Lungs pleura serous membrane. Medical search. Frequent questions

The membrane continues over the lung, where it is called the visceral pleura, and over part of the esophagus, the heart, and the great vessels, as the mediastinal pleura, the mediastinum being the space and the tissues and structures between the two lungs. (britannica.com)
The parietal pleura has costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic parts and a cupola (fig. 22-3 ). (dartmouth.edu)
At the root of the lung, the mediastinal pleura turns laterally, enclosing the structures at the root and becoming continuous with the visceral pleura. (dartmouth.edu)
The mediastinal pleura is adherent to the pericardium except where the phrenic nerve descends between them. (dartmouth.edu)
The cupola (or cervical pleura) is the continuation of the costal and mediastinal parts of the pleura over the apex of the lung. (dartmouth.edu)
The parietal pleura covers the remaining thoracic cavity and is sub-divided into the costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal portions, depending on the part of the cavity involved. (dvm360.com)
The mediastinum is a cleft or wall between the right and left mediastinal pleura. (dvm360.com)
The sternal line of reflection is where the costal pleura is con tinuous with the mediastinal pleura behind the sternum (from costal cartilages 2-4). (nnre.ru)
Costomediastinal recess is a space where the left costal and mediastinal parietal pleura meet, leaving a space due to the cardiac notch of the left lung. (nnre.ru)
laterally, the mediastinal pleura. (co.ma)
cervical pleura, and mediastinal pleura. (wikidoc.org)

The pleura is a continuous sheet of endothelial, or lining, cells supported by a thin base of loose connective tissue . (britannica.com)
The pleura is composed of a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a delicate network of elastic connective tissue. (dvm360.com)
The costal pleura is separated from the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and muscles by a loose connective tissue termed endothoracic fascia, which provides a natural cleavage plane for surgical separation of the pleura from the thoracic wall. (dartmouth.edu)
The peritoneal cavity is covered by a serous membrane of mesothelial cells overlying a connective tissue stroma. (dvm360.com)
A delicate connective tissue layer of collagen and elastin, containing lymphatic channels, vessels, and nerves, supports the membrane. (nnre.ru)
Vascular development - Extension of a vascular capillary tree within the connective tissue and wall of the acini for gas exchange, and the lymphatic development for immunology of the lungs. (edu.au)
serous membrane (serosa) (SĒR-ŭs MEM-brān): Epithelial membrane composed of mesodermally derived epithelium (mesothelium) that is supported by connective tissue. (pressbooks.pub)
Visceral Fascia suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes . (wikidoc.org)
SFTs of the pleura are localized mesenchymal neoplasms composed of fibroblastlike cells believed to arise from the subpleural connective tissue. (medscape.com)
Each pleural membrane is made up of a layer of mesothelial cells, [2] basement membrane , connective tissue, microvessels and lymphatics . (wikidoc.org)
Pleural mesothelioma is a connective tissue tumor of the mesothelium, a membrane that lines serous body cavities. (hickeysolution.com)

