Major synaptic vesicles. Medical search. Frequent questions

Synaptic vesicles contain two classes of obligatory components: transport proteins involved in neurotransmitter uptake, and trafficking proteins that participate in synaptic vesicle exocytosis, endocytosis, and recycling. (wikipedia.org)
For his pioneering studies on the molecular characterization of synaptic vesicles and the roles of protein complexes in the process of exocytosis - an essential mechanism for the transmission of signals in the nervous system. (balzan.org)
When a nerve impulse arrives at the nerve terminal, it causes the release of a signaling chemical - the neurotransmitter - by prompting the fusion of small vesicles with the plasma membrane (exocytosis). (balzan.org)
First, he made a major contribution to the identification of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptotagmin, the Ca++-sensor for triggering exocytosis. (balzan.org)
The volatile anesthetic isoflurane differentially inhibits glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis by reducing presynaptic Ca 2+ influx without affecting the Ca 2+ -exocytosis relationship, but its effects on dopaminergic exocytosis are unclear. (eneuro.org)
Isoflurane, a widely used volatile anesthetic, inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels and differentially inhibits synaptic vesicle exocytosis depending on neurotransmitter phenotype. (eneuro.org)
Here, we show that in dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area isoflurane acts via a sodium channel-independent mechanism to inhibit synaptic vesicle exocytosis in proportion to reduced presynaptic Ca 2+ flux mediated by Ca V 2.1 and/or Ca V 2.2, in contrast to its effects in non-dopaminergic neurons. (eneuro.org)
Indeed, the exocytosis of large dense core vesicles frequently exhibits "kiss-and-run", but this mechanism remains controversial for small synaptic vesicles, and the topic has recently been reviewed elsewhere (60, 82). (johnshopkins.edu)
Membrane fusion generates an opening through which the molecules are expelled into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis. (msdmanuals.com)

But when she first started explaining the science-her answer was peppered with the terms "neurotransmitter," "vesicles," "synaptic cleft" and "post synaptic cleft. (whyy.org)
3) This causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the terminal membrane, releasing neurotransmitter into the gap between neurons, known as the synaptic cleft. (oist.jp)
Glutamate transporters maintain the concentration of glutamate within the synaptic cleft at low levels, preventing glutamate-induced cell death (Kanai et al. (org.es)
If the signals received from other neurons are sufficiently strong, an action potential will travel down the length of the axon to the terminal buttons, resulting in the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. (writersdomain.org)
Some NTs are released into a synaptic cleft and immediately activate receptors on the postsynaptic site (e.g. (pediagenosis.com)
Although the concentration of transmitter achieved in the synaptic cleft is high, the receptors are closely apposed to the release site, and many are of high affinity, the peak concentration of transmitter is very brief, so that only a few receptors become activated. (johnshopkins.edu)
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind briefly to specific receptors on the adjoining neuron or effector cell. (msdmanuals.com)

