AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Intervertebral Disc DegenerationIntervertebral DiscIntervertebral Disc DisplacementSpinal DiseasesLumbar VertebraeFibrocartilageMagnetic Resonance ImagingSpinal OsteophytosisAggrecansCollagen Type IIProteoglycansMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyDisease Models, AnimalSpineCervical VertebraeDiskectomyLumbosacral RegionLow Back PainCollagen Type IXWeight-BearingCompressive StrengthSpinal FusionCells, CulturedIntervertebral Disc ChemolysisThoracic VertebraeSacrumNotochordSpondylolisthesisRetinal DegenerationMacular DegenerationBiomechanical PhenomenaNerve DegenerationSpinal StenosisScoliosisChymopapainLordosisMagnetic Resonance AngiographyDiscitisCadaverLaminectomyBack PainGlycosaminoglycansExtracellular Matrix ProteinsMagnetic Resonance Imaging, CineRadiculopathySciatica
HerniationVertebraeSpineFunction of the intervertebral discVertebral bodiesHuman intervertebralBiomechanicsImagingThoracolumbarBulgesAdjacentThoracicBiomechanicalNucleusFacet joint degenerationLigamentsScoliosisSagittalVertebraDisplacementAbnormalPosteriorPathologyInflammationCalcificationIVDsPrevalenceDegenerative spondylolisthesisSpondylosisShock absorbersBoneInstabilityPfirrmannPatient'sAnatomyOsteoarthritisExtrusionAbnormalitiesAnnularMethodsClinicalJointsPatientsTissuePredispositionAnatomicalPredominantlySignificantlyBackHumansSevere
Herniation35
  • Degenerative changes in the disk represent a broad category that includes the subcategories of annular fissure, herniation, and degeneration. (medscape.com)
  • A change in disc herniation, annular fissure, and nerve root compromise was reported more than twice as commonly in the subjects as in controls (65% versus 30%, 25% versus 10%, and 15% versus 0%, respectively). (ajnr.org)
  • While preliminary data from studies investigating FGF4 retrogenes in IVDD implicate FGF4 overexpression as a major disease factor, they have also highlighted knowledge gaps in our understanding of intervertebral disc herniation which is a complex and multifactorial disease process. (frontiersin.org)
  • Due to the degeneration of intervertebral disc, there will be pathological changes such as sciatica, disc herniation/prolapse, and spinal stenosis, which will lead to back pain from cervical spine to tailbone [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Also, our study demonstrated that lumbosacral structure with a more vertical orientation causes a tendency to develop disc degeneration and herniation. (cns.org)
  • Patients (aged from 18 to 50 years) presenting with lumbago /sciatica (ICD-10-CM M54.3, M54.4) due to lumbar disc herniation lasting more than 12 weeks, were included. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Patients with disc herniation larger than size-2 or size-3 according to the MSU Classification were eligible for participation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Low back pain and sciatica due to lumbar disc herniation has become a major public health problem [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we compared outcomes of transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) in elderly and younger patients with disc herniation in the lumbosacral region. (e-neurospine.org)
  • Cervical radiculopathy can result from nerve root injury in the presence of disc herniation or stenosis, most commonly foraminal stenosis, leading to sensory, motor, or reflex abnormalities in the affected nerve root distribution. (medscape.com)
  • Disc bulge, is not a true herniation, per se. (medscape.com)
  • Extrusion applies to herniation of nuclear material when, in at least one plane, any one distance between the edges of the disc material beyond the disc space is greater than the distance between the edges of the base, or when no continuity exists between the disc material beyond the disc space and that within the disc space. (medscape.com)
  • Examples of disc herniation are seen in the images below. (medscape.com)
  • Disc herniation classification. (medscape.com)
  • Focal herniation involves less than 25% of the disc circumference, whereas broad-based herniations involves between 25-50% of the disc circumference. (medscape.com)
  • Item #1 The first one this week is called "Incidence of Spontaneous Resorption of Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Meta-analysis" by Zou et. (chiropracticforward.com)
  • Sagittal midline (A), transverse (B through E), and dorsal (F through I) plane CT myelographic images of the vertebral column of a 10-year-old castrated male Miniature Dachshund retrospectively evaluated in a study of 70 small-breed dogs diagnosed with type I thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation between July 1, 2016, and June 30, 2018, and evaluated to assess whether the volume of the extruded materials correlated with neurologic severity. (avma.org)