the membranes are separated by a film of pleural fluid, which allows the inner and outer membranes to slide over each other whilst breathing takes place, without much friction. (wikipedia.org)
When the lungs are formed the fetus is held in the fluid-filled amniotic sac and so they do not function to breathe. (wikipedia.org)
any of various thin membranes, as the peritoneum, that line certain cavities of the body and exude a serous fluid. (dictionary.com)
The chest cavity is lined with a serous membrane, which exudes a thin fluid. (britannica.com)
Because the atmospheric pressure between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura is less than that of the outer atmosphere, the two surfaces tend to touch, friction between the two during the respiratory movements of the lung being eliminated by the lubricating actions of the serous fluid. (britannica.com)
The visceral and parietal pleura are separated by a thin layer of pleural fluid, the average volume of which is 2.4 ml in a 10 kg dog. (dvm360.com)
Since hydrostatic pressure in the systemic capillaries that supply the parietal pleura is a 30 cm of water and hydrostatic pressure of the pulmonary capillaries that supply the visceral pleura is approximately 11 cm of water, one theory suggests pleural fluid is formed by the parietal pleura and absorbed by the visceral pleura under physiologic conditions. (dvm360.com)
More recent evidence suggests that pleural fluid filters through the parietal pleura and is drained by parietal lymphatics. (dvm360.com)
Synovial fluid, aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid and serous body cavity fluids are all routinely evaluated in veterinary medicine. (dvm360.com)
In health this is a potential space that contains only enough fluid to facilitate movement of the organs (e.g. excursion of the lungs during inspiration and expiration) and transmission of forces. (dvm360.com)
Pleural cavity is a very narrow fluid-filled space that contains mo-nocytes located between the two pleural membranes. (nnre.ru)
It normally contains a small amount of serous fluid elaborated by mesothelial cells of the pleural membrane. (nnre.ru)
9. What do normally contain a small amount of serous fluid? (nnre.ru)
Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, also known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from movements. (urhelpmate.com)
Cells of the serous layer secrete a serous fluid that provides lubrication to reduce friction. (urhelpmate.com)
The secreted fluid is called serous fluid. (urhelpmate.com)
Serous fluid. (urhelpmate.com)
Serous membranes are covered by a thin layer of serous fluid that is secreted by the epithelium. (urhelpmate.com)
serous (SĒR-ŭs): You may recall that serous membranes throughout the body are folded back on themselves, which results in a double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid. (pressbooks.pub)
serous space (SĒR-ŭs spās): Thin, fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membrane. (pressbooks.pub)
A serosa is a serous (fluid-producing) membrane that can be found inside the abdominal cavity (peritoneum), around the lungs (pleura), around the heart (pericardium), and inside the joints (synovium). (yourdictionary.com)
The fourth layer, the serosa , is a thin membrane that produces fluid to lubricate the outer surface of the bowel so that it can slide against adjacent organs. (yourdictionary.com)
d) fluid in the lungs. (vibdoc.com)
The pleura encloses a cavity called a pleural cavity that contains pleural fluid. (scopeheal.com)
This fluid decreases the amount of friction the lungs experience during breathing. (scopeheal.com)
Normally, there is just enough fluid between the two membranes to provide lubrication. (elitelearning.com)
Diseases which disrupt this balance or damage the membrane cause an effusion or accumulation of fluid. (elitelearning.com)
a serous fluid produced by the pleura . (wikidoc.org)
The pleural fluid lubricates the [[pleura]l surfaces and allows the layers of pleura to slide against each other easily during respiration . (wikidoc.org)
Normally, fluid enters the pleural space from the capillaries in the parietal pleura , from interstitial spaces of the lung via the visceral pleura , or from the peritoneal cavity through small holes in the diaphragm . (wikidoc.org)
This fluid is normally removed by lymphatics in the visceral pleura, which have the capacity to absorb 20 times more fluid than is normally formed. (wikidoc.org)
If the desired effect was accomplished, he advised that the wound be reopened several days later for the evacuation of retained clotted blood or serous fluid. (medscape.com)
Effusion and accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity. (wildliferesearch.com)

The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and most other animals, including some snails and a small number of fish. (wikipedia.org)
The lungs are the essential organs of respiration. (dartmouth.edu)
Does serous membrane cover organs? (urhelpmate.com)
How do serous membranes protect organs? (urhelpmate.com)
How do serous membranes protect organs from infection? (urhelpmate.com)
This allows the layers of the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum to move in relation to each other, and hence provides a certain amount of mobility to the ensheathed organs (resp. (urhelpmate.com)
Thin double layered membrane that lines the body cavities and covers organs. (urhelpmate.com)
A thin double-layered membrane that surrounds organs in the ventral body cavity. (urhelpmate.com)
The part of the membrane that lines the organs within the cavity. (urhelpmate.com)
What membrane covers abdominal organs? (urhelpmate.com)
How can serous membranes protect the organs of the body? (urhelpmate.com)
The serous membrane has a number of functions related to protection of the organs and body cavities which it encloses. (urhelpmate.com)
allows the frictionless movement of the heart and lungs, as well as the organs of the abdominal cavity. (urhelpmate.com)
What is the role of serous membranes in the body and how can it protect the organs of the body involved? (urhelpmate.com)
What is the role of serous membrane in the body and how can it protect the organs of the body involved? (urhelpmate.com)
The serous membrane surrounding the abdominopelvic organs is called peritoneum. (pressbooks.pub)
Our lungs remove the oxygen and pass it through our bloodstream, where it's carried off to the tissues and organs that allow us to walk, talk, and move. (slideshare.net)
The lungs are paired organs that allow us to breathe, they compress and dilate occupying part of the thoracic cavity. (ontophealth.com)
Hence the importance of the lungs, one of the essential, most complex and sensitive organs of our body. (ontophealth.com)
The pleura and peritoneum are thin, double-layered membranes that surround the lungs and the abdominal/pelvic organs respectively. (elitelearning.com)
The act of listening for sounds within the body, chiefly for ascertaining the condition of the lungs, heart, pleura, abdomen and other organs, and for the detection of pregnancy. (wildliferesearch.com)