Vesicles are essential for propagating nerve impulses between neurons and are constantly recreated by the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Following a fusion event, neurons must replenish their vesicle stocks to ensure that they are ready for the arrival of the next action potential. (elifesciences.org)
Synaptophysin is a calcium-binding and integral membrane glycoprotein present in presynaptic vesicles in almost all neurons. (thermofisher.com)
Synaptic transmission is the major mechanism by which neurons in our brain communicate with each other. (balzan.org)
These synaptic vesicles contain the neurotransmitter, which is expelled into the narrow space between the sending and receiving neurons. (balzan.org)
These findings provide a synaptic mechanism for the observed role of reduced dopamine release in anesthetic-induced unconsciousness and implicate presynaptic Ca 2+ channels of dopaminergic neurons as important targets of isoflurane. (eneuro.org)
When an electrical nerve impulse, or action potential, arrives at the end of the presynaptic neuron, this causes synaptic vesicles - tiny membrane 'packets' that contain neurotransmitters - to fuse with the terminal membrane, releasing the neurotransmitters into the gap between neurons. (oist.jp)
Appearance of AChE may also be discovered in many major neurons from the Zebrafish embryo including both electric motor neurons and sensory neurons Anacetrapib (MK-0859) IC50 which differentiate within the nascent central anxious program during early somitogenesis levels.8 SV2 is really a transmembrane keratan sulfate proteoglycan of synaptic vesicles within endocrine and neuronal cells. (immune-source.com)
These neurons contain GAD65 and GAD67 (GABA synthetic enzymes) as well as the vesicular transporters VGAT and vGLUT2 which transport GABA and glutamate respectively into synaptic vesicles, suggesting that all of the necessary machinery for synthesis and co-release of these neurotransmitters is present. (antibodiesinc.com)
Intriguingly GABA and Glutamate also appear to be simultaneously released from the same synaptic vesicles in these neurons [Shabel SJ et al. (antibodiesinc.com)
Several studies have demonstrated co-release of both glutamate and GABA from midbrain dopaminergic neurons onto post-synaptic neurons leading to increased excitatory and inhibitory output respectively. (antibodiesinc.com)
Consistent with a role for glutamate release in these dopaminergic neurons they express the glutamate transporter vGlut2 and genetic ablation of vGlut2 prevents glutamate release and severely reduces excitatory output in post-synaptic cells [Hnasko TS et al. (antibodiesinc.com)
There are several major differences that distinguish C. elegans neurons from their mammalian counterparts. (biomedcentral.com)
The major neuropathologic hallmarks of PD are the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the accumulation of cytoplasmic inclusions, so-called Lewy bodies (LB), composed primarily of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In a neuron, synaptic vesicles (or neurotransmitter vesicles) store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse. (wikipedia.org)
Vesicular transporters move neurotransmitters from the cells' cytoplasm into the synaptic vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
The stoichiometry for the movement of different neurotransmitters into a vesicle is given in the following table. (wikipedia.org)
A spider toxin called alpha-Latrotoxin binds to neurexins, damaging vesicles and causing massive release of neurotransmitters. (wikipedia.org)
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the presynaptic cell and stored in vesicles in presynaptic processes, such as the axon terminal. (org.es)
At the end of the axon are terminal buttons that contain synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters. (writersdomain.org)
Many, perhaps most, nerve terminals co - localize and release multiple neurotransmitters (NT), each presumably packaged in its own synaptic vesicles. (pediagenosis.com)

Synaptic vesicles are relatively simple because only a limited number of proteins fit into a sphere of 40 nm diameter. (wikipedia.org)
These proteins do not share a characteristic that would make them identifiable as synaptic vesicle proteins, and little is known about how these proteins are specifically deposited into synaptic vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
Many but not all of the known synaptic vesicle proteins interact with non-vesicular proteins and are linked to specific functions. (wikipedia.org)
The tetanus toxin damages vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMP), a type of v-SNARE, while botulinum toxins damage t-SNARES and v-SNARES and thus inhibit synaptic transmission. (wikipedia.org)
There is also evidence that other proteins such as UNC-16/Sunday Driver regulate the use of motors for transport of synaptic vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
Many proteins on synaptic vesicles and at release sites have been identified, however none of the identified protein interactions between the vesicle proteins and release site proteins can account for the docking phase of the cycle. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to the expected 50% loss of Shank3a, levels of other synaptic proteins, such as PSD-95, drebrin, and homer1, remained unchanged in the parietotemporal cortex of hemizygous Shank3 Δex4-9 animals. (jneurosci.org)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although the loss of several synaptic proteins has been described in Alzheimer's disease (AD), it remains unclear whether their reduction contributes to clinical symptoms. (jneurosci.org)
In the 1980s evidence had been provided that a complex of synaptic proteins (the so-called SNARE complex consisting of Synaptobrevin, Syntaxin, and SNAP-25) is involved in many forms of membrane fusion. (balzan.org)
Both post-mortem human brain and in vivo studies in depressed individuals have shown a loss of synapses through the down-regulation of synaptic proteins and genes," the authors of the study wrote. (psypost.org)
Hence, upregulation of presynaptic proteins and an increase in synaptic density may be associated with the potential antidepressive effects of psychedelics. (psypost.org)
For example, synaptic vesicles, receptor proteins complexes and cellular skeletal assemblies can be as small as 50 nm yet our understanding of their function could be greatly improved if only direct optical recording was possible. (azooptics.com)
Two major groups of hyper- and of hypo-phosphorylated Hsc70 proteins are formed. (bvsalud.org)
The stCCV pathway sorts specifically the cell adhesion proteins CHL1 and Neurocan, supporting our model of that the stCCV pathway fulfills specific functions in synaptic plasticity. (bvsalud.org)
SYP is a major integral membrane protein of small synaptic vesicles and belongs to a family of proteins that includes synaptogyrin (SYG) and synaptoporin [28]. (brain-tumor-cancer-information.com)

