AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Granulocyte Precursor CellsGranulocytesBone MarrowLymph NodesImmune SystemLymphGranulocyte Colony-Stimulating FactorCell DifferentiationProtein PrecursorsStem CellsMice, Inbred C57BLCells, CulturedImmunity, InnateHematopoietic Stem CellsT-LymphocytesSpleenBone Marrow CellsMolecular Sequence DataMice, Inbred BALB CImmune ToleranceReceptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating FactorCytokinesOligodendrogliaGranulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating FactorCell LineageSignal TransductionDendritic CellsNeutrophilsVulvaLymphocyte ActivationLymphocytesLeukocytesLymphatic MetastasisImmunohistochemistryRNA, MessengerCell LineMacrophagesAmino Acid SequenceMice, KnockoutAmyloid beta-Protein PrecursorMice, TransgenicTime FactorsCell DivisionBase SequenceRecombinant Proteins
NodesMonocytesLymphocytesDendriticSpleenMyeloidNeutrophilsHematopoietic precursor cellsDifferentiationBoneDifferentiateMacrophagePlateletsReceptorsPhagocytesMononuclearPeripheralEpithelialNodeMegakaryocytesCytotoxic T-ceAbnormalMastAntigenEffectorTumor cellsMicroenvironmentTissuesSelectivelyInnate ImmunityInfectionResponsesChronicPathogensStemEosinophilsLineageCD11cVascularSevereDefenseLymphaticImmunityAntibodyProgenitorMorphologyMonocyticCytokineCytokinesInflammatoryMalignantMammalianLeukocytesPrimordialAdaptive immune rInvolvementEndotheliumPhagocyticDeficiencyPatientsBlood
Nodes14
  • The recirculating lymphocytes selectively infiltrate the lymph nodes, the spleen, and the liver. (medscape.com)
  • Hematological malignancies are the kinds of cancer affecting blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes. (medgadget.com)
  • Patients are mostly young and late diagnosis, which means thicker tumors (thicker than 1 mm, or Breslow index ≥1 mm: the Breslow index is the measurement in mm of the vertical thickness of the primary tumor) and/or involvement of regional lymph nodes, causes a greater risk of developing a disseminated disease. (hindawi.com)
  • A small thymus, lymphopenia below 1500 cubic millimeters, missing lymph nodes and missing tonsils are also typical. (medicinelearners.com)
  • Later symptoms include enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly), enlargement of the spleen ( splenomegaly ), and swelling of the lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy). (symptoma.com)
  • To this end, the number of activated DC (i.e. positive for the marker S100) in tumour-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) was determined and compared between LABC patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy with GM-CSF (n=52) or without GM-CSF (n=11), and a control group of chemonaı¨ve breast cancer patients (n=10). (coek.info)
  • As a consequence, the primary tumour and its draining lymph nodes (TDLN) remained longer in situ. (coek.info)
  • Inguinal lymph nodes of naïve animals and animals 8 days after pristane injection were analyzed for differential gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the present study, inguinal lymph nodes from the PIA-susceptible DA rat and from the PIA-resistant E3 strain were analyzed for differential gene expression using Affymetrix technology (Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Peripheral tolerance occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs (e.g. spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal/gut associated lymphoid tissues) and peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • Two-thirds of neuroblastoma tumours have distant metastases in the bone, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver or subcutaneous tissue upon diagnosis, whereas lung or central nervous system metastasis are extremely rare. (hospitalpharmacyeurope.com)
  • 5 One-third of neuroblastoma present as localised with or without involvement of regional lymph nodes. (hospitalpharmacyeurope.com)
  • Infectious mononucleosis most often begins insidiously, with vague malaise, followed several days later by fever, sore throat, swollen posterior cervical lymph nodes, and fatigue. (juniperpublishers.com)
  • Cervical lymph nodes were not palpable. (juniperpublishers.com)
Monocytes8
  • Other cells of the immune system such as human peripheral blood monocytes and granulocytes also express BLIMP-1. (wikipedia.org)
  • CD11c is expressed in monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, some granulocytes and less so in a subset of lymphocytes. (thermofisher.com)
  • Mutations in the gene encoding CSF1R have been associated with a predisposition to myeloid malignancy.Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for CSF1 and IL34 and plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes. (thermofisher.com)
  • Blood monocyte-derived DCs (B-DCs), as one group of myeloid DCs, can be generated by incubation of monocytes that are isolated from PBMCs with exogenous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) for 6-7 days [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Granulocytopenia is a generic term that refers to all granulocytes, including neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. (arrhythmia.center)
  • M-CSF (or CSF-1) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is involved in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of monocytes, macrophages, and bone marrow progenitor cells. (meddic.jp)
  • [3] M-CSF affects macrophages and monocytes in several ways, including stimulating increased phagocytic and chemotactic activity, and increased tumour cell cytotoxicity. (meddic.jp)