The space between these membranes forms the pleural and peritoneal cavities which are lined by a single layer of mesothelial cells. (elitelearning.com)

Liquid coupling between the thoracic wall and lungs provides instantaneous transmission of thoracic volume changes to the lungs, and yet allows low friction sliding between the pleural surfaces. (dvm360.com)
The pleura lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm, where it is known as the parietal pleura. (dartmouth.edu)
On the other hand, the two pleural layers tend to be separated by the elasticity of (1) the thoracic wall (directed outward) and (2) the lungs (stretched by inspiration). (dartmouth.edu)
Parietal pleura is that portion of the pleura that continues onto the inner aspect of the thoracic wall. (nnre.ru)

The lungs stretch from close to the backbone in the rib cage to the front of the chest and downwards from the lower part of the trachea to the diaphragm. (wikipedia.org)
The diaphragmatic pleura covers most of the diaphragm except the central tendon. (dartmouth.edu)
The respiratory system does not carry out its physiological function (of gas exchange) until after birth, though the respiratory tract, diaphragm and lungs do begin to form early in embryonic development and continue through fetal development, only functionally maturing just before birth. (edu.au)
The respiratory "system" usually includes descriptions of not only the functional development of the lungs, but also related musculoskeletal (diaphragm) and vascular (pulmonary) development. (edu.au)
At the base of the lungs, there is a sheet of skeletal muscle called the diaphragm. (scopeheal.com)
The diaphragm separates the lungs from the stomach and intestines. (scopeheal.com)
Along the line of the diaphragmatic reflection a strong fascia passes from the uncovered part of the diaphragm, and from the costal cartilages to the surface of the costal pleura, so as to hold it firmly in its place. (co.ma)

Inferiorly, the costal pleura is continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura, and the underlying space is termed the costodiaphragmatic recess. (dartmouth.edu)
The costal line of reflection is where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura from rib 8 in the midclavicular line, to rib 10 in the midaxillary line, and to rib 12 lateral to the vertebral column. (nnre.ru)

That portion of the chest membrane is called the parietal pleura . (britannica.com)
while the one that covers the cavity wall is called the parietal membrane. (urhelpmate.com)

The lungs have a unique blood supply, receiving deoxygenated blood from the heart in the pulmonary circulation for the purposes of receiving oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide, and a separate supply of oxygenated blood to the tissue of the lungs, in the bronchial circulation. (wikipedia.org)
The visceral and parietal pleura contain a rich capillary network that originates from the pulmonary and systemic circulations, respectively. (dvm360.com)
The Latin word pulmo, lung, gives rise to the adjective pulmonary. (dartmouth.edu)
Each lung is attached by its root and pulmonary ligament to the heart and trachea but is otherwise free in the thoracic cavity. (dartmouth.edu)
The visceral pleura is supplied with blood from bronchial artery and from the pulmonary artery which divides into a net work of very delicate capillaries . (wikidoc.org)
The visceral pleura are devoid of lacunas and stomas and the underlying lymphatic vessels appear to drain the pulmonary parenchyma rather than the pleural space . (wikidoc.org)
On the other hand, wound closure or conservative management posed the possible risks of subsequent empyema with sepsis or persistent trapped lung with permanent reduction of pulmonary function. (medscape.com)

