• The viral hemagglutinins of conventional influenza A viruses (IAVs) bind to sialylated glycans on host cell surfaces for attachment and subsequent infection. (figshare.com)
  • The major and usually only clinical response to infection with PPV is maternal reproductive failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The surface of flu viruses is studded with proteins called hemagglutinins, which are the part of the virus that binds to cells in a person's respiratory tract, initiating infection. (foxnews.com)
  • Structures of viral proteins help us discover effective ways to fight infection. (rcsb.org)
  • Today, with our continually growing understanding of virus structure and biology, we have many tools to fight viral infection. (rcsb.org)
  • This page explores some of the insights provided by structural biology about viruses and how these insights are used to develop new defenses against viral infection. (rcsb.org)
  • NS1 is comprised of two functional domains, N-terminal RNA-binding domain (RBD) and C-terminal effector domain (ED). RBD, amino acids 1-73 of NS1, forms a six-helical homodimer, and its major role is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding, thereby blocking IFN induction on infection (Pichlmair et al. (datexis.com)
  • Because of the important role of NS1 during viral infection, many attempts have been made to develop antiviral therapeutics targeting NS1. (datexis.com)
  • His work covers various topics, including B cell responses to viral infection and vaccination, human primary immunodeficiency, and biology of lymphocyte development and function and to elucidate etiology of immunological disorders. (stanford.edu)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • Mathematical modeling was used to estimate more generalizable key replication kinetic parameters from raw in vitro viral titers, revealing commonalities between viral infection progression in vivo and in vitro. (cdc.gov)
  • Measles is the most contagious airborne viral infection and the leading cause of child death among vaccine-preventable diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Antiviral drugs block key viral proteins, preventing their replication and spread, and vaccines prime our immune system to make us ready for future exposure to common viruses. (rcsb.org)
  • To evade host's innate immune response, influenza has evolved a few strategies for viral replication. (datexis.com)
  • We also found that viral replication was suppressed in the presence of aptamers, which suggests that the selected RNA aptamers can be developed as a useful therapeutic agent in future. (datexis.com)
  • We report the development of a stable, eplication-competent luciferase reporter influenza A virus that can be used for in vivo imaging of viral replication. (mssm.edu)
  • It is a prodrug which inhibits cap-dependent endonuclease, an enzyme specific to influenza, resulting in inhibition of viral replication. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, poorly- and non-transmissible viruses show significantly reduced or delayed replication along with lower detection of airborne viral RNA at early time points post inoculation. (cdc.gov)
  • Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
  • Thus far, influenza is classified on the subtypes of 18 hemagglutinins and 11 neuraminidases (Tong et al. (datexis.com)
  • We used this tool to characterize novel monoclonal antibodies that bind the conserved stalk domain of the viral hemagglutinin of H1 and H5 subtypes and protect mice from lethal disease. (mssm.edu)
  • Recognition of variant HIV-1 epitopes from diverse viral subtypes by vaccine-induced CTL. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Often, viral genes encode proteins with several functionalities, or genes for different proteins overlap with one another. (rcsb.org)
  • Several influenza proteins have been shown to be major determinants in host tropism. (springer.com)
  • A number of enveloped viruses confer fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane using surface viral fusion proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • The first section of this review describes types of viral fusion proteins and is followed by a comparison of the structural features of class I fusion proteins, namely influenza virus hemagglutinin and the S-protein of the human coronavirus. (bvsalud.org)
  • She then integrated the Viroscience Department for her post-doctoral studies, which have focused on the pathogenesis, virulence and transmissibility of influenza A viruses, with special emphasis on genetic and phenotypic viral factors involved in the emergence of new pandemics. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • The viral genome is single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a molecular weight of 1.4 × 106 (i.e., about 26.5% of the weight of the complete virion). (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, circoviruses get by with only two genes: one to encode the capsid protein that will protect and deliver the genome in the infectious virus, and a replicase protein that hijacks cellular polymerases to create new copies of the viral single-stranded DNA genome. (rcsb.org)
  • Their conformational rearrangements lead to the unification of lipid bilayers of cell membranes and viral envelopes and the formation of fusion pores through which the viral genome enters the cytoplasm of the cell. (bvsalud.org)
  • LPAI viruses naturally infect wild waterbirds accord- mission possibilities differ considerably between wild and ing to host species, age, immune status, feeding behavior, domestic birds and are likely to be major determinants of premigration aggregation, and aquatic survival of the vi- virulence. (cdc.gov)
  • Viruses are a major threat to global health. (rcsb.org)
  • To address this knowledge gap, we measured the levels of virus in ferret nasal washes as well as viral RNA emitted into the air for 14 diverse influenza viruses, encompassing human-, swine-, and avian-origin strains. (cdc.gov)
  • The continued evolution of the A(H7N9) viruses poses major challenges in pandemic preparedness strategies through vaccination. (bvsalud.org)