Neuroactive glutamate is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals (Fykse and Fonnum, 1996). (org.es)
The axon is responsible for integrating synaptic signals, generating action potentials (APs), propagating those APs to downstream synapses and converting them into patterns of neurotransmitter vesicle release. (frontiersin.org)
These modulatory events dramatically affect how synaptic information is integrated to generate patters of action potentials (APs) as well as how those APs are transformed into transmitter release at axon terminals ( Figure 1A ). (frontiersin.org)

Assembly and maturation of synapses at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) depend on trans-synaptic Neurexin/Neuroligin signalling, which is promoted by the scaffolding protein Syd-1 binding to Neurexin. (sdbonline.org)
Chemical synapses release synaptic vesicles (SVs) at specialized presynaptic membranes, so-called active zones (AZs), which are characterized by electron-dense structures, reflecting the presence of extended molecular protein scaffolds. (sdbonline.org)
However, how presynaptic scaffold assembly and maturation are controlled and coupled spatiotemporally to the postsynaptic assembly of neurotransmitter receptors remains largely unknown, although trans-synaptic signalling via Neurexin-1 (Nrx-1)-Neuroligin-1 (Nlg1) adhesion molecules is a strong candidate for a conserved 'master module' in this context, based on Nrx-Nlg signalling promoting synaptogenesis in vitro, synapses of rodents, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila (Muhammad, 2015). (sdbonline.org)
The trans-synaptic dialogue between Nrx-1 and Nlg1 aids in the initial assembly, specification and maturation of synapses, and is a key component in the modification of neuronal networks. (sdbonline.org)
What are the two major types of synapses? (flashcardmachine.com)
Electrical synapses are important where __________ activity among a group of cells are a major function. (flashcardmachine.com)
On the bases of the distribution of __________ expression alone, it seems likely that electrical synapses occur in every major region of the __________, although compelling functional and morphological data have been collected for only a few years. (flashcardmachine.com)
GABA receptors at many (but not all) inhibitory synapses also appear not to be saturated by a single vesicle (14, 67, 79). (johnshopkins.edu)

Possibly involved in structural functions as organizing other membrane components or in targeting the vesicles to the plasma membrane. (affbiotech.com)
ii) co-operating with SNAREs to promote synaptic vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane. (anr.fr)
This review focuses on changes in quantal size before fusion with the plasma membrane, that involve direct changes in vesicle filling. (johnshopkins.edu)

Synapsins are major neuronal phosphoproteins involved in regulation of neurotransmitter release. (ucl.ac.uk)
Neuromodulatory regulation of ion channels affects how ion channels respond to voltage deflections on short and long time scales, thus affecting how certain features of synaptic input are transformed into neuronal output. (frontiersin.org)