  • How Does Nutrition Affect Disc Degeneration And Herniation? (drhugulet.com)
  • The nutrition of the disc is important as poor blood flow and nutrients to the spinal disc is a cause of disc degeneration and herniation . (drhugulet.com)
  • It might be a result of disc herniation in your neck. (onebodyldn.com)
  • In this comprehensive blog, we will delve into the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for disc herniation in the neck. (onebodyldn.com)
  • We will start by understanding the anatomy of the cervical spine and discs, followed by a detailed explanation of what disc herniation is and its prevalence. (onebodyldn.com)
  • We will discuss the various symptoms that indicate a need for medical help and explore the risk factors contributing to disc herniation. (onebodyldn.com)
  • Lastly, we will touch upon the recovery process after treatment and the long-term prognosis for disc herniation patients. (onebodyldn.com)
  • Disc herniation in the neck occurs when the intervertebral discs, which act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae, become damaged and the gel-like nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus. (onebodyldn.com)
  • Disc herniation in the neck refers to the situation wherein the tough outer layer of a spinal disc ruptures, allowing its soft inner portion to protrude. (onebodyldn.com)
  • Disc herniation in the neck affects a significant number of individuals and is more prevalent among middle-aged and older adults. (onebodyldn.com)
  • Various factors such as genetics, age-related degeneration, and lifestyle choices contribute to the occurrence of disc herniation. (onebodyldn.com)
  • Neck pain is a common symptom of disc herniation in the neck, with radiating pain down the arm or into the shoulder blade. (onebodyldn.com)
  • Age-related degeneration of the intervertebral discs, along with wear and tear, can contribute to disk herniation. (onebodyldn.com)
  • Poor posture and improper lifting techniques are also some factors that can lead to disc herniation. (onebodyldn.com)
  • Treatment options for disc herniation in the neck include conservative approaches such as physiotherapy, pain medication, and chiropractic care. (onebodyldn.com)
  • Non-surgical treatment methods play a vital role in managing disc herniation in the neck. (onebodyldn.com)
  • When non-surgical methods fail to provide relief, surgical treatment may be recommended for disc herniation in the neck. (onebodyldn.com)
  • Its clinical presentation can be mistaken for disc herniation, with back pain, radiculopathy and neurological deficit. (bvsalud.org)
Vertebrae9
  • documented limbus vertebrae, intervertebral disc bulges, and disc degeneration. (wikipedia.org)
  • 8. Kurowski P, Kubo A. The relationship of degeneration of the intervertebral disc to mechanical loading conditions on lumbar vertebrae. (cns.org)
  • The intervertebral discs of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae are wider at the front than at the back, they adapt exactly to the shape of the bone and are completely complementary, because the vertebra are double-concave and the intervertebral disc double-convex. (hickeysolution.com)
  • This fluid content also gives the disc the property of turgor, or intradiscal pressure, that holds the vertebrae (the bones of the spine) apart and allows movement of the spine. (drhugulet.com)
  • One of the vertebrae on either side of a worn, flattened disc can loosen and move forward over the vertebra below it. (bmc.org)
  • In order to offset some of the pressure, the spaces between the vertebrae are maintained by tough, dense, fibrous cushions called intervertebral discs. (tigerfitness.com)
  • There are also ligaments that travel the length of the spinal column, holding the vertebrae and discs in place. (tigerfitness.com)
  • Anything that impairs the movement of the vertebral motor unit (two adjacent vertebrae with an intervertebral disc in between), impairs the supply of nutrients to the avascular disc. (pbaclouda2019.com)
  • The lumbar vertebral bodies (vertebrae) are the heaviest components, connected together by the intervertebral discs. (medscape.com)
Spine16
Function of the intervertebral disc2
Vertebral bodies5
  • Intervertebral discs (IVDs) are located between adjacent vertebral bodies and consist of three independent parts, including the inner nucleus pulposus (NP), the external annulus fibrosus, and the upper and lower cartilage endplates [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Seventeen specimens of lumbar discs, attached to the caudal and cranial halves of the adjacent vertebral bodies, were subjected to a maximum compressive load of 5.5 kN in six stages. (lww.com)