Lymphocytes15
Dendritic15
Spleen1
  • Low values can occur from premature destruction states such as Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP), acute blood loss, drug effects (such as heparin), infections with sepsis, entrapment of platelets in an enlarged spleen, or bone marrow failure from diseases such as myelofibrosis or leukemia. (backtofunction.com)
Myeloid5
  • In leukemias, a clone of malignant cells may arise at any stage of maturation, that is, in the lymphoid, myeloid, or pluripotential stage. (medscape.com)
  • And, malignancy in the myeloid lineage that includes precursor cells to red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells such as granulocytes. (medgadget.com)
  • This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
  • They differentiate from myeloid precursor cells in response to the cytokins interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 5 (IL-5), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). (wikidoc.org)
  • The cellularity of the aspirate and morphology of erythroid and myeloid precursors were normal, the number of megakaryocytes was increased. (juniperpublishers.com)
Neutrophils2
  • These aberrant lymphoblasts proliferate, reducing the number of the normal marrow elements that produce other blood cell lines (red blood cells, platelets, and neutrophils). (medscape.com)
  • Laboratory investigations on admission revealed a blood cell count WBC 2700cells/mm³, 32% were neutrophils (864 ANC mm³), RBC 4,970,000cells/mm³, hemoglobin level 12.1g/dl, hematocrit value 36.8%, platelet count PLT 11,000cells/mm³. (juniperpublishers.com)
Hematopoietic precursor cells1
  • Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a group of neoplastic disorders of the hematopoietic precursor cells of the bone marrow. (medscape.com)
Differentiation12
  • In a monocytic cell line, over-expression of BLIMP-1 can lead to differentiation into mature macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
  • BLIMP-1 is an important regulator of plasma cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • BLIMP-1 acts as a master gene regulating the transcriptional network that regulates B cell terminal differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Except for naïve and memory B cells, all antibody secreting cells express BLIMP-1 regardless of their location and differentiation history. (wikipedia.org)
  • BLIMP-1 is a direct transcriptional target of IRF-4, which is also necessary for B-cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • BLIMP-1 promotes naive T-cells to differentiate into T-helper (Th) 2 lineage, while repressing the differentiation into Th1, Th17, and follicular Th. (wikipedia.org)
  • BLIMP-1 is also required for differentiation of cytotoxic T-cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • This attachment initiates the differentiation and maturation of the stem cell so it can graduate to become a WBC. (biotechprimer.com)
  • CSF-1 signaling through CSF-1R regulates the proliferation and differentiation of cells in the monocytic lineage. (thermofisher.com)
  • function of proliferative responses provoked in the induction cell products favor immediate type hypersensitivity reactions, phase of contact allergy, the murine local lymph node assay serving as growth and differentiation factors for mast cells and (LLNA), has been accepted as a stand-alone method for skin eosinophils, the cellular effectors of the clinical manifestations of sensitization testing (NIH, 1999). (cdc.gov)
  • Our research focuses on developmental pathways that regulate hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation and are disrupted in the course of neoplastic transformation, particularly in leukemias and lymphomas. (stanford.edu)
  • In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NBTs originate from a block in the process of normal differentiation of these precursor cells. (hospitalpharmacyeurope.com)
Bone19
  • Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant clonal disorder of the bone marrow lymphopoietic precursor cells. (medscape.com)
  • The time for 1 cell division is prolonged with respect to that of normal bone marrow blast cells. (medscape.com)
  • The bone marrow is gradually replaced by blast cells. (medscape.com)
  • White blood cells (WBC) are the front line troops that protect the body from infection and disease and are produced when G-CSF is released from bone marrow. (biotechprimer.com)
  • Patients undergoing chemotherapy and bone marrow transplants run low on WBCs and an infusion of Neupogen or Zarzio elicits the same G-CSF action-increased immune response. (biotechprimer.com)
  • Human endothelial progenitor cells (hEPCs) are adult stem cells, located in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. (intechopen.com)
  • It is arise from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the bone marrow. (medgadget.com)
  • Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (acute lymphocytic leukemia, ALL) is a malignant (clonal) disease of the bone marrow in which early lymphoid precursors proliferate and replace the normal hematopoietic cells of the marrow. (medscape.com)
  • Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): Bone marrow shows proliferation of large and heterogeneous lymphoblasts consistent with pre-B-cell ALL (French-American-British L2 morphology). (medscape.com)
