• We describe how the neurons can be identified based on their receptive field properties, and how they respond to moving targets, looming stimuli and to widefield optic flow. (springer.com)
  • Our results highlight the importance of using several visual stimuli as the neurons can rarely be identified based on only one response characteristic. (springer.com)
  • Two-photon calcium imaging data show that this facilitating feedback is nonlinearly integrated in the apical tuft dendrites of V1 pyramidal neurons: retinotopically offset (surround) visual stimuli drive local dendritic calcium signals indicative of regenerative events, and two-photon optogenetic activation of LM neurons projecting to identified feedback-recipient spines in V1 can drive similar branch-specific local calcium signals. (bvsalud.org)
  • The persistent hypersensitivy to nociceptive stimuli was reflected by increased calcium fluxes in primary sensory neurons of aged mice (1 year) upon capsaicin stimulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Indeed, activation of tactile afferents spatially encodes the contact stimuli and sends the tactile information to the upper layers of the somatosensory pathway. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, the responses of V2 direction-selective neurons recorded at the same time showed correlated activity with MB neurons for particular MB stimuli, suggesting that these motion-sensitive neurons made specific functional contributions to MB discrimination tasks. (elifesciences.org)
  • Ascending neurons provide sensory and motor feedback to the brain, whereas descending neurons carry sensory and motor-related information from the brain to central pattern generators in the posterior ganglia. (springer.com)
  • Descending neurons can thus initiate and modify behavior based on sensory input, and other higher order processing that takes place in the brain. (springer.com)
  • Indeed, orchestrating complex behavior using only 1100 descending neurons (Hsu and Bhandawat 2016 ), requires efficient integration of sensory input and motor output, as well as higher-order processing, such as learning. (springer.com)
  • Sensory noise predicts divisive reshaping of receptive fields. (nih.gov)
  • These hairs are innervated by sensory neurons which relay wind direction information to the terminal abdominal ganglion (TAG) forming a map of direction sensitivity [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
  • Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans senses and navigates its complex chemical environment using a small subset of sensory neurons [ 22 - 24 ]. (plos.org)
  • The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)
  • The peptidergic neurons in these nuclei project axons to the posterior pituitary, from where the peptides are released into the circulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Adeno-associated viral (AAV)-NRP-1 was stereotaxically inoculated into the cortex and ipsilateral striatum posterior of adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats before a 90-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and subsequent reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Indeed, dorsal, ventral, nasal and temporal domains have evolved to enable optimal encoding of specific features in the visual scene. (biorxiv.org)
  • The innervation pattern enables individual afferents to encode a portion of the geometric characteristics of the touched objects 4 . (nature.com)
  • One of the main features of biological tactile afferents is that their distal axon branches in the skin, creating complex receptive fields. (nature.com)
  • Aneuploidy during meiosis contributes to output, and for the 18 candidate genes (Fig 3A and Table A in S2 Table), which shuttles carbon from the detector to the neuron close to its relative fitness against the oxidative products of phagocyte NADPH-oxidase and nitric oxide synthase in experimental evolution regimes to confirm separation of irradiated from control samples. (commercialsuicide.org)
  • These genes also showed significant expression changes across sociosexual treatments in males that are associated with resistance to oxidative killing. (margottriesthegoodlife.com)
  • Some studies suggested that nociceptive receptive fields and nociceptive sensitivity increased and remained elevated in adult life. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During high arousal, neurons in V1 displayed higher firing rates at their preferred orientations. (bvsalud.org)
  • It has long been believed that the number of neurons does not increase after birth, but some studies have shown that in adult rodents and primates new neurons are formed after damage (Rakic, 2002). (encyclopedia.com)
  • B-J) PR is expressed in the basal ganglia, cingulate cortex, and dentate gyrus as visualized by - gal activity in PRPL/PL female and male mice. (cdc.gov)
  • C-E) Co-labeling VMHvl neurons for PR (anti--gal) and Cckar (mRNA) in PRPL/PL mice. (cdc.gov)
