• Signal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, including that critical to T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, has been generally considered to occur at the plasma membrane. (scielo.br)
  • In adult mice, lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) leads to T cell activation, memory differentiation, tissue destruction, and a loss of TCR diversity. (aai.org)
  • In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
  • The focus of this review is to highlight the role of statins in modulating the function and differentiation of various blood cells. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
  • Adipose-derived MSCs, in particular, pose an attractive option for cell-based therapy due to their relatively decreased morbidity during isolation and potential for expansion and differentiation [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Multipotential differentiation of MSCs into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages. (hindawi.com)
  • These molecular defects interfere with lymphocyte development and function, blocking the differentiation and proliferation of T cells and, in some types, of B cells and NK cells. (medscape.com)
  • These are characterized by segregated areas of prevalent T- or B-cell aggregation, differentiation of high endothelial venules, and local activation of resident stromal cells, including lymphatic endothelial cells. (cnrs.fr)
  • Temporally controlled RANK removal in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) revealed that lymphatic RANK activation during embryogenesis and shortly after birth was required for the differentiation of both SM subtypes. (cnrs.fr)
  • Thus, cooperation between mesenchymal cells and LECs shapes a niche environment that supports SM differentiation and reconstitution after inflammation. (cnrs.fr)
  • Tissue-resident macrophages are receptive to specific signals concentrated in cellular niches that direct their cell differentiation and maintenance genetic programs. (cnrs.fr)
  • IL-7 is necessary to specify CD8 lineage differentiation during CD4/CD8 cell fate choice in the thymus by inducing expression of the transcription factor Runx3. (biolegend.com)
  • CD38 is expressed at increasingly higher levels on B cells at each stage of B-cell differentiation, and is then down-regulated on germinal center B cells and mature plasma cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • CD38, a counter-receptor for CD31, is an ectoenzyme with cyclase and hydrolase enzymatic activity and is speculated to play a role in lymphocyte activation and differentiation. (thermofisher.com)
  • CD38 (NAD+ glycohydrolase) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein able to induce activation, proliferation and differentiation of mature lymphocytes and mediate apoptosis of myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • Decades of efforts have attempted to differentiate the pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into truly functional hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), yet the problems of low differentiation efficiency in vitro and poor hematopoiesis reconstitution in vivo still exist, mainly attributing to the lack of solid, reproduced, or pursued differentiation system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we established an in vitro differentiation system yielding in vivo hematopoietic reconstitution hematopoietic cells from mouse PSCs through a 3D induction system followed by coculture with OP9 stromal cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We interestingly found that our 3D+OP9 system enriched a higher percentage of CD201 + c-kit + cells that showed more similar HSC-like features such as transcriptome level and CFU formation ability than CD201 - c-kit + cells, which have not been reported in the field of mouse PSCs hematopoietic differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Altogether, our findings lay a foundation for improving the efficiency of hematopoietic differentiation and generating in vivo functional HSC-like cells from mouse PSCs for clinical application. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell differentiation is essential to create multiple subsets. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Differentiation of naïve T cells into effector cells is required for optimal protection against different classes of the microbial pathogen and for the development of immune memory. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Differentiation is also directed by instructive and licensing signals from the environment, especially from antigen-presenting cells (APC). (nutritionfit.org)
  • Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation. (lookformedical.com)
  • A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. (lookformedical.com)
  • BAFF is a key regulator for B cell differentiation and critical in regulating survival and activation of peripheral B cell populations. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • T cells must substantially increase nutrient uptake to mount a proper immune response and failure to obtain sufficient nutrients or engage the appropriate metabolic pathways can alter or prevent effector T cell differentiation and function. (elifesciences.org)
  • This review will discuss the metabolic adaptations necessary for T cells to meet changing biochemical needs throughout different stages of differentiation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Transcription factors (TFs) are critical for B-cell differentiation, affecting gene expression both by repres- sion and transcriptional activation. (lu.se)
  • In this study, highly purified, flow-cytometry sorted, classified in relation to normal B-cell differentiation [1]. (lu.se)
  • When using a cell line made by cloning an original white blood cell (monoclonal antibodies), there is evidence for recirculation of lymphocytes, particularly in null-cell subsets found from the bronchoalveolar spaces back into regional draining lymph nodes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In lymph nodes from HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected rhesus macaques, we show that CD3+ CD20+ lymphocytes emerge after membrane exchange between T cells and B cells and are enriched in phenotypic, functional, and gene expression profiles found in T follicular helper cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here we show that caspase-1-induced pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory programmed cell death pathway, is the dominant mechanism responsible for the rapid depletion of CD4 T cells in gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT), spleen, and lymph nodes during acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques. (bvsalud.org)
  • Numerous studies from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that noradrenergic (NA) and peptidergic nerve fibers are present in various compartments of primary (bone marrow, thymus) and secondary (spleen, lymph nodes) lymphoid organs and that these nerve fibers can modulate immune functions [5-10]. (brainimmune.com)
  • LECs are presumably the first cells that come into direct contact with peripheral antigens, cytokines, danger signals, and immune cells travelling from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes. (jci.org)
  • By employing a direct in situ approach, we documented that tumor T cells infiltrating lymph nodes exhibit low level of 5-hmc compared to residual normal T cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Fibroblastic reticular cells in lymph nodes regulate the homeostasis of naive T cells. (nature.com)
  • Here, we found that deficiency of the cytokine RANKL in lymphoid tissue organizers and marginal reticular stromal cells of lymph nodes resulted in the loss of the CD169+ sinusoidal macrophages (SMs) comprising the subcapsular and the medullary subtypes. (cnrs.fr)
  • Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. (lookformedical.com)
  • A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. (lookformedical.com)
  • In addition, L-selectin-mediated entry into peripheral lymph nodes is required for optimal induction of lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation during lymphopenia. (betalifesci.com)
  • Dendritic cells are present in the skin (as Langerhans cells), lymph nodes, and tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dendritic cells in the skin act as sentinel APCs, taking up antigen, then traveling to local lymph nodes where they can activate T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These data support a model in which caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis is the principal mechanism that results in CD4 T cell loss in the GALT and lymphoid organs and release of proinflammatory cytokines. (bvsalud.org)
  • The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
  • The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Cytokines and other factors produced by cells of the immune system can cross the blood-brain barrier to induce the release of neurotransmitters and hormones from the brain and pituitary, leading to several central nervous system (CNS)-dependent responses such as sleep, depression, thermogenesis, and anorexia [2-4]. (brainimmune.com)