  • Anemia can be due to nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, destruction of blood cells internally, or failure to produce blood in the bone marrow. (backtofunction.com)
  • High Hgb can occur due to lung disease, living at high altitude, or excessive bone marrow production of blood cells. (backtofunction.com)
  • Low values suggest iron deficiency, high values suggest either deficiencies of B12 or Folate, ineffective production in the bone marrow, or recent blood loss with replacement by newer (and larger) cells from the bone marrow. (backtofunction.com)
  • These cells form ecosystems at the primary and at the metastatic site, mutually communicating with one another and with stem cell-generating organs such as the bone marrow. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hypoxia stimulates hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-dependent expression of CXCL12 and KITL promoting mobilization from the bone marrow and recruitment to primary tumor and metastatic sites of CXCR4 + CD11b + bone marrow-derived cells and KITbCD11b + cells assisting vasculogenesis and metastasis respectively (Kuonen et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In naïve DA rats IgE, the bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1 ( Bst1 ) and the MHC class II β-chain ( MhcII ) were expressed at a higher level, and the immunoglobulin kappa chain ( Igκ ) was expressed at a lower level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development in the primary lymphoid organs (i.e. thymus and bone marrow), where T or B cell clones that recognize autoantigens with high-affinity are deleted. (frontiersin.org)
  • They are granulocytes that develop in the bone marrow before migrating into blood. (wikidoc.org)
  • Furthermore, due to its inhibition of cellular growth, interference with oncogene expression and augmentation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity for target cells, IFN-α may cause bone marrow suppression, including potentially severe cytopenias and, very rarely, AA [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Leukocytes are produced in stem cells in bone marrow. (lu.se)
Differentiate7
  • During B cell development, a B cell can either differentiate into a short-lived plasma cell or into a germinal center B cell after receiving proper activation and co-stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The premature expression of BLIMP-1 in primary B cells results in cell death, so only cells that are ready to initiate transcription driven by BLIMP-1 are able to survive and differentiate. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, without BLIMP-1, proliferating B cells are unable to differentiate to plasma cells, resulting in severe reduction in production of all isotypes of immunoglobulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lymphoid lineage DCs primarily differentiate into plasmacytoid DCs and occupy approximately 0.5% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in humans [ 2 ], but the cell population percentage is unclear in horses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
  • The colony stimulating factor 1 ( CSF1 ), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( M-CSF ), is a secreted cytokine which influences hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types. (meddic.jp)
  • Under normal conditions, neural crest cells delaminate and migrate from the dorsal neural tube, and those neuroblastic precursor cells differentiate upon reaching their final embryonic location into tissues and organs that will constitute the sympathetic nervous system. (hospitalpharmacyeurope.com)
Macrophage3
Platelets4
  • The many distinct sorts of mature blood cells, like red blood cells for carrying oxygen, white blood cells for immune protection and platelets for wound clotting. (medgadget.com)
  • Platelets - This is the number of cells that plug up holes in your blood vessels and prevent bleeding. (backtofunction.com)
  • The resulting deficiencies of platelets and red and white blood cells cause anemia, susceptibility to infections, and easy bruising and bleeding. (symptoma.com)
  • Patients feel fatigued because they are anemic (low red cells), they can have easy bruising or bleeding due to low platelets, and they may have frequent fevers or infections as a result of low numbers of infection-fighting cells. (symptoma.com)
Receptors6
  • Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) are single-pass cell surface receptors that have inhibitory activities on immune cells. (mdpi.com)
  • G-CSF beefs up the immune system when it binds to receptors on the precursor to WBCs, known as hematopoietic stem cells. (biotechprimer.com)
  • If, on the other hand, antigen receptors are defective, the antigens cannot be bound to the cell surface, so that there is no cellular immune response. (medicinelearners.com)
  • Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • The importance of immunity can't be understated, it involves a large portion of immune system and primitive Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that trigger signaling pathways. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The so called B-cells have receptors that recognize foreign antigen, but the T-cells have similar receptors and are tied to both the innate and the adaptive immune response. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Phagocytes2
  • Innate immune cells are also called phagocytes because they phagocytose when they recognize foreign substances such as lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES). (lookformedical.com)