  • The intervertebral discs are cylindrical, fibrocartilaginous, articulating structures connecting the vertebral bodies, and it can be divided microscopically into an outer annulus fibrosus surrounding a centrally located nucleus pulposus. (markgiubarelli.com)
  • The disc absorbs shock, accommodates movement, provides support, and separates vertebral bodies to lend height to intervertebral foramina. (medscape.com)
  • The intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure located between two vertebral bodies. (hickeysolution.com)
Human intervertebral2
  • 7. Koeller W, Muehlhaus S, Meier W, Hartmann F. Biomechanical properties of human intervertebral discs subjected to axial dynamic compression--influence of age and degeneration. (cns.org)
  • Actually the human intervertebral disc lives because of movement. (pbaclouda2019.com)
Biomechanics2
  • Understanding cervical disc disease requires basic knowledge of anatomy and biomechanics. (medscape.com)
  • Although thoracic vertebral malformations with kyphosis and scoliosis are often considered incidental findings on diagnostic imaging studies of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds, they have been suggested to interfere with spinal biomechanics and intervertebral disc degeneration. (biomedcentral.com)
Imaging24
Thoracolumbar3
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate if the occurrence of thoracic vertebral malformations, kyphosis or scoliosis would be associated with a higher prevalence of cervical or thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There was a significant association between the presence of kyphosis and the occurrence of intervertebral disc extrusion, particularly in the thoracolumbar region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although thoracic vertebral malformations with kyphosis only rarely cause spinal cord dysfunction in itself, French bulldogs with kyphosis appear to be at higher risk to develop thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. (biomedcentral.com)
Bulges2
  • at the first degree, the innermost fibers rupture and the intervertebral disc bulges beyond the fibrous ring (its outer circumference) into the anterior epidural region. (hickeysolution.com)
  • Common degenerative changes include bone spurs (osteophytes), disc bulges, and thickened ligaments. (columbia.edu)
Adjacent13
  • The logistic regression analysis results demonstrated that BMD ( p = 0.039, OR = 0.986, 95% CI 0.899-1.115), BMI ( p = 0.041, OR = 1.119, 95% CI 1.103-2.397), and preoperative adjacent intervertebral disc degeneration ( p = 0.023, OR = 1.215, 95% CI 1.015-1.986) may be seen as risk factors for ASD after MIS-TLIF. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BMD, BMI and preoperative adjacent intervertebral disc degeneration might be the risk factors for the occurrence of ASD after MIS-TLIF. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our research also suggested that patients with lower BMD, higher BMI and disc preoperative adjacent segment disc degeneration were more likely to develop ASD after MIS-TLIF. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the preservation of mobility of the adjacent discs should be a major issue. (sicot-j.org)
  • Based on Pfirrmann's and Oner's classifications of disc injuries, two observers analyzed independently the type of lesion in the discs adjacent to the fractured vertebra in immediate post-trauma and at the last follow-up. (sicot-j.org)
  • The immediate post-traumatic analysis according to Pfirrmann's classification found 97% of the cranial adjacent discs and 100% of the caudal discs classified Pfirrmann 3 or less. (sicot-j.org)
  • The analysis on the secondary MRI revealed that 78% of cranial adjacent discs and 88% of caudal adjacent discs still were classified Pfirrmann 3 or less. (sicot-j.org)
  • analyzed the MRI signal of discs adjacent to 75 fractures, and designed a classification with six different patterns of disc injuries [ 10 ]. (sicot-j.org)
  • Defining a 2-mm decrease in posterior disc height (PDH) as radiologic adjacent segment pathology (ASP), these changes were observed in 6 and 7 patients in the Hybrid and Fusion group, respectively. (ijssurgery.com)
  • Segments with severe degeneration and spinal instability can undergo fusion, and adjacent segments with moderate degeneration can be secured with a non-fusion dynamic stabilization system when the degenerative pathology involves more than two segments. (ijssurgery.com)
  • 3 Hybrid surgery is not to prevent further degeneration of the asymptomatic adjacent segment but is used to replace fusion when treating symptomatic, degenerated adjacent segments. (ijssurgery.com)
  • It is described as generalized symmetrical or asymmetrical circumferential extension of the disc margin beyond the margins of the adjacent vertebral endplates. (medscape.com)