A pleura is the smooth serous membrane which closely covers the lungs and the adjacent surfaces of the thorax. (wikimedia.org)
The pleura is divided into visceral pleura which covers the lungs and parietal pleura which covers the remaining thoracic cavity. (dvm360.com)
Pleural mesothelioma affects the pleura that covers the lungs: the pleura (especially the inner layer: pleura or pleura visceralis). (hickeysolution.com)

The facing surfaces of the parietal and visceral pleurae slide smoothly against each other during respiration. (dartmouth.edu)
The contact between the parietal and visceral pleurae depends on the atmospheric pressure (1) on the outside of the chest wall and (2) inside the alveoli (which are connected to the exterior by the bronchial tree). (dartmouth.edu)
Normally, the pleural space, which is between the parietal and visceral pleurae, is only a potential space. (medscape.com)

Anteriorly, the costal pleura turns sharply onto the mediastinum, and the underlying portion of the pleural cavity is called the costomediastinal recess. (dartmouth.edu)
There are two pleural cavities, one for each lung on the right and left sides of the mediastinum. (github.io)
The superior mediastinum lies between the manubrium sterni anteriorly, and the upper thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, and is limited laterally by the pleurae. (clinicalgate.com)

of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs. (slideshare.net)

The heart is covered by a fibrous membrane sac called the pericardium that blends with the trunks of the vessels running to and from the heart. (britannica.com)

Pleural cavity: The pleural cavity is the space between the parietal and viscer al layers of the pleura. (nnre.ru)

Costodiaphragmatic recesses are spaces below the inferior borders of the lungs where costal and diaphragmatic pleura are in contact. (nnre.ru)
In nervation of the parietal pleura: The costal and peripheral portions of the diaphragmatic pleu ra are supplied by intercostal nerves. (nnre.ru)
The central portion of the diaphragmatic pleura and the medi asti-nal pleura are supplied by the phrenic nerve. (nnre.ru)
As already stated, the lowest point which the pleura attains is usually found, on both sides, in the mid-lateral line where the diaphragmatic reflection-line crosses the tenth rib or the tenth intercostal space. (co.ma)
Costal surface of the parietal pleura drains to parasternal and para vertebral nodes, while diaphragmatic surface drains to the tracheobronchial nodes. (wikidoc.org)

Visceral pleura is a thin serous membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs. (nnre.ru)
The internal visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs, and the outer parietal pleura is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity. (scopeheal.com)

The front and outer sides of the lungs face the ribs, which make light indentations on their surfaces. (wikipedia.org)
The outer coat is the serous membrane which lines the abdomen,--the peritoneum (note, p. 135). (dictionary.com)
The lungs are surrounded by two membranes , the outer parietal pleura is attached to the chest wall and the inner visceral pleura is attached to the lung . (wikidoc.org)

Its nerve supply is derived from the autonomic nerves innervating the lung and accompanying the bronchial vessels . (wikidoc.org)
Spasmodic contraction of bronchial muscle in the lungs. (wildliferesearch.com)

In addition, the parietal pleura contains a rich lymphatic network responsible for lymphatic drainage of the pleural space. (dvm360.com)
however, unlike the visceral pleura, there is a rich lymphatic network for drainage of the pleural space. (dvm360.com)

Cyanosis Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. (lecturio.com)

Gases diffuse across the thin air sac epithelium in the lungs. (powershow.com)

The inferior border of the pleura extends laterally from the xiphisternal joint, crosses rib 8 in the midclavicular line and rib 10 in the midaxillary line, and then proceeds toward the spine of the 12th thoracic vertebra (see fig. 22-2 ). (dartmouth.edu)

Of note, are the numerous chronic granulomatous lesions involving the pericardial sac and thymus, and atop the visceral pleural membrane. (cdc.gov)

Above the arch of the aorta, the right and left pleurae approach each other behind the esophagus. (dartmouth.edu)