  • This suggests that unique tissue-specific factors (including local lipid antigens, cytokines and/or hormones) may shape the population of iNKT cells resident in those tissues, ultimately regulating local immune responses. (elifesciences.org)
  • LECs can modulate dendritic cell function, present antigens to T cells on MHC class I and MHC class II molecules, and express immunomodulatory cytokines and receptors, which suggests that their roles in adaptive immunity are far more extensive than previously realized. (jci.org)
  • While bearing a similar histological structure to SLO, the signals that regulate TLS and SLO formation can diverge and a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been ascribed as responsible for TLS formation at different anatomical sites. (cnrs.fr)
  • Additionally, production of lymphoid chemokines and cytokines associated with ectopic lymphoneogenesis and, remarkably, saliva flow and autoantibody production, were significantly affected by treatment with seletalisib. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In fact, only using the OP9 co-culture system combined with hematopoietic related cytokines, we hardly obtained the in vivo functional reconstitution hematopoietic cells from PSCs [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even though gene therapy is one of the most promising approaches to cure human hyper IgM syndrome, these results suggest that when we modify very tightly regulated genes such as cytokines or other growth factors, particular care has to be taken to avoid excessive stimulation of the target cells. (nki.nl)
  • Memory T cells consist of both CD4 and CD8 T cells that can rapidly acquire effector functions to kill infected cells and/or secrete inflammatory cytokines that inhibit replication of the pathogen. (nutritionfit.org)
  • These cells secrete immune inhibitory growth factors and cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is primarily produced by microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
  • T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. (cdc.gov)
  • However, more recent studies have revealed the potential collaboration of other helper T cells and their cytokines in this process. (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • Pathophysiologically, asthma exert different effects at different concentrations, can is characterized by constriction of airway smooth synergize or antagonize the effects of other cytokines muscle, hyper secretion of mucus, edema and airway and regulated in a complex manner and function via hyper responsiveness (AHR),[3] mucus secretion and cytokine cascade. (cdc.gov)
  • The CD4+ T helper cells are primarily responsible for helping other immune cells through direct cell-cell interactions or by secreting cytokines after recognizing viral peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. (cdc.gov)
  • This association of phenotype and function is not absolute, since CD4+ cells may exhibit lytic activity, while CD8+ cells secrete antiviral cytokines, notably interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor. (cdc.gov)
  • The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The accumulation of lymphoid subsets in various tissues is a result of several mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, clear evidence for functional NK cell subsets exists in humans and the presence of NK cells in the thymus and immature NK cells in the liver suggests specific functions for NK cells in the tissues. (scielo.br)
  • These microenvironments are classically defined as distinct cortex and medulla regions that each contain specialized subsets of stromal cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Significantly, there are additional non-epithelial stromal cells (NES) that exist alongside TEC within thymic microenvironments, including multiple subsets of mesenchymal and endothelial cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • We predict several transcription factors to regulate differentially expressed genes between mLT-HSCs and other LT-HSC subsets. (biorxiv.org)
  • Single-cell RNA-seq unmasked the existence of two subsets within the LT-HSC population that was apparent upon stimulation but not steady-state. (biorxiv.org)
  • other lymphocyte subsets. (123dok.net)
  • The past decade has seen the discovery of an ever-growing number of CD4 T helper cell subsets, with unique transcriptional programs governed by lineage-defining transcription factors. (nutritionfit.org)
  • L-selectin-mediated lymphocyte recirculation is required for maintaining the appropriate tissue distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations including naive and effector subsets such as regulatory T cells. (betalifesci.com)
  • Functionally distinct T-cell subsets are broadly identified according to their differential expression of CD4 and CD8 coreceptors. (cdc.gov)
  • Null cells are present in small numbers in lymphoid organs but are often found in nonlymphoid tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we describe a novel CD3+ CD20+ double-positive (DP) lymphocyte subset, resident in secondary lymphoid organs of humans and rhesus macaques (RMs), that appear predominantly after membrane exchange between TFH and B cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Consistent with this, iNKT cells from different organs show distinct basal activation, proliferation and clonal expansion. (elifesciences.org)
  • Most anatomical compartments, including mucosal surfaces and solid organs, host large populations of tissue-resident lymphocytes which are uniquely placed to provide local networks for immune surveillance and defence against infection ( Fan and Rudensky, 2016 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • The lymphatic vessels and secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are arranged in a manner that optimizes interactions among antigens, APCs, and innate and adaptive effector cells. (jci.org)
  • We engineered CAR-T cells to express interleukin (IL)-7 and CCL19 (7 × 19 CAR-T cells), as these factors are essential for the maintenance of T-cell zones in lymphoid organs. (nature.com)
  • Inflammatory immune cells recruited at the site of chronic inflammation form structures that resemble secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). (cnrs.fr)
  • T cells (T lymphocytes) derive their names from the organs in which they develop in the thymus. (nutritionfit.org)
  • As cells undergo oncogenesis, neoantigens are released and captured on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/ human leukocyte antigen (HLA) of dendritic cells (DCs) that subsequently mature and migrate to central lymphoid organs. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The transit phase is critical as the lymphocytes can undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) or be activated to start proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, caspase-3-mediated apoptosis and viral cytotoxicity only accounted for a small fraction of CD4 T cell death. (bvsalud.org)
  • Knockdown of NRAS by siRNA induced apoptosis in mutant Hut78 cells however, not in CTCL cell lines missing RAS mutations. (techblessing.com)
  • Furthermore, we discovered that MEK inhibitors specifically induce apoptosis in Hut78 cells. (techblessing.com)
  • Furthermore, Wnt inhibitor ethacrynic acid (EA) induced both apoptosis and necroptosis in primary CLL cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Its roles include regulation of proliferation, promotion of immune system and activation of apoptosis in B cells. (intechopen.com)
  • In these cells, IL-21 does not promote proliferation but enhances apoptosis and chemotaxis. (intechopen.com)
  • BACKGROUND: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase delta isoform (PI3Kδ) belongs to an intracellular lipid kinase family that regulate lymphocyte metabolism, survival, proliferation, apoptosis and migration and has been successfully targeted in B-cell malignancies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells by inducing them to undergo apoptosis, these cells like a "killer" or cytotoxin because they kill cells of interest that produce a particular antigen. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. (lookformedical.com)
  • Increasing evidence indicates that EBV miRNAs target the host mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and transformation. (ijbs.com)
  • The cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) typically express CD8 and induce apoptosis of cells on which they recognize foreign antigens presented by MHC class I molecules, providing a defense against intracellular pathogens such as viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • While many studies have demonstrated the importance of cTEC and mTEC during T-cell development, thymic stromal microenvironments also contain heterogenous non-epithelial stromal (NES) populations in a similar manner to that seen in peripheral lymphoid tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell hematological malignancy characterized by the clonal expansion and accumulation of morphologically mature B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid tissues. (oncotarget.com)