Mononuclear4
  • Finally, mononuclear cells isolated from lung (L-MCs), which are used as precursors for L-DCs, expressed more antigen-presenting cell-associated markers such as MHC class II and CD172α compared to their counterparts from blood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Specialized phagocytic cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids. (lookformedical.com)
  • Mononuclear cells with pronounced phagocytic ability that are distributed extensively in lymphoid and other organs. (lookformedical.com)
  • The term mononuclear phagocyte system has replaced the former reticuloendothelial system, which also included less active phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (lookformedical.com)
Peripheral3
  • Peripheral tolerance evolved to counteract autoantigen-recognizing T or B cells that escape central tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include inactivation of autoantigen-recognizing T and B cells by the induction of apoptosis, anergy or conversion into immunosuppressive regulatory cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Infected memory B cells are released into the peripheral circulation, their number decreases over time after the onset of symptoms of primary infection, but these cells are never eliminated entirely [3]. (juniperpublishers.com)
Epithelial6
  • surface lined with mucus secreting epithelial cells in organ systems that open to the environment. (freezingblue.com)
  • Cystatin A incorporates into the cornified cell envelope of stratified squamous epithelial cells and may play a role in bacteriostatic properties of skin. (lookformedical.com)
  • The large number of macrophages in the intestinal tract, play a significant role in maintaining the homeostasis of microorganisms on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and in the continuous renewal of intestinal epithelial cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Via direct actions on cancer cells and indirect actions on the tumor microenvironment, radiation has the potential to enhance epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, migration, angiogenesis and metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. (lookformedical.com)
  • Endothelial and epithelial cells, and resident macrophages are potent producers of inflammatory cytokines, interleukins, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, which are distinguished from another set that is treated in this study. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Node3
  • DC goes to the lymph node and give a singal to activate T cells by presenting the Ag. (freezingblue.com)
  • In the case of melanoma, circulating cells may find a suitable microenvironment in the first draining lymph node, known as the sentinel lymph node, in other lymphnodes or in distant organs, leading to secondary tumor growth (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • Which of the following statements describes phase 4 of the action potential of cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node? (nursingessay24x7.com)
Megakaryocytes2
  • An accompanying proliferation of erythroid cells and megakaryocytes usually is present. (medscape.com)
  • Abnormal hematopoiesis may include erythrocytes, granulocytes and megakaryocytes. (symptoma.com)
Cytotoxic T-ce1
  • These are capable of connecting any kind of cytotoxic T cell to a cancer cell, independently of T-cell receptor specificity, costimulation, or peptide antigen presentation. (aacrjournals.org)
Abnormal1
  • The complete absence of one of the other granulocyte rows is also abnormal and may affect innate immunity, but rarely causes a decrease in the total number of leukocytes in the blood. (arrhythmia.center)
Mast3
  • Among these, Siglec-8 is a CD33-related family member selectively expressed on human mast cells and eosinophils, and at low levels on basophils. (mdpi.com)
  • Since its discovery in 2000, initial in vitro studies have found that the engagement of Siglec-8 with a monoclonal antibody or with selective polyvalent sialoglycan ligands induced the cell death of eosinophils and inhibited mast cell degranulation. (mdpi.com)
  • Anti-Siglec-8 antibody administration in vivo to humanized and transgenic mice selectively expressing Siglec-8 on mouse eosinophils and mast cells confirmed the in vitro findings, and identified additional anti-inflammatory effects. (mdpi.com)
Antigen7
  • The most noticeable is a decline in the antigen-specific acquired immune response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An alternative approach to engage T cells for cancer therapy are antibodies, which are bispecific for a surface target antigen on cancer cells, and for CD3 on T cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Pioneering work by Kufer and colleagues ( 6 ) showed that CD3/target antigen-bispecific antibodies of this particular design had an exceptionally high potency, and could likewise engage CD8 + and CD4 + T cells for redirected lysis of cancer cells at very low effector to target (E:T) ratios. (aacrjournals.org)
  • For immune defense, the respiratory tract contains DCs that function as a robust antigen presentation system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [11] They have also recently been implicated in antigen presentation to T cells . (wikidoc.org)