The pleurae, which are thin, smooth, and moist, serve to reduce friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing, allowing for easy and effortless movements of the lungs. (wikipedia.org)

The apex of the lung extends into the root of the neck, reaching shortly above the level of the sternal end of the first rib. (wikipedia.org)
Because of the slope of the first rib, the cupola of the pleura and the apex of the lung project upward into the neck, posterior to the sternomastoid, and hence may be injured in wounds of the neck. (dartmouth.edu)

While most tumors metastatic to the serous membranes are of epithelial origin, cytologists should be aware that non-epithelial neoplasms can also cause malignant effusions including sarcomas, melanomas, germ cell tumors, and, more rarely, brain tumors. (cytojournal.com)
Most tumors metastatic to the serous membranes are of epithelial origin. (cytojournal.com)
By definition, pseudomesotheliomatous carcinoma refers to an epithelial neoplasm that secondarily involves the pleura and encases the lung, thereby simulating the radiologic and macroscopic appearance of malignant mesothelioma. (medscape.com)

Considerable individual variation occurs, but generally the pleura extends two fingerbreadths inferior to the lung. (dartmouth.edu)

The left lung shares space with the heart, and has an indentation in its border called the cardiac notch of the left lung to accommodate this. (wikipedia.org)
This space is occupied by the lingula of the left lung during inspiration. (nnre.ru)
It becomes one-third to one-sixth larger than the left lung , weighing about 600g. (ontophealth.com)
Left lung. (ontophealth.com)
Unlike the right, the left lung only has two lobes separated by the oblique fissure. (ontophealth.com)
As the vessel runs backward, its left side is in contact with the left lung and pleura. (medscape.com)

Each lung is covered, except at one point, with an elastic serous membrane in a double layer, called the pleura. (dictionary.com)
The lungs are two soft, spongy, elastic, and conical sacs that are covered by a lubricated membrane called the pleura. (ontophealth.com)
The fibro-elastic membrane is strong and dense. (co.ma)

During quiet breathing, the cavity normally experiences a negative pressure (compared to the atmosphere) which helps to adhere the lungs to the chest wall, so that movements of the chest wall during breathing are coupled closely to movements of the lungs. (wikidoc.org)

The membrane is well supplied with blood vessels , nerves, and lymph channels. (britannica.com)
Beneath its inner side is a network of tiny lymph channels, or capillaries, that penetrate the lung substance, or parenchyma , and drain to the lymph nodes at the hilus of each lung, the point of entrance and departure for bronchi , blood vessels, and nerves. (britannica.com)
The pleura is supplied by adjacent arteries and nerves and has numerous lymphatics. (dartmouth.edu)
Irritation of the parietal pleura causes pain referred to the thoraco-abdominal wall (intercostal nerves) or to the shoulder (phrenic nerve). (dartmouth.edu)

External respiration, which is gas exchange between the membranes of the alveolus and blood vessels, which converts deoxygenated blood to oxygenated. (ontophealth.com)

On this view Wheeler, however, compares with the " dorsal organ " the peculiar the entire food-canal in most Hexapoda must be regarded as of extra embryonic membrane or indusium which he has observed ectodermal origin, the " endoblast " represents mesoderm only, between serosa and amnion in the embryo of the grasshopper and the median furrow whence it arises can be no longer compared Xiphidium. (yourdictionary.com)

The two lungs and their pleural sacs are situated in the thoracic cavity (figs. 22-1 and 22-2 ). (dartmouth.edu)
Gaseous exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli in mammals and reptiles but atria in birds. (scopeheal.com)
In those cases where the two pleural sacs do not reach the same level at their lowest points, it is sometimes the right and sometimes the left pleura which oversteps the mark. (co.ma)

In the nasal cavity, a layer of mucous membrane acts as a filter and traps pollutants and other harmful substances found in the air. (scopeheal.com)
The lungs are encased in a serous membrane that folds over itself to form the pleura: a two-layer protective barrier. (scopeheal.com)