  • The fusion of viral and cell membranes is one of the basic processes in the life cycles of viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • One explanation of the NS1 function is sequestration of viral RNA, which leads to inhibition of main viral RNA sensor RIG-I in the host cell (Chien et al. (datexis.com)
  • We are studying the mechanism of viral membrane fusion and its inhibition by drugs and antibodies. (stanford.edu)
  • Viral antigen is especially concentrated in lymphoid tissues (Fig. 3A, B). Many pigs, irrespective of age or sex, have a transient, usually mild, leukopenia sometime within 10 days after initial exposure to the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mink infected with chicken/49 no signs of disease were observed, while the mink infected with mink/84 showed severe signs of respiratory disease, with inflammatory lesions spreading throughout the lung and viral antigen present in substantial numbers of cells in the lung, nasal mucosa, and trachea. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • Sixteen hemagglutinins (H1-H16) and have rarely been involved in HPAI virus infections. (cdc.gov)
  • They are important during viral infections and cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whether and how exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) affects NK cell function in the context of viral infections has not been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This reduction in the potential ability of NK cells to kill virus-infected host cells may increase the susceptibility to viral infections after DEP exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Immune responsiveness declines in the elderly as a consequence of alterations in the distribution and function of immune cells with age and changes induced by chronic viral infections (such as cytomegalovirus) and inflammatory diseases ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • As the relative contribution of in vitro experimentation to these rubrics has not been closely examined, we sought to evaluate to what extent viral titer measurements over the course of in vitro infections are predictive or correlates of nasal wash and tissue measurements for IAV infections in vivo. (cdc.gov)
  • There are a number of alternate vaccination strategies in current development which may circumvent the need for annual re-vaccination, including new platform technologies such as viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • In this context, viral entry was supported only by a chimera containing the HLA-DR α1, α2, and β1 domains. (figshare.com)
  • Viral titers in ferret nasal wash specimens and nasal turbinate tissue correlated positively with peak titer in Calu-3 cells, whereas additional phenotypic and molecular determinants of influenza virus virulence and transmissibility in ferrets varied in their association with in vitro viral titer measurements. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1906, Paschen created a staining method for viral particles and demonstrated the elementary bodies (Paschen bodies) in smallpox lesion smears. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Gp120-alum boosting of a Gag-Pol-Env DNA/MVA AIDS vaccine: poorer control of a pathogenic viral challenge. (ucdenver.edu)
  • In contrast, hemagglutinins of bat-derived IAVs target major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) for cell entry. (figshare.com)
  • They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease. (ucdenver.edu)
  • This illustration depicted a left lateral view of a ferret, Mustela putorius furo , with its major organs depicted. (cdc.gov)
  • We describe the first report of RNA sequencing of 5' capped (Pol II) RNAs isolated from acutely hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected Huh 7.5 cells that provides a general approach to identifying differentially expressed annotated and unannotated genes that participate in viral-host interactions. (mdpi.com)
  • Influenza A virus is a major human pathogen responsible for seasonal epidemics as well as pandemic outbreaks. (mssm.edu)
  • Meta-analyses inclusive of IAV that display a diverse range of phenotypes in ferrets, interpreted with mathematical modeling of viral kinetic parameters, can provide critical information supporting a more rigorous and appropriate contextualization of in vitro experiments toward pandemic preparedness. (cdc.gov)
  • After recognition of viral RNA harboring 5′-triphosphate by RIG-I, CARD is activated by either TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination (Gack et al. (datexis.com)
  • Here, we characterized variations in the major viral antigenic sites among contemporary RSV sequences when compared with RSVPreF3 and showed that, in older adults, RSVPreF3-AS01 broadly boosts neutralization responses against currently dominant and antigenically distant RSV strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • Of the various functions, the major role of NS1 is the disruption of host cell innate immune system, and inhibits the induction of IFN (Garcia-Sastre et al. (datexis.com)
  • A deep understanding of all the stages of conformational transitions preceding the fusion of viral and cell membranes is necessary for the development of specific inhibitors of viral reproduction. (bvsalud.org)
  • as such, quantification of viral RNA in the air represents a useful addition to established assessments of new influenza virus strains. (cdc.gov)
  • To evaluate the potential of R1a-B6 for immunoprophylaxis, we have reformatted it as an Fc fusion for adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector delivery. (frontiersin.org)
  • Influenza virus continues to be a major public health concern, causing both annual epidemics and occasional pandemics ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Because viral fi tness is highly dependent on host rus. (cdc.gov)
  • Note: the free, infectious form of a virus is often termed a "virion," but here, we will use the term "virus" to encompass all stages of the viral life cycle. (rcsb.org)
  • Based on effector function, NK cells are divided into two major subsets: more cytotoxic NK cells (CD56 dim CD16 + ) and more cytokine-secreting NK cells (CD56 bright CD16 dim/- ) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)