  • By analysing iNKT cells from lymphoid tissues of mice and humans we demonstrate that their T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is highly diverse and is distinct for cells from various tissues resulting in differential lipid-antigen recognition. (elifesciences.org)
  • Within peripheral tissues iNKT cell recent thymic emigrants exhibit a different TCR repertoire than mature cells, suggesting that the iNKT population is shaped after arrival to the periphery. (elifesciences.org)
  • Beyond the common features shared by all iNKT cells (including their CD1-restriction and innate-like properties), cells found in discrete tissues have distinct phenotypes and functions that critically modulate the outcome of immunity ( Crosby and Kronenberg, 2018 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Nonetheless, how signals from the tissue environment shape the iNKT cell population to best fit their function in their tissues of residency remains unclear. (elifesciences.org)
  • Histopathological analyses showed increased infiltration of dendritic cells (DC) and T cells into tumor tissues following 7 × 19 CAR-T cell therapy. (nature.com)
  • Figure 3: Infiltration of tumor tissues treated with 7 × 19 CAR-T cells by both T cells and DCs. (nature.com)
  • Besides, IL-7 plays a role in the development of secondary lymphoid tissues. (biolegend.com)
  • This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. (lookformedical.com)
  • L-selectin (SELL), also known as CD62L, is a key adhesion molecule that regulates both the migration of leukocytes at sites of inflammation and the recirculation of lymphocytes between blood and lymphoid tissues. (betalifesci.com)
  • L-selectin acts as a "homing receptor" for leukocytes to enter secondary lymphoid tissues via high endothelial venules. (betalifesci.com)
  • Macrophages are phagocytic cells present in tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The stromal cell requirement for androgen-mediated effects was confirmed in vivo by experiments using chimeric animals created by bone marrow transplantation in which androgen receptor expression was restricted to either the stromal or lymphoid cells of the bone marrow. (jci.org)
  • Mice with C5a receptor-deficient dendritic cells promote induction of Treg and Th17 cells. (medscape.com)
  • CR1 and CR2 have been shown to influence the immune environment in a B-cell receptor-independent manner. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence has recently been obtained that two very different recombinatorial systems for lymphocyte antigen receptor diversification appeared at the beginning of vertebrate evolution approximately 500 million years ago. (scielo.br)
  • Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
  • [ 5 ] Ideally, SCID can be detected in a newborn before the onset of infections, with one well-documented example by screening of T-cell-receptor excision circles. (medscape.com)
  • In X-linked SCID, loss of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) function leads to the loss of a lymphocyte proliferation signal. (medscape.com)
  • Infiltration, accumulation, and survival of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells in solid tumors is crucial for tumor clearance. (nature.com)
  • CD38 functions as a multi-catalytic ectoenzyme serving as ADP-ribosyl cyclase, cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase and possibly NAD+ glycohydrolase or as a cell surface receptor. (thermofisher.com)
  • Flow cytometry analysis, RNA-seq, and cell cycle analysis were used to detect the in vitro hematopoietic ability of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR, CD201) cells generated in our induction system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The absence of the interaction between CD40L, expressed by T lymphocytes, and the CD40 receptor present on the surface of B cells is responsible for the inability of B cells to carry out the isotype switch from IgM to the other Ig classes. (nki.nl)
  • The 11C1 monoclonal antibody recognizes CD268 which is also known as the B cell activating factor receptor (BAFF-R). CD268 is a type III transmembrane protein of approximately 184 residues. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Here, potential mechanisms involving alterations in T-cell receptor expressions, postreceptor downstream signalling, epigenetics, and oxidative stress which favour activation of lupus T cells will be discussed. (hindawi.com)
  • Designer T and NK cells are a modality within immunotherapy that manipulates receptor-ligand interactions to enhance cells of the immune system to destroy cancer more effectively. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Here, the peptide neoantigen on the DCs' MHC is presented to the awaiting CD4 + or CD8 + T cell receptor (TCR) complex. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Subsequently, binding of the CD28 co-stimulatory receptor to the DCs' CD80/86 receptor fully activates the cytotoxic T cells which then migrate to infiltrate the tumour and kill the cells by locally releasing perforin and granzymes [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • PD-1 is an immunoinhibitory receptor that stymies lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion when bound to its membrane-bound or secreted ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, expressed by both immune and tumour cells [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In addition, activated T cells can express an inducible co-stimulator (iCOS), a surface receptor that is structurally and functionally similar to CD28 and enhances expression of Th2-related interleukin (IL)-10 rather than immune activating IL-2 [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Under this project my lab investigates the role of signals mediated through receptor for interleukin-2 (IL-2R) and functionally related cytokine receptors in malignant transformation of T lymphocytes. (upenn.edu)
  • We found that cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells display activation of the interleukin-2 receptor/cytokine common chain-associated Jak/STAT signal transduction pathway that is transient in the early stage of the lymphoma and constitutive in the late stage of the disease progression. (upenn.edu)
  • Expression of ALK in malignant T cells is typically due to the t(2;5) translocation resulting in formation of the fusion gene which encodes a 80-kDa hybrid protein that contains portion of the nuclear protein nucleophosmin (NPM) joined to the entire cytoplasmic portion of the receptor tyrosine kinase ALK. (upenn.edu)
  • The influenza A viruses infect host epithelial cells by attaching to a cellular receptor (sialic acid) by the viral surface protein hemagglutinin (HA). (cdc.gov)
  • It is a single-chain membrane glycoprotein of approximately 200 kd that has 4 allotypic forms on myeloid cells (eg, erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes), lymphoid cells (mostly B cells), follicular dendritic cells, and glomerular podocytes. (medscape.com)
  • The developmental branching points between several lymphoid and myeloid lineages are still controversial, and little is known about how their diversification is induced. (scielo.br)
  • Next, an overview of several current models of hematopoietic lineage trees to identify developmental branching points between the lymphoid and myeloid cell compartments is discussed. (scielo.br)
  • Here, we show that young and aged LT-HSCs respond differently to inflammatory stress, such that aged LT-HSCs produce a cell-intrinsic, myeloid-biased expression program. (biorxiv.org)
  • Using single-cell RNA-seq, we identify a myeloid-biased subset within the LT-HSC population (mLT-HSCs) that is much more common amongst aged LT-HSCs and is uniquely primed to respond to acute inflammatory challenge. (biorxiv.org)
  • These factors may regulate myeloid versus lymphoid balance with age, and can potentially mitigate the long-term deleterious effects of inflammation that lead to hematopoietic pathologies. (biorxiv.org)
  • Aged LT-HSCs demonstrate a cell-intrinsic myeloid bias during inflammatory challenge. (biorxiv.org)
  • Klf5 , Ikzf1 and Stat3 regulate age‐ and inflammation-related LT-HSC myeloid-bias. (biorxiv.org)
  • One sentence summary Murine hematopoietic stem cells display transcriptional heterogeneity that is quantitatively altered with age and leads to the age-dependent myeloid bias evident after inflammatory challenge. (biorxiv.org)
  • Chemokines regulate the transport activation and sometimes proliferation of several cell types including myeloid lymphoid GW788388 endothelial and epithelial cells1 2 There are four chemokine subfamilies - CXC C CX3C and CC - based on the positions of conserved cysteine residues near the amino terminus of the proteins1 (TABLE 1). (cancerrealitycheck.com)
  • With null cells increasing during an immune response, the changes are believed to be due to defects involved with an aging immune system and can be used as a representation of a healthy immune system in the healthy aged group, which is linked to survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to its roles in the regulation of inflammatory diseases and the maintenance of local immune cells, CCL5 expressed by cancer cells plays diverse roles in shaping cancer microenvironments toward their own survival. (nature.com)