Purified vesicles have a protein:phospholipid ratio of 1:3 with a lipid composition of 40% phosphatidylcholine, 32% phosphatidylethanolamine, 12% phosphatidylserine, 5% phosphatidylinositol, and 10% cholesterol. (wikipedia.org)
have shown that another protein, synaptotagmin 7, also has a key role in the replenishment of synaptic vesicles, possibly as a sensor for calcium ions. (elifesciences.org)
is compatible with a role in regulating Ca 2+ channel activity or SNARE [soluble N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) receptor] complex function in vesicle fusion. (jneurosci.org)
Studies have shown Synaptophysin to be a major cholesterol-binding protein in brain synaptic vesicles. (enzolifesciences.com)
However, the molecule responsible was unknown until Jahn, together with Südhof, demonstrated the Ca-binding properties of synaptotagmin, making this protein the major candidate for the Ca++-sensor at the synapse. (balzan.org)
α-synuclein's physiological role is poorly understood, but the protein has been implicated in regulating dopamine release and transport, synaptic vesicle clustering, and functioning as a SNARE-complex chaperone. (biolegend.com)
Cytoplasmic vesicle>Secretory vesicle>Synaptic vesicle membrane>Multi-pass membrane protein. (affbiotech.com)
The AP1/σ1B complex knockout leads to impaired synaptic vesicle recycling and altered endosomal protein sorting. (bvsalud.org)

Trafficking to the synapse Synaptic vesicle components are initially trafficked to the synapse using members of the kinesin motor family. (wikipedia.org)
2. Transmitter loading Once at the synapse, synaptic vesicles are loaded with a neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
Vesicle fusion is required for neurotransmitter release at the synapse. (alumniunipd.it)

Vesicular glutamate transporters, for example, sequester glutamate into vesicles by this process. (wikipedia.org)
Glutamate is incorporated into the vesicles by a glutamate transporter located in the vesicular membrane. (org.es)
At the same time, vesicular transport is generally slow, and may limit refilling if vesicles recycle quickly, even at concentrations of cytosolic transmitter that saturate the transport mechanism. (johnshopkins.edu)

It is also involved in the regulation of short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity. (thermofisher.com)
We then examine how these mechanisms could modulate synaptic function by focusing on three key features of synaptic information transmission: synaptic strength, synaptic variability, and short-term plasticity. (frontiersin.org)
Although analysis of the neuromuscular junction originally suggested that the response to release of a single vesicle filled with neurotransmitter is fixed, and hence represents the elemental "quantum" of synaptic transmission (109), considerable work has now shown that quantal size can change as a function of activity, contributing to such forms of plasticity as long-term potentiation (124). (johnshopkins.edu)

Synaptophysin has four transmembrane domains and it forms a complex with dynamin at high calcium concentrations suggesting an involvement in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. (thermofisher.com)

Here, incoming signals effect the release of transmitters from stores known as 'vesicles', which fuse with the adjoining cell membranes in order to transmit the signal. (charite.de)
They were surprised to find that this not only slowed the process of fusion, but also resulted in vesicles and membranes remaining farther apart. (charite.de)
calcium inflow releases neurotransmitter molecules from many vesicles by fusing the vesicle membranes to the nerve terminal membrane. (msdmanuals.com)

The study, " A Single Dose of Psilocybin Increases Synaptic Density and Decreases 5-HT2A Receptor Density in the Pig Brain ", was authored by by Nakul Ravi Raval, Annette Johansen, Lene Lundgaard Donovan, Nídia Fernandez Ros, Brice Ozenne, Hanne Demant Hansen, and Gitte Moos Knudse. (psypost.org)

Volatile anesthetics such as isoflurane modulate synaptic and extrasynaptic neurotransmission through multiple postsynaptic targets, primarily by potentiating inhibitory GABA A receptors and depressing excitatory glutamatergic transmission via ionotropic glutamate receptors ( Rudolph and Antkowiak, 2004 ). (eneuro.org)
It has been less clear whether changes in vesicle filling with classical transmitters such as acetylcholine, GABA and glutamate make a difference in the postsynaptic response. (johnshopkins.edu)
If receptors are normally saturated by the contents of a single vesicle, packaging more transmitter will have no effect on the postsynaptic response. (johnshopkins.edu)
Regardless of the precise explanation, changes in the amount of transmitter per vesicle are thus predicted to have a major influence on the postsynaptic response. (johnshopkins.edu)