  • F) The vast majority of -gal+ (PR+) cells in various regions in PRPL mice are neurons, as evidenced by co-labeling with NeuroTrace (fluorescent Nissl) in the arcuate and NeuN for the remaining regions. (cdc.gov)
  • VMHvl neurons in PRCre/+ and PRCre/PL male and female mice. (cdc.gov)
  • In flies, three paired thoracic ganglia are fused with the abdominal ganglion to form the ventral nerve cord (Power 1948 ), which is connected to the anterior brain via the cervical connective containing both ascending and descending neurons. (springer.com)
  • Visual attention modulates neuronal responses in primate motion processing area MT. However, whether it modulates the strength local field potentials (LFP-power) within this area remains unexplored, as well as how this modulation relates to the one of the neurons' response. (jneurosci.org)
  • In order to better understand what types of molecular pathways might underlie this compensatory shift in the cercal system, we used a multiple k-mer approach to assemble a terminal ganglion transcriptome that included ganglia collected one, three, and 7 days after unilateral cercal ablation in adult, male animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These dorso-ventral gradients affect RGC responses in adult animals with respect to their spectral tuning 17 - 19 , improving encoding of achromatic contrasts 20 , 21 and providing evolutionary advantages for visual tasks 22 . (biorxiv.org)
  • In a paper published online today in Science Express, scientists at the Weizmann Institute have demonstrated that some of these signals are chemically encoded in the tears themselves. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • The scientists then transferred neurons from the mollusk into a petri dish and chemically triggered the memory of the shocks in them, quickly followed by a dose of propranolol. (gizadeathstar.com)
  • This suggests that neurons within the action distribution of the network are finest off with receptive fields roughly the dimensions of the gameboard. (menphis.info)
  • These preadaptations are likely genetically encoded, which suggests that despite the distant relationships between vocal learners, there are some common genetic factors. (comparative-cognition-and-behavior-reviews.org)
  • Males perform a sequence of five behavioral patterns to court females. (wikipedia.org)
  • We investigated these issues by simultaneously recording LFPs and neuronal responses evoked by moving random dot patterns of varying direction and contrast in area MT of two male monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) during different behavioral conditions. (jneurosci.org)
  • From electrode arrays implanted over areas V1 and V2, we recorded neural activity and examined (1) their selectivity to the orientation of MB, (2) their correlation with monkeys' behavioral choice, and (3) neuronal couplings between DS neurons and MB neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • Both Gre proteins encoded in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene expression profiles of fathers from our previous analysis (Fig 4B). (margottriesthegoodlife.com)
  • Furthermore, males have a cluster of spiky hairs (claspers) surrounding the reproducing parts used to attach to the female during mating. (wikipedia.org)
  • A previous study has demonstrated that the amplitude of local field potentials oscillations (LFP-power) in this area encodes, within certain frequencies, motion direction and speed ( Liu and Newsome, 2006 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • To address this deficiency, we describe motion vision sensitive descending neurons in the hoverfly Eristalis tenax . (springer.com)
  • The findings of this research, which were published in Neuron, could shake up certain conventional theories that describe the workings of our sense of smell. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • In this report, we describe a seven-year-old male with a heterozygous interstitial deletion at 7q33-36.1 with characteristic dysmorphic facial features, intellectual disability, severe microcephaly, and significant language delay. (hindawi.com)
  • REHOVOT, ISRAEL-November 6, 2019-Is a pair of brain structures called the olfactory bulbs, which are said to encode our sense of smell, necessary? (weizmann-usa.org)
  • This context-dependent reversal of odorant preference is driven by cell-autonomous inversion of the response to these alcohols in the single AWC olfactory neuron pair. (plos.org)
  • We find that while medium-chain alcohols inhibit the AWC olfactory neurons to drive attraction, these alcohols instead activate AWC to promote avoidance when presented in the background of a second AWC-sensed odorant. (plos.org)
  • We found 10.9% of V2 neurons exhibited robust orientation selectivity to MBs, and their responses correlated with monkeys' orientation-discrimination performances. (elifesciences.org)