The types of fluids most commonly examined in hematology are cerebrospinal (CSF), serous (pleural and peritoneal) and synovial. (elitelearning.com)
Serous fluids include both pleural and peritoneal fluids. (elitelearning.com)
It is modified slightly from the chapter by the initial authors in the first edition of Diagnostic Cytopathology of Serous Fluids. (cytojournal.com)

The visceral pleura covers, and is adherent to, the lungs. (dvm360.com)

The right lung is bigger and heavier than the left, which shares space in the chest with the heart. (wikipedia.org)
The lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart in the rib cage. (wikipedia.org)
The medial surfaces of the lungs face towards the centre of the chest, and lie against the heart, great vessels, and the carina where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi. (wikipedia.org)
If the chest wall is punctured, air may enter the pleural space (pneumothorax), breaking the vacuum, and allowing the lung to recoil. (nnre.ru)
It also provides the surface tension that keeps the lung surface in contact with the chest wall. (wikidoc.org)
The source of blood may be the chest wall, lung parenchyma, heart, or great vessels. (medscape.com)
Traumatic disruption of the chest wall tissues with violation of the pleural membrane can cause bleeding into the pleural cavity. (medscape.com)
Pentachloride (great soreness of mucous membrane of EYES and nose, throat and chest sore). (abchomeopathy.com)
A chest CT scan showed absence of lesions in the lungs or pleura (Fig. 1 d). (biomedcentral.com)

The visceral pleura covers the lung and dips into its fissures. (dartmouth.edu)
The visceral pleura covers the surface of lungs, including the interlobar fissures. (wikidoc.org)

In embryonic development, the lungs begin to develop as an outpouching of the foregut, a tube which goes on to form the upper part of the digestive system. (wikipedia.org)

The lymphatic drainage of parietal and visceral pleura differs from each other. (wikidoc.org)

The lungs are part of the lower respiratory tract that begins at the trachea and branches into the bronchi and bronchioles, and which receive air breathed in via the conducting zone. (wikipedia.org)
lower respiratory tract - consisting of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs. (edu.au)
THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs. (slideshare.net)
2. The lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. (slideshare.net)

By the time that these changes are effected, the serous membrane and amnion are both very thin and not easily separable. (dictionary.com)
The pleura is a thin, glistening, slippery serous membrane, inflammation of which is called pleurisy. (dartmouth.edu)
2. Is visceral pleura a thin serous membrane or not? (nnre.ru)
these layers are separated by a thin serous membrane . (wikidoc.org)

Together, the lungs contain approximately 2,400 kilometres (1,500 miles) of airways and 300 to 500 million alveoli. (wikipedia.org)
Breathing, or "external breathing," brings air to the lungs, where the exchange of gases occurs in the alveoli through diffusion. (scopeheal.com)
The breathing of all vertebrates with lungs consists of repetitive cycles of inhalation and exhalation through a highly branched system of tubes or airways that lead from the nose to the alveoli. (scopeheal.com)

Air in the pleural cavity (pneumothorax) results in collapse of the lung. (dartmouth.edu)
The intro-duc tion of air into the pleural cavity may cause the lung to col lapse (pneumothorax). (nnre.ru)

Anatomy4

Diseases3

Mediastinal11

Connective tissue11

Fluid33

Organs21

Mesothelial cells1

Thoracic wall4

Diaphragm7

Continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura2

Called the parietal2

Pulmonary7

Covers the lungs3

Parietal and visceral pleurae3

Mediastinum3

Cavities1

Pericardium1

Layers of the pleura1

Diaphragmatic5

Surface of the lungs2

Outer3

Bronchial2

Rich lymphatic network2

Mucous membranes1

Epithelium1

Laterally1

Visceral pleural1

Esophagus1

Friction1

Apex of t2

Epithelial3

Inferior1

Left lung6

Elastic3

Movements of the lungs1

Nerves4

Blood vessels1

Serosa1

Sacs3

Layer2

Fluids3

Adherent1

Chest9

Fissures2

Embryonic development1

Lymphatic drainage1

Trachea4

Thin4

Alveoli3

Pneumothorax2