  • Complex karyotype in mantle cell lymphoma is a strong prognostic factor for the time to treatment and overall survival, independent of the MCL international prognostic index. (bloodjournal.ru)
  • The mantle cell lymphoma international prognostic index (MIPI) is superior to the international prognostic index (IPI) in predicting survival following intensive first-line immunochemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). (bloodjournal.ru)
  • In addition to their efficient lipid-lowering effects, statins exhibit independent so called pleiotropic effects potentially affecting several immune response properties including immune cell activation, migration, cytokine generation, immune metabolism, and survival. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
  • SCID is considered a pediatric emergency because survival depends on expeditious stem cell reconstitution, usually by bone marrow transplantation (BMT). (medscape.com)
  • The progressive accumulation of leukemic cells is mostly ascribed to extended cellular survival rather than excessive cellular proliferation [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • In mice, 7 × 19 CAR-T cells achieved complete regression of pre-established solid tumors and prolonged mouse survival, with superior anti-tumor activity compared to conventional CAR-T cells. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, for a long time the structural compartment that regulates TLS homeostasis, including survival and recirculation of leucocytes has been neglected. (cnrs.fr)
  • In this fashion, IL-7 induces cell activation, survival, and proliferation of T lymphocytes. (biolegend.com)
  • In mice, this three-step therapy induced CD4- and CD8-dependent systemic immune responses that enhanced T-cell infiltration into distant tumors, leading to their eradication and significantly improving survival. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In this study, we show that IL-7R-dependent innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) block LIP of CD8 + T cells in neonatal but not adult mice. (aai.org)
  • Statins also regulate innate and acquired immunity. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
  • NK cells, a component of innate immunity, are variably affected. (medscape.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DC) are central purveyors of both innate and adaptive immune responses. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
  • In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)
  • Since iNKT cell activation can prevent or promote immunopathology in diverse disease contexts, the strict control of peripheral iNKT cell homeostasis is vital to regulate local immunity. (elifesciences.org)
  • Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. (lookformedical.com)
  • Intriguingly, EBV miRNAs directly suppress host antiviral immunity by interfering with antigen presentation and immune cell activation. (ijbs.com)
  • On the basis of recent advances in the understanding of antitumor immunity, we designed a three-step approach to in situ immunization to lymphoma: (i) inducing immunogenic tumor cell death with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. (aacrjournals.org)
  • As T cell metabolism dictates effector function, it is now apparent that the effect of cancer cell metabolism on the tumor microenvironment (TME) may impair anti-tumor immunity, and these new hallmarks of cancer are therefore inextricably linked. (elifesciences.org)
  • In contrast, ACT expands a patient's own T cells ex vivo to direct anti-tumor immunity when transfused back into the patient. (elifesciences.org)
  • A vaccine approach based on cell-mediated immunity that avoids some of these drawbacks is discussed here. (cdc.gov)
  • We review the literature on the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in influenza infection and the available data on the role of these responses in protection from highly pathogenic influenza infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Greater understanding of how each subset contributes to protective immunity and how T-cell memory is maintained and recalled in a secondary infection would contribute to development of effective vaccines that use these basic features of the immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • Mouse models of influenza A virus pneumonia provide a well-developed experimental system to analyze T cell-mediated immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
  • ABSTRACT To test the role of T helper cell Th1 immunity we recruited 24 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia associated with H. pylori seropositivity. (who.int)
  • Delas A, Sophie D, Brousset P, Laurent C. Unusual concomitant rearrangements of Cyclin D1 and MYC genes in blastoid variant of mantle cell lymphoma: Case report and review of literature. (bloodjournal.ru)
  • As a key transcription factor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, LEF1 helps to regulate important genes involved in tumor cell death mechanisms. (oncotarget.com)
  • In part the endogenous transcription of chemokine genes in melanoma cells is due to altered NF-κB activation. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
  • A) Luciferase reporter genes were determined in ZR75-1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells co-transfected with Glutaminase-IN-1 different concentrations of reporter and myc-ZKSCAN5. (bms-911543.com)
  • In adult mice, IL-7/IL-7R signaling up regulates expression of early B cell factor (EBF), and EBF in turn regulates expression of B cell-specific genes required for the transition from lymphoid progenitor to pro-B cells. (biolegend.com)
  • The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1). (lookformedical.com)
  • The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis found 16 significant regulated pathways in imDCs and 10 significant regulated pathways in mDCs, including the phagosome, cell adhesion signaling pathway, and inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels pathway. (frontiersin.org)
  • We employed in vitro cultures and two in vivo models to investigate whether androgens exert these effects directly on marrow lymphoid precursors or whether actions on marrow stromal elements are required. (jci.org)
  • Immature B cells from normal mouse bone marrow were not responsive to the suppressive effect of androgens unless they were cocultured with marrow stromal cells or with supernatants from androgen-treated stromal cells, suggesting that the androgen effects are exerted through marrow stromal elements by production of a diffusible mediator. (jci.org)
  • Further experiments revealed that bone marrow stromal cells produced TGF-β in response to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and neutralization of TGF-β in the DHT-treated stromal cells reversed the suppressive effects. (jci.org)
  • Androgens only affected B cell development in chimeric mice with androgen-sensitive stromal cells. (jci.org)
  • These experiments suggest that effects of androgens on developing B cells are mediated through androgen receptors in bone marrow stromal cells. (jci.org)
  • The stromal cell products responsible for these effects of estrogens have not been identified. (jci.org)
  • Cell-based therapy utilizing mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is an attractive option for augmenting the fracture repair process. (hindawi.com)
  • Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types (Figure 1 ), including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • MSC = multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell. (hindawi.com)
  • While adult lymphoid progenitor cells are produced by the bone marrow, their lineage commitment and development into mature T-cells is dependent on their migration into the thymus, where essential interactions with heterogeneous thymic stromal cells take place ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Arguably, the most recognized and well-studied stromal populations in thymus biology are thymic epithelial cells (TEC) within the cortical and medullary areas, which are defined by their anatomical separation and function. (frontiersin.org)
  • Emerging research on the roles of stromal cells in modulating adaptive immune responses has included a new focus on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). (jci.org)
  • Mouse IL-7 was initially described as a pre B-cell grow factor expressed in bone marrow stromal cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Cancer cells also recruit and alter nearby stromal cells to aid the tumour cells in avoiding immune detection and destruction [ 16 ] [ 17 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Castration of normal male mice induces expansion of the bone marrow B cell population, an effect that can be reversed by androgen replacement. (jci.org)
  • Although NK precursors and immature NK cells have been identified in mice and humans, the precise sites where NK cell maturation take place are not yet fully defined. (scielo.br)
  • In adult lymphopenic mice, naive T cells undergo homeostatic or lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) in response to the recognition of self-peptide-MHC complexes ( 1 ). (aai.org)