  • First, we determined the direction and contrast selectivity of the LFPs in different frequency bands, as well as the correlation of the LFP-power in each band with the neurons spiking activity. (jneurosci.org)
  • First, since chained inhibitory neurons shape the output signals through the mechanism of disinhibition/inhibition, impairments of GABA release and LTD distort the conversion process from the "internal model" to the output signals. (springer.com)
  • Relative mRNA quantitation was done with 1 focal male from a black male in observed single matings and kept on beans for 72 h to lay eggs. (cuttingthemustard.band)
  • Importantly, however, the responses of descending neurons are not always directly deducible from the responses of their presumed pre-synaptic counterparts (Wu et al. (springer.com)
  • We used single-trial fMRI and analyzed cortical responses collected while subjects listened to the same speech sounds (vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/) spoken by different speakers (boy, girl, male) and performed a delayed-match-to-sample task on either speech sound or speaker identity. (jneurosci.org)
  • Further, we found that with maturation receptive field (RF) center sizes decrease, responses to light get stronger, and centers become more circular while seeing differences in all of them between RGC types. (biorxiv.org)
  • Males are easily distinguished from females based on colour differences, with a distinct black patch at the abdomen, less noticeable in recently emerged flies, and the sex combs (a row of dark bristles on the tarsus of the first leg). (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, they provide an understanding of the neurophysiology of visual neurons that are likely to affect behavior. (springer.com)
  • C, D) No difference between PRCre and control females in sniffing WT males during assays of female sexual behavior. (cdc.gov)
  • In (C) and (D), paternity share when the focal male was first to mate (P2). (margottriesthegoodlife.com)
  • Transcription was measured after 12 h of growth, when the focal male. (cuttingthemustard.band)
  • While the mechanisms through which sex alters the microbiome generic verapamil online for sale has been paid to the lysis buffer, and tissue lysis was done with 1 focal male was second to mate with 1. (cuttingthemustard.band)
  • He further posited that neurons function as information processing units, using electrical impulses to communicate within functional networks. (nih.gov)
  • Frontal cortex neuron types categorically encode single decision variables. (nih.gov)
  • TCA intermediates was added drop-wise to the sociosexual treatments as units of replication, the single mFI ANN model to propose a neuron is driven to be significant in the state of the potential translation of these conditions is met the infection dynamics are calculated as the YASARA Amber14 (ff14SB) force field was selected. (commercialsuicide.org)
  • Females can reject males by moving away, kicking, and extruding their ovipositor. (wikipedia.org)
  • The dense distribution of PLAP-labeled projections is only observed in the AVPV of females, but sparsely labeled fibers occupy a similar volume in the male AVPV. (cdc.gov)
  • A, B) WT males sniffed PRCre and control females equivalently. (cdc.gov)
  • Increased transmission of mutations by low-condition females: evidence for effects of the intestinal microbiota is regulated by gender and the male germline. (margottriesthegoodlife.com)
  • We discuss their similarities with previously published visual neurons, in the optic lobes and ventral nerve cord, and suggest that they can be classified as target-selective, looming sensitive and optic flow sensitive, based on these similarities. (springer.com)
  • In fly motion vision most of the attention has been given to the neurons in the optic lobes (for review, see, e.g. (springer.com)
  • Specifically, they found that merely sniffing a woman's tears-even when the crying woman is not present-reduces sexual arousal in men. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • On this paper, we use a fast CNN to encode place- and syntax-oriented constructions extracted from noticed texts as states. (menphis.info)
  • Through experience only, connections among neurons take place and the synoptic networks are de-veloped and enriched. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
  • Lentivirus (LV)-NRP-1 was transfected into rat primary cortical neuronal cultures before a 2-h oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury to neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, urban-dwelling gay males are experiencing an alarming increase in methamphetamine abuse, resulting in rapid spread of HIV infection fueled by unsafe sexual practices. (netce.com)
  • However, the descending neurons, which connect the optic lobes with the motor command centers of the ventral nerve cord, remain less studied. (springer.com)