  • The end result of the immune reaction is the production of specific antibodies and antigen-reactive cells. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • When an OV is armed with bi-specific T cell engager (BiTE), it also expresses and secretes a large quantity of BiTEs from infected cells, which can diffuse throughout the tumor tissue, activating T cells to recognize and kill cancer cells antigen-specifically. (mdpi.com)
Effector6
  • What are effector cells? (freezingblue.com)
  • It helps the effector cells by marking pathogen with molecular flags and also attack pathogens. (freezingblue.com)
  • During that process, naive T cells are stimulated and differentiated into effector T cells that can kill cells or activate other cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Effector T cells activate B cells, so that B cells produce antibodies that recognize microorganisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eosinophils are considered the main effector cells in allergic responses and asthma pathogenesis and are associated with disease severity. (wikidoc.org)
  • γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)
Tumor cells5
  • However, tumor-specific T-cell responses are difficult to mount and sustain in cancer patients, and are limited by numerous immune escape mechanisms of tumor cells selected during immunoediting. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Likewise, bispecific antibodies for engagement of other cytotoxic immune cells were constructed, for instance, targeting Fcγ RI/CD64 on macrophages and Her2/neu or EGFR on tumor cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • On the other hand, phagosomes are formed when the pathogen is engulfed by macrophages and fuse with lysosomes to release enzymes and toxic substances, resulting in killing or having cytotoxic effects on bacteria and tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Such cells are described as disseminated tumor cells (DTC) (Sosa et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2014 ) or sometimes as circulating tumor cells (CTC) (Kim et al. (biomedcentral.com)
Microenvironment2
  • Macrophages, which are functional plasticity cells, have the ability to phagocytize and digest foreign substances and acquire pro-(M1-like) or anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotypes according to their microenvironment. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, an in-depth understanding of γδ T cells that play conflicting roles in the tumor microenvironment is necessary. (explorationpub.com)
Tissues5
  • hEPCs have been used for cell-based therapies due to their capacity to contribute in the re-endothelialization of injured blood vessels and neovascularization in ischemic tissues. (intechopen.com)
  • Another characteristic is that senescent cells that accumulate in body tissues over time cause chronic inflammation through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, termed senescence-associated secretory phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Apigenin served as a potent therapy against UC in C57BL/6 mice through the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines,and COX-2, and through the reduction in immune cell infiltration in colon tissues [ 11 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Immune tolerance co-evolved as a safety system that maintains a state of immune unresponsiveness to autoantigens and self-tissues ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The CHS protein is expressed in the cytoplasm of cells of a variety of tissues and may represent an abnormality of organellar protein trafficking. (medscape.com)
Selectively1
  • The next wave of truly transformative therapeutics should aspire to provide a cure by selectively suppressing pathogenic autoantigen-specific immune responses while leaving the rest of the immune system intact to control infectious diseases and malignancies. (frontiersin.org)
Innate Immunity2
  • Such immunity is achieved by two systems: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because CD4 + T cells, which constitute the "control tower" of acquired immunity, cannot recognize microbial components such as LPSs, the acquired immunity response to microorganisms depends on the phagocytic cells of the innate immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
Infection9
  • When there is an infection in the interstitial spaces, blood, or lymph what organism are the pathogens and what are the protective immunity? (freezingblue.com)
  • The immune system could play a crucial role in virus infection. (medsci.org)
  • The critical role of the immune system has been found in the discovery that there are reported high morbidity and mortality rates of human CoV infection in immunocompromised host as well as patients with comorbidities [ 3 - 6 ]. (medsci.org)
  • 0.2 × 10 9 /L), the inflammatory response may be muted, and the usual inflammatory findings of leukocytosis or white blood cells in the urine or at the site of infection may not occur. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Macrophages play a significant role in many processes, such as the human immune function, parasite infection, and tissue remodeling by secreting cytokines and producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. (frontiersin.org)
  • These blood cells help fight infection. (backtofunction.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells also produce M-CSF in order to combat intercellular viral infection. (meddic.jp)
  • Eosinophil granulocytes , usually called eosinophils (or, less commonly, acidophils ), are white blood cells of the immune system that are responsible for combating infection and parasites in vertebrates . (wikidoc.org)