  • In contrast, LIP and its pathological consequences appear to be prevented in adult immunocompetent mice by several mechanisms, including regulatory T cells ( 4 ). (aai.org)
  • Newborn T cell-competent mice are nearly devoid of peripheral T cells ( 7 ). (aai.org)
  • iNKT cells have been traditionally defined by the expression of an invariant TCR α-chain (Vα14-Jα18 in mice or Vα24-Jα18 in humans) and their capacity to recognise the glycolipid antigen α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) presented on CD1d. (elifesciences.org)
  • Here, we identified the circulating pool of SI-Ep-tropic T cells and studied their capacity to colonize the SI-Ep under steady-state conditions in SPF mice. (pasteur.fr)
  • For tumour estimation, nude mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 1 107 ZR75-1 cells with different constructs on the right side. (bms-911543.com)
  • BALB/c mice were injected with 1 106 MDA-MB-231 cells labelled with luciferase carrying the indicated constructs into the lateral tail vein. (bms-911543.com)
  • We investigated the protective potential of PD-L1 on autoimmune diabetes by transgenically overexpressing PD-L1 in pancreatic β-cells in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • NOD/SCID mice that received lymphocytes from transgenic mice became diabetic at a slower rate than mice receiving control lymphocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Moreover, lymphocytes collected from recipients transferred by lymphocytes from transgenic mice revealed less proliferative potential than lymphocytes obtained from control recipients. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS -Our results demonstrate the protective potential of transgenic PD-L1 in autoimmune diabetes and illustrate its role in downregulating diabetogenic T-cells in NOD mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Following treatment of mice with 7 × 19 CAR-T cells, both recipient conventional T cells and administered CAR-T cells generated memory responses against tumors. (nature.com)
  • High cleavage efficiency of a 2A peptide derived from porcine teschovirus-1 in human cell lines, zebrafish and mice. (nature.com)
  • In vivo blockade of PI3Kδ activity with seletalisib, a PI3Kδ-selective inhibitor, in a murine model of focal sialoadenitis decreased accumulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells within the glands of treated mice in the prophylactic and therapeutic regimes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To investigate the possible effects of the expression of this tightly regulated gene in vivo, we produced transgenic mice in which CD40L expression was deregulated. (nki.nl)
  • Overexpression in mature T cells is compatible with life, but in one-third of the cases, mice developed atypical lymphoid proliferations which, occasionally, progressed into frank lymphomas. (nki.nl)
  • Overexpression of BAFF results in an expanded B cell compartment and autoimmunity in mice. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Mice injected with BAFF-neutralizing-Fc (BAFF-R-Fc) protein showed reduced NF-κB activation, blocking BAFF-induced B cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Treatment of LMP1/CD40-expressing lymphomatous mice with an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody induced tumor regression with decreased spleen content, activation and proliferation rate of B-cells as well as a marked increase in T-cell activation, as assessed by CD62L and CD44 expression. (springer.com)
  • Spleen from mice were collected and immune cells were filtered through a sterile nylon membrane. (springer.com)
  • In particular, the T-cell immune response to influenza infection has been well characterized in C57BL/6 (B6,H2 b ) mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Medullary epithelial cells (mTEC), in conjunction with dendritic cells, then take over control of developing thymocytes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques: evidence that dendritic cells are early and sustained targets of infection. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Dendritic cells (DC) are both widely dispersed in the body and are potent activators of effector immune response, which stresses their important role in HIV infection [1,2]. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • The objective of this study is to explore the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) expression profiles of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). (frontiersin.org)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs), which are the most important antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that send signals to the T cells, mainly participate in the pathogenesis of many diseases with immunoregulatory mechanisms, such as AR. (frontiersin.org)
  • Doxorubicin enhances the expression of "eat-me" signals by dying tumor cells, facilitating their phagocytosis by dendritic cells (DC). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage (a different cell type than conventional dendritic cells), do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) themselves have been shown to play active roles in controlling their transport functions and in directly communicating with immune cells to modulate their immediate and downstream functions. (jci.org)
  • Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are malignancies of skin-homing lymphoid cells, that have up to now not been investigated thoroughly for common oncogenic mutations. (techblessing.com)
  • Intro Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are uncommon malignancies of skin-homing T lymphocytes. (techblessing.com)
  • The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway regulates cell reactions to environmental stimuli and takes on a crucial part in many malignancies.6 Thus, RAF and MEK are attractive therapeutic focuses on.7,8 RAS is a little guanine-nucleotide binding proteins that is mounted on the inner part from the plasma membrane. (techblessing.com)
  • 2. TOR signaling in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) and other lymphoid malignancies. (upenn.edu)
  • The field of Lymphocyte Surface Antigens and Activation Mechanisms is examined in two chapters. (scielo.br)
  • Immunologists recognized the importance of lymphatic vessels as channels for leukocyte trafficking from peripheral sites to their draining LNs ( 4 - 6 ), and as conduits for soluble antigens that can be taken up directly by LN-resident B cells and immature DCs ( 7 - 10 ), which help regulate the kinetics of antigen presentation. (jci.org)
  • A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes. (lookformedical.com)
  • B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. (lookformedical.com)
  • Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. (lookformedical.com)
  • Here, we demonstrate that both viral mRNAs and antigens are detectable in CD4 + T cells despite the absence of productive infection. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • A protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor, 1E7-03, and siRNA-mediated suppression of viral antigens were used to demonstrate de novo synthesis of viral RNAs and antigens in CD4 + T cells, respectively. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • T cells recognize antigens presented to them by the major histocompatibility complex of antigen-presenting cells via the TCRs expressed on their surface. (hindawi.com)
  • EBV miRNAs also inhibit the expression of viral antigens, thereby enabling infected cells to escape immune recognition. (ijbs.com)
  • Sixty percent of cases express 1 or more T-cell antigens (CD3 + , CD43, or CD45RO). (medscape.com)
  • Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) that are phagocytosed or endocytosed can be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs, which specialize in presenting antigens to CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Here we identify two stage-specific enhancers: the proximal enhancer mediates the constitutive CCL5 expression during the steady state, while the distal enhancer located 1.35 Mb from the promoter induces CCL5 expression in activated cells. (nature.com)
  • CD4 T cell lymphopenia increases the expression of circulating IL-7, and TGFb induces IL-7 downregulation. (biolegend.com)
  • Crosslinking of CD38 on the surface of mature, resting B cells induces B-cell proliferation, which is enhanced by co-signals such as IL-4 and LPS. (thermofisher.com)
  • Antigen-specific ligation of T-cell receptors induces effector mechanisms that either directly or indirectly promote lysis of infected cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Cortical epithelial cells (cTEC) support the earliest thymocyte progenitor populations, guiding them through the cortex, directing them to a T-cell lineage fate and ensuring their functional qualities as self-MHC restricted cells through the process of positive selection ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Although hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) enable autologous treatment of blood disorders, de novo generation of hematopoietic cells from pluripotent stem cells still compromises the unlimited high yield and rich hematopoiesis engraftment potential [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) have a round nucleus ( Delves, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Recent studies using neutralizing anti-CCL5 antibodies have suggested that the constitutive expression of CCL5 plays a regulatory role in maintaining tissue-resident memory (Trm) T cells in the human vaginal tract 9 and mouse skin 10 , suggesting that constitutive CCL5 expression in noninflamed conditions, hereafter referred to as homeostatic CCL5 expression, might be important for homeostasis of tissue-resident lymphocytes. (nature.com)