  • Thoracic vertebral body malformations with kyphosis have been associated with subsequent early degeneration of adjacent intervertebral discs and altered distribution of intervertebral disc extrusions (IVDEs), along the vertebral column in FB [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Thoracic2
Biomechanical1
  • When trying to repair or regenerate degenerated discs, both nutritional and biomechanical factors need to be corrected . (drhugulet.com)
Nucleus12
  • Due to the structure of the disc, the nucleus pulposus in the center is isolated from the immune circulatory system [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • These abnormalities include anterior and posterior osteophyte formation, disc space narrowing on plain radiographs, and nucleus pulposus desiccation on MRI scanning [23,36]. (medicalpressopenaccess.com)
  • After compression, the ash content of a bone sample and the water content of a sample of the nucleus of the disc were measured for each specimen. (lww.com)
  • Numerous investigations on disc degeneration have been performed on cells from annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) of the intervertebral disc (IVD) in cell culture experiments utilising a broad variety of basal culture media. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cervical disc disorders encountered in physiatric practice include herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP), degenerative disc disease (DDD), and internal disc disruption (IDD). (medscape.com)
  • HNP (seen in the image below) is defined as localized displacement of nucleus, cartilage, fragmented apophyseal bone, or fragmented anular tissue beyond the intervertebral disc space. (medscape.com)
  • A: Normal disc anatomy demonstrating nucleus pulposus (NP) and annular margin (AM). B: Disc protrusion, with NP penetrating asymmetrically through annular fibers but confined within the AM. C: Disc extrusion with NP extending beyond the AM. D: Disc sequestration, with nuclear fragment separated from extruded disc. (medscape.com)
  • Intervertebral disc protrusion becomes painful and symptomatic from the third degree, i.e. when the gelatinous nucleus penetrates almost to the outermost area of the fibrous ring, which protrudes to the outer circumference of the vertebral body without stretching the posterior ligament. (hickeysolution.com)
  • The normal intervertebral disc is made of two parts: the outer anulus fibrosus and the inner nucleus pulposus. (drhugulet.com)
  • The inner nucleus pulposus contains a chemical named glycosaminoglycan , and this chemical is the building block of the cartilage of the disc. (drhugulet.com)
  • Each intervertebral disc contains an inner soft, gel-like material called the nucleus pulposus surrounded by outer rings of tough, elastic material, called the annulus fibrosus. (tigerfitness.com)
  • an index of water movement) of the nucleus pulposus from diffusion weighted images at all lumbar intervertebral discs (L1/2 through L5/S1). (elsevierpure.com)
Facet joint degeneration2
  • Li J, Muehleman C, Abe Y, Masuda K. Prevalence of facet joint degeneration in association with intervertebral joint degeneration in a sample of organ donors. (youngerchiropractic.co.uk)
  • There are few published studies on the relationship between occupational lumbar load and facet joint degeneration (FJD). (biomedcentral.com)
Ligaments3
  • Lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (LDS) is the forward slip of one vertebra over another caused by degeneration and instability of facet joints, and degeneration of ligaments and intervertebral discs [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • No disc exists between C1 and C2, and only ligaments and joint capsules resist excessive motion. (medscape.com)
  • These changes include disc degeneration, bone spurs, and thickened ligaments. (columbia.edu)
Scoliosis2
Sagittal2
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate sagittal spinopelvic parameters and the degree of disc degeneration in young adults. (cns.org)
  • Cervical disc degeneration was defined according to the modified Pfirrmann classification system, and the amount of disc protrusion was evaluated using the anteroposterior diameter of disc protrusion on sagittal MR image. (markgiubarelli.com)
Vertebra3
  • The normal disc degeneration that occurs in adulthood can then stress the pars fracture and cause the vertebra to slip forward. (bmc.org)
  • The intervertebral discal surface of an adult vertebra contains a ring of cortical bone peripherally termed the epiphysial ring. (medscape.com)
  • Beneath each lumbar vertebra, a pair of intervertebral (neural) foramina with the same number designations can be found, such that the L1 neural foramina are located just below the L1 vertebra. (medscape.com)
Displacement1
  • The term migration may be used to signify displacement of disc material away from the site of extrusion, regardless of whether sequestrated or not. (medscape.com)