  • This infection and viral spread lead to oncolysis limited to infected cancer cells, and thus suboptimal efficacy. (mdpi.com)
Responses9
  • As a fine-tuned and contextual rheostat of the immune system, BLIMP-1 up- or down-regulates immune responses depending on the precise scenarios. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, BLIMP-1 cools down and activates immune responses in a highly contextual manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • These cells can participate in inflammatory responses by releasing mediators that attract or activate other cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of allergic and non-allergic diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • IFN-I have potent direct antiviral activities, also mediate a multiplicity of immunoregulatory functions, which can either promote or dampen antiviral adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
  • Recent evidence obtained in mouse models shows its essential role regulating blood cell function through various mechanisms that include pseudohypoxia responses by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α activation, post-translational modifications like succinylation, and communication mediated by succinate receptor 1. (haematologica.org)
  • This promising field may open new avenues to modulate inflammatory responses and to preserve blood cell homeostasis in the clinical setting. (haematologica.org)
  • They act as a surveillance system to detect foreign antigens and shape immunogenic or tolerogenic responses [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mammalian immune system evolved to protect our bodies from foreign pathogens and intrinsic aberrant malignancies while concurrently preventing deleterious immune responses toward self ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • A particular PID can be caused by defects in any one of several molecules that are required for certain responses, because a defect in any of the sequential steps can impair the system. (lu.se)
Chronic5
  • BLIMP-1 is highly expressed in exhausted T-cells - clones of dysfunctional T-cells with diminished functions due to chronic immune response against cancer, viral infections, or organ transplant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of granulocytes. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is used to stimulate neutrophil production and prevent bacterial infections after cancer chemotherapy and with severe chronic neutropenia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The gut needs to produce a strong protective immune response to resist the invasion of pathogenic antigens, while similar reactions to harmless antigens such as dietary proteins or symbiotic microorganisms, may lead to chronic inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • The favorable course of the disease is determined by the temporary decrease in white blood cells, the more severe the development of pathology - with chronic decrease. (arrhythmia.center)
Pathogens4
  • The innate immune system is activated within several hours of encountering pathogens, etc. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These cells play a key role in early resistance to intestinal pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • The immune deficiency begins shortly after birth and leads to severe and recurring infections with unusual pathogens. (medicinelearners.com)
  • Evidence suggest that a patient's genetic predisposition together with environmental factors, such as exposure to pathogens that exhibit molecular mimicry, disturb immune tolerance ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Stem5
  • BLIMP-1 is widely expressed in stem cells of developing embryos. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we further discuss current suggestions of the possible contribution of succinate to blood stem cell function and blood formation. (haematologica.org)
  • Patients with prolonged neutropenia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy and patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics and high doses of corticosteroids are predisposed to fungal infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 3) We are defining the properties of cancer stem cells that initiate and sustain the unique disease features of acute leukemias through the use of various adoptive animal models. (stanford.edu)
  • We demonstrate here that GSK-3 maintains the MLL leukemia stem cell transcriptional program by promoting the conditional association of CREB and its coactivators TORC and CBP with homedomain protein MEIS1, a critical component of the MLL-subordinate program, which in turn facilitates HOX-mediated transcription and transformation. (stanford.edu)
Eosinophils2
  • Eosinophils make up about 1-6% of white blood cells, and are about 12-17 micrometers in size. (wikidoc.org)
  • Following activation by an immune stimulus, eosinophils degranulate to release an array of cytotoxic granule cationic proteins that are capable of inducing tissue damage and dysfunction. (wikidoc.org)
Lineage2
  • As a transcriptional repressor, BLIMP-1 has a critical role in the foundation of the mouse germ cell lineage, as its disruption causes a block early in the process of primordial germ cell formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genetic lineage-tracing experiments indicate that the BLIMP-1-positive cells originating from the proximal posterior epiblast cells are indeed the lineage-restricted primordial germ cell precursors. (wikipedia.org)