It has long been appreciated that changes in the amount of neuromodulator released per vesicle can have profound consequences for the activation of receptors at a distance from the release site. (johnshopkins.edu)
Remarkably, a single vesicle filled with glutamate fails to saturate lowaffinity AMPA receptors as well as high-affinity NMDA receptors (123, 132). (johnshopkins.edu)
How can synaptic release fail to saturate receptors? (johnshopkins.edu)
Large amounts of transmitter per vesicle will result in the activation of more receptors, but high rates of firing will also deplete transmitter from the terminal unless it is actively replaced by, for example, recycling or biosynthesis. (johnshopkins.edu)

Collectively, these data suggest multiple functions for CSP at synaptic terminals. (jneurosci.org)
Some NTs are packaged in vesicles in the cell body and transported by axonal transport (e.g., neuropeptides), while other NTs are synthesized and/or packaged locally in the nerve terminals (e.g., amino acids, monoamines). (pediagenosis.com)

It should be noted that some NTs are present in the presynaptic cytoplasm and are not released by quantal (vesicle-based) release. (pediagenosis.com)

Major co-localized NTs, sorted by transmitter and by fiber type, are presented in the table. (pediagenosis.com)

The association of huntingtin with the cytoplasmic surface of a variety of organelles, including transport vesicles, synaptic vesicles, microtubules, and mitochondria, raises the possibility of the occurrence of normal cellular interactions that might be relevant to neurodegeneration. (medscape.com)

Recently, it has been discovered that synaptic vesicles also contain small RNA molecules, including transfer RNA fragments, Y RNA fragments and mirRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
The neurotransmitter molecules are stored in the first cell in packages known as vesicles, which release their contents by fusing with the cell membrane. (elifesciences.org)
The super-resolution microscopy is capable of going beyond the diffraction limit of optical microscopy, thereby helping cell biologists to resolve structures such as molecules or vesicles separated by less than 200nm. (azooptics.com)
The amount in one vesicle (usually several thousand molecules) is a quantum. (msdmanuals.com)

Classically the V-ATPase is a proton pump that ensures the acidification of intracellular compartments, including those destined for secretion and notably synaptic vesicles. (anr.fr)

The recycling pool is proximate to the cell membrane, and tend to be cycled at moderate stimulation, so that the rate of vesicle release is the same as, or lower than, the rate of vesicle formation. (wikipedia.org)
3. Docking The loaded synaptic vesicles must dock near release sites, however docking is a step of the cycle that we know little about. (wikipedia.org)
After fusion, premature closure of the pore may interrupt the full release of vesicle contents. (johnshopkins.edu)

More recently, it has become clear that changes in quantal size can also reflect presynaptic changes in vesicle filling. (johnshopkins.edu)

Here, we resolved Ca 2+ -dependent and Ca 2+ -independent synaptic vesicle (SV) replenishment pathways, and found that syt 7 plays a selective and critical role in the Ca 2+ -dependent pathway. (elifesciences.org)
Our functional analysis revealed that the molecular signature of En2 -/- cerebellum and hippocampus shares convergent pathological pathways with ASD, including abnormal synaptic transmission, altered developmental processes and increased immune response. (biomedcentral.com)

In C. elegans the major motor for synaptic vesicles is UNC-104. (wikipedia.org)

Chemical synaptic transmission allows nerve signals to be exchanged between cells which are electrically isolated from each other. (org.es)

We have now found that synaptotagmin is capable of pulling the synaptic vesicles closer to the membrane within a matter of milliseconds. (charite.de)
Shuwen Chang, Thorsten Trimbuch, Christian Rosenmund: Synaptotagmin-1 drives synchronous Ca2+-triggered fusion by C2B-domain-mediated synaptic-vesicle-membrane attachment. (charite.de)

Antiepileptic drugs can be grouped according to their major mechanism of action. (medscape.com)

citation needed] Vesicles in the nerve terminal are grouped into three pools: the readily releasable pool, the recycling pool, and the reserve pool. (wikipedia.org)
The readily releasable pool are docked to the cell membrane, making these the first group of vesicles to be released on stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
For example, the replenishment of synaptic vesicles (SV) in the readily releasable pool (RRP), which can be exhausted during high frequency stimulation (HFS), plays a critical role in determining the rate and degree of short-term synaptic depression ( Wang and Kaczmarek, 1998 ). (elifesciences.org)