  • Tissue homeostasis is critically dependent on the function of tissue-resident lymphocytes, including lipid-reactive invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • This ILC-based inhibition of LIP ensures the generation of a diverse naive T cell pool in lymphopenic neonates that is mandatory for the maintenance of T cell homeostasis and immunological self-tolerance later in life. (aai.org)
  • The immune system regulates homeostasis of lymphocytes by mechanisms that are not fully understood. (aai.org)
  • Fry, T.J. & Mackall, C.L. Interleukin-7: master regulator of peripheral T-cell homeostasis? (nature.com)
  • IL-7 is essential for normal murine B cell development, and plays a key role in regulating the homeostasis and function of the T-cells. (biolegend.com)
  • IL-7 also controls T cell-dendritic cell interactions that are essential for both T-cell homeostasis and activation in vivo . (biolegend.com)
  • CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells are key targets for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication and contribute to the virus reservoir under antiretroviral therapy (ART). (bvsalud.org)
  • In particular, CD4+ T follicular helper cells have been demonstrated as key targets for viral replication and persistence under ART. (bvsalud.org)
  • The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)
  • This enabled identification of TFs that can be uniquely associated to the tumor cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). (lu.se)
  • In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
  • BRAFV600E mutation however, not in wild-type BRAF or tumors having a KRAS mutation.12,14,15 Further, dealing with wild-type BRAF tumors with BRAFV600E specific inhibitors induced tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.14 Thus, MEK inhibitors may be appealing in wild-type BRAF cells. (techblessing.com)
  • The in vivo hematopoietic reconstitution potential of c-kit + cells derived from the mouse PSCs was evaluated via m-NSG transplantation assay. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The c-kit + cells from 3D self-assembling peptide induction system followed by the OP9 coculture system possessed apparently superiority in terms of in vivo repopulating activity than that of 3D induction system followed by the 0.1% gelatin culture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This expression was dependent on activation of either NF-κB, JAK1/JAK2 or BTK pathways since these pathways were activated in tumor B-cells and ex vivo treatment with the inhibitory molecules PHA-408, ruxolitinib and ibrutinib led to decrease of its expression. (springer.com)
  • In the in vivo SCID mouse xeno-transplant model, RAD markedly delayed growth or induced regression of established PTLD-related B-cell tumors. (upenn.edu)
  • In this review, we cover how the non-epithelial compartment of thymic stroma represent essential cell populations in regulating thymus function. (frontiersin.org)
  • Fibrotic livers are characterized by an inflammatory microenvironment that is composed of various immunologically active cells, including liver-resident populations (e.g. (mdpi.com)
  • A classification of B-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Transcriptomic profiling of T-cell populations in non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer. (lu.se)
  • These data reinforce earlier observations that CD20+ T cells are infected and expanded by HIV infection, while suggesting that these cells phenotypically overlap activated CD4+ TFH cells that acquire CD20 expression via trogocytosis and can be targeted as part of therapeutic strategies aimed at HIV remission. (bvsalud.org)
  • Coupled with reports that allogeneic MSCs have immunoprivileged status and immunomodulatory properties, there has been considerable interest in exploring the use of these cells as a therapeutic option for bone repair. (hindawi.com)
  • Depletion of recipient T cells before 7 × 19 CAR-T cell administration dampened the therapeutic effects of 7 × 19 CAR-T cell treatment, suggesting that CAR-T cells and recipient immune cells collaborated to exert anti-tumor activity. (nature.com)
  • Lastly, while currently available outcomes of clinical trials evaluating therapeutic agents which manipulate the T cells such as calcineurin inhibitors indicate that they are at least as efficacious and safe as conventional immunosuppressants in treating lupus glomerulonephritis, larger clinical trials are undoubtedly required to validate these as-yet favourable findings. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, SLE is currently believed to be a T cell-driven condition and, indeed, targeting molecules expressed on T cells and their signalling pathways can be one of the potential therapeutic strategies in SLE. (hindawi.com)
  • The current state of clinical trials evaluating therapeutic agents which target molecules expressing on and inside T cells for the treatment of SLE will be updated. (hindawi.com)
  • Expanded understanding of the basic biology of T cell activation has enabled immunotherapy to combat cancer, and T cell metabolism now offers the opportunity to optimize and improve these therapeutic strategies. (elifesciences.org)
  • B-cell lymphomas (BCLs) constitute a diverse set of tially identify new functional, diagnostic, and therapeutic tumors, both morphologically and clinically, that are mainly targets. (lu.se)
  • CCL5 is a unique chemokine with distinct stage and cell-type specificities for regulating inflammation, but how these specificities are achieved and how CCL5 modulates immune responses is not well understood. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, RANK expression by LECs was necessary for SM restoration after inflammation-induced cell loss. (cnrs.fr)
  • Compelling evidence has however shown that without the assistance of the helper T lymphocytes, it is indeed difficult for the "helpless" B cells to become functional enough to trigger SLE-related inflammation. (hindawi.com)
  • Recently, a number of phenotypic and functional alterations which increase the propensity to trigger lupus-related inflammation have been identified in lupus T cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Breakdown of immune tolerance is believed to be one of the major mechanisms which triggers the production of autoantibodies by B cells and antibody forming cells, leading to inflammation upon binding to autoantigens and consequent tissue damage [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)
  • In conclusion, SI-Ep-tropic T cells follow a thymus-SI-Ep or a GALT-SI-Ep pathway, the latter generating highly competitive immigrants that are the sole precursors of cytotoxic IELs. (pasteur.fr)
  • Given the central role of B cells in pSS pathogenesis, we investigated PI3Kδ pathway activation in pSS and the functional consequences of blocking PI3Kδ in a murine model of focal sialoadenitis that mimics some features of pSS. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Further, we innovatively demonstrated that notch signaling pathway is responsible for in vitro CD201 + hematopoietic cell induction from mouse PSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study may result in novel therapies for lymphoma based on selective inhibition of the elements of the IL-2R signal transduction pathway(s) which are preferentially utilized by malignant T cells and/or on induction of re-expression of the epigenetically-silenced SHP-1 gene. (upenn.edu)
  • Among healthy individuals, the number of CR1 receptors on the red blood cells varies widely, yet the phenotypic expression, regulated by 2 codominant alleles, is stable. (medscape.com)
  • Beyond this basic grouping, SCID may be categorized according to phenotypic lymphocyte profiles that include both B-cell status (B + or B - ) and NK-cell status (NK + or NK - ) in addition to T-cell status (T - , because there is always a T-cell deficiency in SCID). (medscape.com)
  • Phenotypic and functional alterations in lupus T cells including expansion of the Th17 population, perturbations of the physiology of T-cell receptors (TCRs) and postreceptor downstream signalling, oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes result in exaggeration of TCR response to stimuli and the propensity of lupus T cells to get activated [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Indeed, most adaptive immune responses, including antibody responses, require helper T cells for their initiation. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Helper T cells play an intermediate role in the immune response. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Helper T cells also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The major surface marker of helper T cells is CD4. (nutritionfit.org)