CD11c1
  • Recruitment of CD11b + CD11c + myelomonocytic cells to the metastatic site was also found after whole thorax irradiation at a dose of 15 Gy of mice that significantly enhanced seeding and metastatic growth of intravenously injected cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Vascular2
  • B. The goal of medical treatment is to eliminate cholesterol from the vascular system. (nursingessay24x7.com)
  • A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR), lymph vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, LYMPHATIC), and the serous cavities of the body. (lookformedical.com)
Severe5
  • BLIMP-1 deficiency leads to high numbers of activated T helper cells and severe autoimmune diseases in laboratory mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute, severe neutropenia, particularly if another factor (eg, cancer) is present, significantly impairs the immune system and can lead to rapidly fatal infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The Severe Combined Immunodeficiency or SCID summarizes several different hereditary immune disorders. (medicinelearners.com)
  • Therapy with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-monocyte-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) caused splenomegaly and severe thrombocytopenia, which recurred upon rechallenge. (symptoma.com)
  • T cell immunodeficiencies and severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs) are marked with opportunistic infections caused by common environmental microorganisms. (lu.se)
Defense1
  • In the case of SCID, the defense against infected cells no longer takes place. (medicinelearners.com)
Lymphatic2
  • The process of metastasis involves the spread of neoplastic cells to locoregional or distant body sites via lymphatic vessels and/or bloodstream. (hindawi.com)
  • The process of metastasis is the consequence of migration of melanoma cells from the primary lesion, to locoregional and distant body sites via the lymphatic circulation and the bloodstream. (hindawi.com)
Immunity2
  • The second mechanism entails the generation of tumourspecific immunity through the release of tumour-specific antigens from the primary tumour and the subsequent priming of specific T cells in the preserved TDLN. (coek.info)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
Antibody6
  • BLIMP-1 directly initiates unfolded protein response (UPR) by activating Ire1, Xbp1, and Atf6, allowing the plasma B cells to produce vast amounts of antibody. (wikipedia.org)
  • By using just one CD3-specific binding arm, such bispecific antibodies can monovalently bind to all T cells, but do so only with rather low affinity ( 7 ), which will not trigger T-cell signaling by CD3, unless the BiTE antibody is presented to the T cell in a multivalent fashion by a target cell ( 8 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • A test is defined as the amount (µg) of antibody that will stain a cell sample in a final volume of 100 µL. (thermofisher.com)
  • Applications Tested: The AFS98 antibody has been tested by blocking of fluorochrome conjugated AFS98 in flow cytometric analysis of peritoneal exudate cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • 3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)
Progenitor1
  • Different phenotypes and subtypes of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), such as early and late EPCs, have been described according to their functionality. (intechopen.com)
Morphology1
  • AML is subdivided by the French-American-British system into 6 categories depending on the morphology. (medscape.com)
Monocytic2
  • Such treatment was associated with upregulation of invasion- and inflammation-promoting soluble factors, such as matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), its activator MMP14, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), the latter two being linked to the recruitment of the monocytic cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Each of these infectious diseases is designated by the major target cell: human monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by an E. equi -like organism. (cdc.gov)
Cytokine1
  • First, γδ T cells exposed to complicated cytokine networks are potentially affected by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. (explorationpub.com)
Cytokines2
  • Cytokines are P factor that work with cells to trigger an innate response. (freezingblue.com)
  • Thus, it has been shown that early EPCs release cytokines that promote tissue regeneration and neovasculogenesis, whereas late EPC and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) contribute to the formation of blood vessels and stimulate tube formation. (intechopen.com)
Inflammatory1
  • In addition, the effects of macrophages in the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their role in inducing fibrosis, activating T cells, reducing colitis, and treating intestinal inflammation were also reviewed in this paper. (frontiersin.org)
Malignant3
  • The malignant cells of ALL are lymphoid precursor cells (ie, lymphoblasts) that are arrested in an early stage of development. (medscape.com)