Abnormal4
  • One or more lumbar discs were abnormal in 57% of the 20-year-old LBP patients (n = 75) and in 35% of the asymptomatic controls (n = 34) in MRI. (nih.gov)
  • It is however unknown if an abnormal spinal curvature also predisposes dogs to develop clinically relevant intervertebral disc herniations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Researchers define disc degeneration as an active, irregular, cell-involved response to progressive structural failure due to aging and other environmental factors such as abnormal mechanical stress rather than a passive process of wear and tear . (drhugulet.com)
  • To stop or reverse disc degeneration, the abnormal conditions affecting cell development and maintenance must be addressed. (drhugulet.com)
Posterior1
  • Computed tomography (CT) and MRI revealed ossification of the intervertebral discs and posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) at the C4/5 levels and an absence of obvious spinal cord compression. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathology1
Inflammation2
  • Damages to the disc or sprains to the joints can cause inflammation and/or pressures that can affect the central canal and the foramen. (tigerfitness.com)
  • Chronic inflammation can result in edema, wallerian degeneration, and fibrotic changes to the neural tissues. (medscape.com)
Calcification3
IVDs2
  • Lower back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, and ~40% of LBP involves degeneration of the intervertebral discs (IVDs) ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In IVDs, autophagy is also present and associated with the increased pathological process of IVD degeneration in rats. (spandidos-publications.com)
Prevalence3
  • The prevalence of symptomatic herniated lumbar disc is about 1-3%, with the highest prevalence among people aged 30-50 years. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The lifetime prevalence of degenerative disc disease is dramatically high. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The lifetime prevalence of degenerative disc disease (DDD) is very high. (biomedcentral.com)
Degenerative spondylolisthesis1
Spondylosis1
  • Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is caused by spondylosis, or age-related degeneration. (columbia.edu)
Shock absorbers1
  • These discs act like shock absorbers to disperse forces impacted upon the spinal column. (tigerfitness.com)
Bone5
  • Extreme differences in limb length define many of the dog breeds around the world, and the association between specific "short-legged" breeds and premature intervertebral disc degeneration has been documented since the early twentieth century [referenced in ( 4 , 5 )] Skeletal dysplasia is a general term describing abnormalities of growth and development of cartilage and/or bone and associated alterations in stature ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The research has been focused on the repair of damaged discs using stem cells harvested from the bone marrow of live adult donors. (jgh.ca)
  • Indeed, although Magerl defined the type A fracture as a strictly bone injury, several authors suggested associated disc lesions or degeneration after trauma. (sicot-j.org)
  • This procedure may provide useful images of the interior of the spinal canal, and can reveal indentations of the spinal fluid sac caused by bulging discs or bone spurs that might be compressing the spinal cord or nerves. (columbia.edu)
  • The junction of the vertebral body (bone) with the intervertebral disc is often referred to as the three-joint complex: the disc in front and the two paired facet joints in the back. (tigerfitness.com)
Instability2
Pfirrmann1
  • The no disc degeneration group (n=100) included those who had no disc degeneration (Pfirrmann grade I), and the disc degeneration group (n=178) comprised the patients who showed disc degeneration (Pfirrmann grade II to V). (cns.org)
Patient's2
  • Therefore, the search for early biological markers of IDD can not only better maintain the biological function of the patient's intervertebral disc but also reduce the probability of the possible occurrence of back pain, which has important clinical significance. (hindawi.com)
  • Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is associated with low back pain and significantly affects the patient's quality of life. (bjbms.org)
Anatomy1
Osteoarthritis4
Extrusion1
  • Extrusion may be further specified as sequestration, if the displaced disc material has lost completely any continuity with the parent disc. (medscape.com)
Abnormalities2
  • The use of biologics to treat disc abnormalities is a non-surgical option which can potentially bridge the gap between traditional non-surgical treatments for degenerative disc abnormalities and fusion surgery. (medicalpressopenaccess.com)