  • This immunosuppressive helper T cell phenotype can be further induced by the zinc-finger transcription factor GATA3, which regulates Th2 cytokine expression [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Differing activities of homeostatic chemokines CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL12 in lymphocyte and dendritic cell recruitment and lymphoid neogenesis. (nature.com)
  • Given the proposed wider application of these medicines and their potentially important advantages in treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, more studies are needed with special focus on the molecular targets of statins included in regulating the immune response. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
  • and (c) actively regulating fluid and solute transport functions in response to inflammatory signals. (jci.org)
  • Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease characterised by exocrine gland lymphocytic infiltration and B-cell hyperactivation which results in systemic manifestations, autoantibody production and loss of glandular function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The thymus supports T-cell development via specialized microenvironments that ensure a diverse, functional and self-tolerant T-cell population. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, experimental evidence suggests these cells are important for thymus function by either directly influencing T-cell development, or by indirectly regulating TEC development and/or function. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition to intrathymic selection, and during this medullary residency period, CD4 + and CD8 + single positive (CD4SP, CD8SP) thymocytes acquire the ability to proliferate in response to TCR stimulation, and undergo licensing for cytokine production, prior to exiting the thymus to join the peripheral T-cell pool as Recent Thymus Emigrants (RTE) ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Broadly separated into mesenchymal and endothelial cells, NES have been implicated in thymus organogenesis, thymocyte development, tolerance induction and development/maintenance of epithelial stroma. (frontiersin.org)
  • They arise in the bone marrow but migrate to the thymus gland to mature.The diverse responses of T cells are collectively called cell-mediated immune reactions. (nutritionfit.org)
  • In the thymus, developing T cell, known as thymocytes, proliferate and differentiate along developmental pathways that generate functionally distinct subpopulations of mature T cells. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The mechanisms underlying depletion of CD4 T cells during acute HIV-1 infection are not well understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • Other programmed cell death mechanisms, including mitochondria-induced caspase-independent cell death, necroptosis, and autophagy, did not significantly contribute to CD4 T cell depletion. (bvsalud.org)
  • IMPORTANCE Different mechanisms for CD4 T cell depletion during acute HIV-1 infection have been proposed. (bvsalud.org)
  • Other mechanisms may also contribute in a minor way to CD4 T cell depletion. (bvsalud.org)
  • We therefore asked whether neonate-specific mechanisms prevent lymphopenia-driven T cell activation. (aai.org)
  • Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
  • The signaling mechanisms of IL-21 in different cell types have been identified. (intechopen.com)
  • and T-cell proliferation, adoptive transfer, and islet transplantation were performed to evaluate the PD-L1 transgene-mediated immune-protective mechanisms. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • These cells gauge the class of the ingested microbe and generate signals that direct naïve T cells to differentiate into the subset that mobilizes the appropriate immune defense mechanisms. (nutritionfit.org)
  • One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). (lookformedical.com)
  • However, the mechanisms leading to T-cell depletion remain largely unknown. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • In addition, the ability of HIV to exploit DC surface receptors or intracellular routing mechanisms to avoid antigen-processing machinery also contributes to viral persistence and promotes trans or cis-infection of CD4 T cells. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • In this brief review, a detailed account of the putative mechanisms by which the normal physiology of T cells are disturbed and why regulatory T cells fail to alleviate proinflammatory response in SLE will be discussed. (hindawi.com)
  • Our most recent work focuses on the molecular mechanisms of the aberrant gene silencing in the malignant lymphoid cells. (upenn.edu)
  • 3. Mechanisms of malignant cell transformation by the chimeric NPM/ALK kinase. (upenn.edu)
  • PRAD1 gene over-expression in mantle-cell lymphoma but not in other low-grade B-cell lymphomas, including extranodal lymphoma. (bloodjournal.ru)
  • Antibodies to CD38 are useful in subtyping of lymphomas and leukemias, detection of plasma cells (i.e. identification of myelomas), and as a marker for activated B and T cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. (lookformedical.com)
  • Escape from immune control must be important in the natural course of B-cell lymphomas, especially for those with activation of NF-κB. (springer.com)
  • As reviewed recently, various publications have indicated that disruption of immune checkpoints is also a critical step in B-cell non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas (NHL) [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
  • NF-κB, one of the most cited transcription factor in B-cell lymphomas, is able to increase tumor cell expression of PD-L1 either directly or indirectly [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
  • NF-κB constitutive activation is found either in aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) with an activated phenotype (ABC-DLBCL), or in indolent B-cell lymphomas such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, marginal zone B-cell lymphomas (MZL) [ 4 ]. (springer.com)
  • Aberrant cell signaling and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in human lymphomas. (upenn.edu)
  • Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are distinguished from other lymphomas by their anaplastic cytology and constant membrane expression of the CD30 antigen (an activation marker for B or T cells). (medscape.com)
  • They are called peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) when isolated from circulating blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Flow cytometric analysis of CD268 (BAFF-R) expression on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • cytokine levels cause a decline in cell numbers. (123dok.net)
  • 1. Role of the cytokine-signal transduction pathways and epigenetic gene silencing in pathogenesis of T-cell lymphoma. (upenn.edu)
  • In this chapter, we will focus on IL-21's biological effects and signaling pathways as well as discuss the potential implications and applications of IL-21 in leukemia cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Click on one of the subfamilies of IgSF or TNFRSF co-signaling receptors shown in the Explore Pathways box below to see how the different members of each family affect T cell activation. (rndsystems.com)
  • In addition, IL-7 controls T-cell size and metabolism through the activation of PI3 kinase-dependent pathways and regulation of glucose metabolism. (biolegend.com)
  • Lastly, we demonstrate that exposure of T cells to EBOV resulted in autophagy through activation of ER-stress related pathways. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Stimulation of TCRs upon antigen binding triggers downstream signalling pathways which enables various physiological functions of the T cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Other studies reported that some cancer cells could repress their own CCL5 expression to hinder migration of anticancer immune cells toward cancer sites 15 , 16 . (nature.com)
  • CD9 antigen modulates cell adhesion, migration and platelet activation. (techblessing.com)
  • ZKSCAN5-Regulated VEGFC Promotes the Proliferation, Migration, and Tube Formation of HLECs Cancer cell-secreted VEGFC markedly enhanced the proliferation and migration of lymphocyte endothelial cells. (bms-911543.com)
  • Because ZKSCAN5 improved the secretion of VEGFC by breast cancer cells, the effects of the conditioned medium on HLEC proliferation and migration were investigated in ZKSCAN5 knockdown stable cell lines. (bms-911543.com)
  • The conditioned medium from these cells re-expressing ZKSCAN5 could rescue these effects ( Figures?2A, B ). A similar tendency was also detected in HLEC migration analysis ( Figures?2C, D ). Open in a separate window Figure?2 VEGFC secreted by cancer cells, under the influence of ZKSCAN5, regulates HLEC proliferation, migration, and tube formation. (bms-911543.com)