The immunoreactivity levels of well-characterized antibodies, for all major retinal cells and their compartments, were obtained using our established semiquantitative confocal and imaging techniques. (molvis.org)

Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)

the anesthetic had the strongest effect on higher frequency impulses that are required for functions such as cognition or movement, whilst it had minimal effect on low frequency impulses that control life-supporting functions, such as breathing," said Professor Tomoyuki Takahashi, who leads the Cellular and Molecular Synaptic Function (CMSF) Unit at OIST. (oist.jp)

1. General overview of synaptic transmission. (org.es)
Synaptic transmission is observed in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms and underlies their behaviour. (nature.com)

More recently, Reinhard Jahn's proteomic study of the molecular constituents of synaptic vesicles has been very important, culminating in a three-dimensional molecular model of a synaptic vesicle. (balzan.org)

In short, the distance between the synaptic vesicle and the membrane is a major barrier to rapid fusion," explains the article's corresponding author, Prof. Dr. Christian Rosenmund of the Institute of Neurophysiology and the NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence. (charite.de)
It does this by acting like a double-sided sticky tape, forming a bridge between the vesicle and the membrane," says Prof. Rosenmund, further explaining that fusion can only occur once this bridge has been formed. (charite.de)
Dr. Shuwen Chang, a researcher at the Rosenmund Lab and the study's first author, was meant to use the new electron microscopy-based method for the direct visualization of the vesicle-membrane fusion process. (charite.de)
The researchers are planning to conduct further experiments in the hope of establishing whether these mutations also affect the speed of vesicle fusion and, consequently, the speed at which nerve cells communicate. (charite.de)
Lunedì 16 ottobre p.v. alle ore 15.30 il Prof. Yeon-Kyun Shin, Professore di Biofisica alla Iowa State University, terrà un seminario dal titolo "Synaptic vesicle fusion: A biophysics perspective" al Polo Didattico e Scientifico Vallisneri in Aula Magna, in collaborazione con la Scuola Galileiana. (alumniunipd.it)
In particular, research is focused on identifying the major intermediates on the membrane fusion pathway and in reproducing millisecod membrane fusion, a feature unique to synaptic vesicle fusion. (alumniunipd.it)
I will discuss the current status of our understanding of synaptic membrane fusion with a biophysics perspective. (alumniunipd.it)
The amount of neurotransmitter released from a synaptic vesicle may be controlled either before or after the fusion event. (johnshopkins.edu)

How each neuron finds its synaptic partners has been a central question in developmental neurobiology. (stanford.edu)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are membranous particles released by cells into the extracellular space. (mdpi.com)
Resolution limits imposed by light diffraction have always been major obstacle in analysing microscopic images and obtaining insights into the fabric of living cells. (azooptics.com)
CgA reactivity is definitely strongly dependent on the quantity of neurosecretory vesicles per cell and is definitely regularly lost in neoplastic NE cells [25], while only subset of NE cells expresses CGRP [26]. (brain-tumor-cancer-information.com)

These two opposing, rapid, Ca2+-dependent processes may play a crucial role in the modulation of synaptic vesicle trafficking within the presynaptic terminal. (ucl.ac.uk)

Anatomy42

Organisms16

Chemicals and Drugs93

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes30

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science2

Health Care1

Exocytosis9

Cleft7

Neurons14

Neurotransmitters7

Proteins15

Axon3

Synapses8

Plasma membrane3

Neuronal2

Protein8

Synapse3

Vesicular3

Plasticity3

Endocytosis1

Membranes3

Receptor1

Postsynaptic4

Receptors4

Terminals2

Cytoplasm1

Transmitter1

Mitochondria1

Molecules4

Secretion1

Release3

Quantal1

Pathways2

Elegans1

Chemical1

Synaptotagmin2

Mechanism1

Readily releasable pool3

Compartments1

Excitatory1

Cellular1

Transmission2

Molecular1

Fusion8

Developmental1

Cells3

Processes1