  • This study indicates that the majority of chiropractic patients, including patients who do not have back pain, have abnormalities of the intervertebral disc. (pbaclouda2019.com)
Annular3
  • DDD involves degenerative annular tears, loss of disc height, and nuclear degradation. (medscape.com)
  • IDD describes annular fissuring of the disc without external disc deformation. (medscape.com)
  • These findings support the contentions that annular defects are generally associated with disk degeneration and that such defects are frequently asymptomatic. (pbaclouda2019.com)
Methods2
  • However, published methods for quantifying severity or progression of IVD degeneration are currently limited. (bvsalud.org)
  • The objective of this prospective, method comparison study was to evaluate variable flip angle T1 mapping and multiecho T2 and T2* mapping as methods for quantifying canine lumbar IVD degeneration in twenty canine patients without clinical signs of spinal disease. (bvsalud.org)
Clinical2
  • The high penetrance of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) associated genes in many popular dog breeds presents a daunting clinical challenge and results in millions, if not billions of dollars of annual veterinary treatment-related expense and suffering. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our findings are valuable for the harmonisation of preclinical study results and thereby push the development of cell therapies for clinical treatment of disc degeneration. (biomedcentral.com)
Joints1
  • Each foramen is bounded superiorly and inferiorly by the pedicle, anteriorly by the intervertebral disc and vertebral body, and posteriorly by facet joints. (medscape.com)
Patients7
  • In the present study, we found that patients with disc degeneration showed lower LSA and lower STA than patients without disc degeneration. (cns.org)
  • This means that the patients with disc degeneration had more severe lumbosacral and sacral kyphosis, and vertical sacrum. (cns.org)
  • Our findings suggest that TELD produces similar outcomes in both elderly and younger patients with a herniated disc in the lumbosacral region. (e-neurospine.org)
  • We retrospectively reviewed the files of 27 patients with an AOspine A fracture, corresponding to 34 fractures (64 discs) with pre and post-operative MRI (mean follow-up: 32.4 months). (sicot-j.org)
  • This study aimed to analyze the differences in the lipid contents in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients with nociceptive pain (NocP) and neuropathic pain (NeP) using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the multifidus muscle (Mm). (asianspinejournal.org)
  • The patients were divided into two groups: osteoporotic vertebral fracture group (group A) and non-fracture group (group B). The amount of low back extensor muscle is compared with BMD, degenerative change of disc, osteophyte grade of facet joint and promontory angle to reveal the association between these factors. (asianspinejournal.org)
  • The remaining 25% of patients bend to the painful side and support allows widening of the hernia, reducing disc pressure. (hickeysolution.com)
Tissue4
  • Intervertebral disc (IVD) is a highly rhythmic tissue, which experiences a diurnal cycle of high/low mechanical loading via the changes of activity/rest phase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In mature discs, the distance between an AF or NP cell and CEP is up to 6-8 mm and can only be overcome by free diffusion of fluids through the IVD tissue [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stergar J, Gradisnik L, Velnar T, Maver U. Intervertebral disc tissue engineering: A brief review. (bjbms.org)
  • This significantly impacted the development of tissue engineering in various medical fields, including regenerative techniques for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). (bjbms.org)
Predisposition1
  • Predisposition to degeneration is also a factor. (medscape.com)
Anatomical1
  • The whole intervertebral disc shifts evenly and symmetrically from its anatomical position, causing narrowing of the spinal canal and flattening at the front of the dural sac. (hickeysolution.com)
Predominantly2
  • These strategies aim to slow down the degeneration process and are predominantly tested in preclinical studies using cell culture experiments [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The disc degeneration predominantly occurred at C5-C6 and C6-C7. (markgiubarelli.com)
Significantly1
  • The severity of cervical disc degeneration significantly increased with age in both sexes at every level. (markgiubarelli.com)
Back6
Humans1
  • Mapping MRI sequences are used in humans for quantifying IVD degeneration but have rarely been applied in dogs. (bvsalud.org)
Severe1