self-instruct.com)
  • Long-term complications of malnutrition include stunted growth and cognitive impairment, and both conditions are associated with an increased risk of death. (self-instruct.com)
  • It's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible if you suspect that someone has malnutrition, as untreated malnutrition can lead to serious complications and even death. (qwhats.com)
Forms4
Starvation2
  • The social conditions like poverty and high food price are usually related to starvation or extreme malnutrition in a certain country in the world. (lessknownfacts.com)
  • When looking into protein malnutrition, protein energy-malnutrition is the most commonly seen terminology, or PEM, that is the result of starvation (with or without catabolic stress). (researchpaperwriters.org)
Differences2
  • The possible implications of this work on rats for human PEM are, that more attention should be paid to the nature of lipids given during recovery from malnutrition and that the mechanistic differences between kwashiorkor and marasmus m a y be related to essential fatty acid deficiency. (edu.au)
  • Marasmus is equally distributed between the genders, however, as a result of cultural differences in some parts of the world women may be at an increased risk of marasmus" (NCBI, 2023). (researchpaperwriters.org)
Nutrients1
  • Malnutrition is a condition resulting from eating food that is lacking in one or more nutrients or eating too much of a particular type of food thereby causing health-related problems. (042.org)
Diagnosis4
  • Using ICD-9 codes, we constructed a composite variable indicating a diagnosis of malnutrition. (researchgate.net)
  • Relative to patients without a malnutrition diagnosis, those with the diagnosis were older, had longer lengths of stay and incurred higher costs. (researchgate.net)
  • Finally, discharge to home care was twice as common among malnourished patients, and a discharge of death was more than 5 times as common among patients with a malnutrition diagnosis. (researchgate.net)
  • Taken together, these nationally representative, cross-sectional data indicate that hospitalized patients discharged with a diagnosis of malnutrition are older and sicker and their inpatient care is more expensive than their counterparts without this diagnosis. (researchgate.net)
Laboratory2
  • Kwashiorkor is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. (qwhats.com)
  • Laboratory tests, such as a blood test, may be ordered to assess the person's nutrient levels and to check for other underlying conditions that may be contributing to malnutrition. (qwhats.com)
Pathological1
Disorders3
  • Severe malnutrition in the first year of life even when corrected for the rest of a person's life leaves a legacy of permanent cognitive deficits, marked deficits in attention, and increases in depression, conduct disorders, and medical disorders compared to carefully matched controls. (bipolarnews.org)
  • Common Malnutrition disorders include Marasmus and kwashiorkor. (nutritionalconference.com)
  • Several neuropeptides affect the distinct disorders of PEM, oedematous and sleep-wake cycle [6] and a role for gamma- non-oedematous, Heird's preferred terms aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission for kwashiorkor and marasmus respectively has been hypothesized [7]. (who.int)
Developing countries1
Deficit1
  • The consequences of malnutrition in the first year of life not only affected the first (G1) generation, but subsequently their offspring in the G2 generation who also suffered an excess of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, and low annual income into adulthood. (bipolarnews.org)