  • Malignant tumors consist of cancer cells and tumor-associated host cells, both participating in invasion and distant metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to these basic issues concerning leukemia pathogenesis, we are devising new diagnostic procedures for detecting and monitoring leukemia patients based on molecular genetic abnormalities in the malignant cells. (stanford.edu)
Mammalian1
  • Biologic drugs are made by transferring the gene for a therapeutic protein into a bacterial or mammalian cell. (biotechprimer.com)
Leukocytes2
  • White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are any of the various colorless cells of the immune system that circulate mainly in the blood and lymph. (biotechprimer.com)
  • Leukocytes, or white blood cells, perform a protective function in the body and normally their number is from 4.0 to 10.0 x 10 9 per 1 l of blood. (arrhythmia.center)
Primordial2
  • BLIMP-1-deficient mutant embryos form a tight cluster of about 20 primordial germ cell-like cells, which fail to show the characteristic migration, proliferation and consistent repression of homeobox genes that normally accompany specification of primordial germ cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuroblastic tumours (NBTs) derive from primordial neural crest cells and are the most common extracranial solid childhood tumours in Europe. (hospitalpharmacyeurope.com)
Adaptive immune r2
  • The next step is to evoke a more powerful response called adaptive immune response (after pathogen invades) which causes T and B lymphocyte response. (freezingblue.com)
  • Which starts the adaptive immune response. (freezingblue.com)
Involvement1
  • In large cell lymphoma and leukemia cells involvement of body fluid this concept becomes less challenging. (cytojournal.com)
Endothelium1
  • When there is a vasodilation there will be gaps between the cells of the endothelium (thin layer of specialized epithelium that lines the interior of blood vessels). (freezingblue.com)
Phagocytic1
  • Complement factors circulate in the blood and are activated by the membrane of the microorganism to directly destroy the pathogen or activate phagocytic cells indirectly to eliminate the pathogen. (biomedcentral.com)
Deficiency2
  • A secondary immune deficiency with hypogammaglobulinemia exists. (medscape.com)
  • If left untreated, this immune deficiency will inevitably lead to death. (medicinelearners.com)
Patients3
  • There is increasing evidence that T cells are able to control tumor growth and survival in cancer patients, both in early and late stages of the disease. (aacrjournals.org)
  • As with other immune defects, the affected patients often contract infections with normally harmless germs, viruses or fungi. (medicinelearners.com)
  • OBJECTIVES: To describe the morphologic characteristics of skin lesions, extent of extracutaneous disease, and outcomes in patients with neonatal presentation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), and to examine clinical predictors of disease prognosis. (thedoctorsdoctor.com)
Blood20
  • Leukemias are a group of heterogeneous neoplastic disorders of white blood cells. (medscape.com)
  • Zarzio is similar to Amgen's (Thousand Oaks, CA) Neupogen and both of these medications are recombinant versions of the "go to" stimulator for white blood cell production-known as granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). (biotechprimer.com)
  • Further study will be required in the future to better understand succinate biology in blood cells. (haematologica.org)
  • A cytastin subtype found at high levels in the SKIN and in BLOOD CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Diagnosis is by white blood cell count with a differential count, and evaluation requires identification of the cause. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A CBC measures the different types of cells in the blood. (backtofunction.com)
  • It can also be helpful in diagnosing things like infections, blood diseases, and immune system disorders. (backtofunction.com)
  • White Blood Count (WBC) is the number of white blood cells. (backtofunction.com)
  • Red Blood Count (RBC) is the number of red blood cells. (backtofunction.com)
  • These blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. (backtofunction.com)
  • Low oxygen levels, misuse of certain drugs and blood cancers can cause a high red blood cell count. (backtofunction.com)
  • A low red blood cell count can be caused by anemia, leukemia, malnutrition, kidney failure and sometimes in women with pregnancy or heavy menstrual flow. (backtofunction.com)
  • Hemoglobin (Hgb) and Hematocrit (Hct) - The hemoglobin is the amount of oxygen carrying protein contained within the red blood cells. (backtofunction.com)
  • Hematocrit is the percentage of your blood that is made up of red blood cells. (backtofunction.com)
  • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - This is the average size of your red blood cells and helps diagnose a cause of an anemia. (backtofunction.com)
  • MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) - This is the average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell. (backtofunction.com)
  • Pancytopenia is a condition when all three types of blood cell counts are low. (symptoma.com)
  • Less than 5% of people will have a low white blood cell count or platelet count without anemia . (symptoma.com)
  • They filter bacteria and small foreign proteins out of the blood, and dispose of worn out red blood cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • The development of the disease is almost always associated with a decrease in one subgroup of white blood cells. (arrhythmia.center)