  • The T cells also effectively terminate their activation and proliferation as a means of avoiding autoimmunity, resulting in different phenotypes that either further activate Th1 immune responses or suppress via Th2-driven responses. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Lymphocytes will mature both phenotypically and functionally for a time after birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • This enables some recent thymic emigrants to undergo LIP and convert into long-lived memory T cells. (aai.org)
  • Surprisingly, however, most neonatal T cells do not undergo LIP. (aai.org)
  • Surprisingly, only a minority of thymic emigrants and adoptively transferred naive T cells undergo LIP in lymphopenic neonates ( 8 - 10 ), and lymphopenia-induced tissue destruction is not observed. (aai.org)
  • Differentiating cells undergo programmed alterations in their patterns of gene expression, which are regulated by structural changes in chromatin. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The TME, however, can be metabolically hostile due to insufficient vascular exchange and cancer cell metabolism that leads to hypoxia, depletion of nutrients, and accumulation of waste products. (elifesciences.org)
  • Further, inhibitory receptors present in the TME can inhibit T cell metabolism and alter T cell signaling both directly and through release of extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. (elifesciences.org)
  • This review will discuss the metabolic changes that drive T cells into different stages of their development and how the TME imposes barriers to the metabolism and activity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Finally, we will provide an overview of how utilizing an understanding of T cell metabolism may inform strategies to alter the TME or enhance T cell metabolism to strengthen the immunotherapy arsenal. (elifesciences.org)
  • Null cells are large granular lymphocytes that develop inside the bone marrow and attack pathogens and abnormal cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that gonadal steroids exert effects on the development of B cells in bone marrow. (jci.org)
  • Androgens also exert effects on B cell development in bone marrow. (jci.org)
  • Leukocytes are produced in stem cells in bone marrow. (lu.se)
  • MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Traditionally, microcirculatory physiologists studied the essential transport functions of lymphatic vessels in removing fluid, molecules, and cells after leaking from blood vessels in the periphery and before returning them to the blood circulation. (jci.org)
  • T cells cannot recognize antigen alone, as for T cell receptors (TCRs), they can recognize only antigen bound to cell-membrane proteins (MHC molecules). (nutritionfit.org)
  • Therefore, a critical role may exist for short-range acting factors, such as cell surface molecules. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Extensive research on thymic epithelial cells (TEC) within the cortex and medulla has defined their essential roles during T-cell development. (frontiersin.org)
  • In contrast, T cells, which mediate cellular immune responses, can target internal proteins common to heterologous viral strains. (cdc.gov)
  • When they receive the same antigenic stimuli as they once again, they can proliferate as functional T cells against antigen or plasma cells that produce antibodies. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Therefore, host CCL5 can obviously work as an anticancer molecule to mount relevant immune responses against some cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • A failure of DCs to mature, as witnessed during HIV uptake, however, leads to attenuation of antigen-specific immune responses and may significantly contribute to induction of T cell regulatory responses. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • They are also key players in spread of infection via trans-CD4 T cell infection (or in cis), and stimulation of adaptive immune responses in attempt to eliminate virus. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • We discuss the advantages of developing a vaccine based on cell-mediated immune responses toward highly pathogenic influenza virus and potential problems arising from immune pressure. (cdc.gov)
  • Accumulating evidence indicates that expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) defines a distinct type of T-cell lymphoma. (upenn.edu)
  • These non-functioning tumors and adenomas have null cells comprising around 20% of them. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kakarla, S. & Gottschalk, S. CAR T cells for solid tumors: armed and ready to go? (nature.com)
  • Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. (lookformedical.com)
  • The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease. (lookformedical.com)
  • A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes. (lookformedical.com)
  • B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. (lookformedical.com)
  • LMP1/CD40 tumors B-cells expressed high levels of PD-L1. (springer.com)
  • Nevertheless, in tumor cells, mutated TCS ERK 11e (VX-11e) (oncogenic) RAS preferentially promotes success and proliferation. (techblessing.com)
  • Several studies have countered the notion that these three homeostatic systems in the body, nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system, function independent of each other and provided evidence for the bidirectional communication between these systems to regulate health and disease in humans. (brainimmune.com)
  • If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely. (lookformedical.com)
  • However, most GEP studies have typically been performed on whole tissue samples, containing varying degrees of tumor cell content, which results in uncertainties in data analysis. (lu.se)
  • Regulatory / suppressor T cells often play an important role in maintaining their own tolerance and avoid excessive damage to the immune response to the body. (nutritionfit.org)
  • There are many classes of regulatory / suppressor T cells, including CD25 and CD4 T cells. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Additionally, the failure of the regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in alleviating the proinflammatory milieu occurring in SLE is contributory to the pathogenicity of the condition [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Anti-HIV-1 T cell responses are evaded by continuous mutation of the virus. (scielo.br)
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (also known as CD152) is a major negative regulator of T cell responses which interacts with the B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) ligands on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. (scielo.br)
  • Importantly, CD8 + T cell responses against a foreign Ag are not inhibited by neonatal ILCs. (aai.org)
  • However, recent successful preclinical and clinical trials have advocated for the significance of B cell-dependent immunopathogenic responses and has led to the development of novel biologicals that target specific B cell phenotypes. (medsci.org)
  • This Review summarizes the emergent evidence that LECs are important in maintaining peripheral tolerance, limiting and resolving effector T cell responses, and modulating leukocyte function. (jci.org)
  • Programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), the interacting ligand for PD-1, widely expressed in many cell types, acts as a tissue-specific negative regulator of pathogenic T-cell responses. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • This is to distinguish them from antibody responses, which, of course, also depend on cells (B cells). (nutritionfit.org)
  • Like antibody responses, T cell responses are exquisitely antigen-specific, and they are at least as important as antibodies in defending vertebrates against infection. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Maturing DCs acquire a phenotype that allows them to migrate through the lymphatic system and stimulate adaptive lymphocyte responses. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • This review focuses on how HIV is recognized and processed by DCs, the responses (and lack thereof) generated by DCs after capture, the role of DCs in HIV transfer to CD4 T cells, and the role of DCs in immunomodulatory responses to HIV. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • Patient's own immune cells are isolated, genetically modified to improve responses against cancer cells, expanded, and subsequently reintroduced into the individual. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Surface receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and nuclear transcription factors attenuate T cell responses, where CTLA-4 competes with CD28 for binding to CD80/86, resulting in inhibitory downstream signalling [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Because of the vesicant activity of doxorubicin, microparticles made of biodegradable polymer poly(lactide-co-glycolide) or PLGA can safely deliver doxorubicin intratumorally and are effective vaccine adjuvants, (ii) enhancing T-cell activation using anti-OX40 and (iii) sustaining T-cell responses by checkpoint blockade using anti-CTLA-4. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Specifically, cell-mediated responses typically focus on peptides from internal influenza proteins, which are far less susceptible to antigenic variation. (cdc.gov)