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Sex ChromosomesChromosomesSex Chromosome AberrationsChromosome MappingX ChromosomeY ChromosomeSex Chromosome DisordersChromosome BandingChromosomes, Human, XChromosome AberrationsChromosomes, Human, YSex Determination ProcessesChromosome PairingChromosomes, PlantSileneX Chromosome InactivationChromosome SegregationIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomes, HumanKaryotypingChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Genes, Y-LinkedGenes, X-LinkedAneuploidyChromosome PaintingChromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosomes, BacterialChromosomes, Human, Pair 21PlatypusChromosomes, InsectSex CharacteristicsMeiosisChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17Sex ChromatinChromosome DeletionKlinefelter SyndromeChromosomes, FungalChromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosome DisordersXYY KaryotypeChromosomes, MammalianChromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18SpermatocytesGenes, sryPachytene StageChromosome StructuresChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XGenetic LinkageEvolution, MolecularDosage Compensation, GeneticChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22CaricaChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19Sex FactorsChromosomes, Human, Pair 20Sex DifferentiationChromosomes, Human, Pair 12Chromosomes, Human, 1-3Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5Genetic MarkersChromosomes, Human, Pair 15MosaicismChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YRecombination, GeneticChromosome InversionChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Chromosomes, Human, 16-18Molecular Sequence DataChromosomes, Artificial, YeastChromosomes, Human, 13-15Crosses, GeneticSex Determination AnalysisCentromereTurner SyndromeChromosome BreakageBase SequenceTranslocation, GeneticKaryotypeRing ChromosomesDisorders of Sex DevelopmentModels, GeneticSpermatogenesisBiological EvolutionTrisomyChromosome PositioningNondisjunction, GeneticChromosomes, Human, 4-5Sex Chromosome Disorders of Sex DevelopmentMetaphaseSpermatozoaMicrosatellite Repeats
GenesGeneticAutosomesHumansFemales have two X chromosomesFunctioning cellsSpeciesDeterminationNormal X chromosome2023Women have two X chromosomesPair of chromosomesPairs of chromosomesAncestralSpermGenomeMaleAneuploidyGeneticsPopulationsVariationMales and femalesTypicallyKaryotypeAutosomalDiseasesLineagesSequencesFemaleScientistsMammalsHormonesGenomesConceptusDetermines2022AbnormalMosaic turnerAnalyzeOrganismsEvolutionaryResearchersHumanDeletionBiologyDisordersBladder cancerBiologicalLocusWalshIncubation temperatureSuggestsBiasFindingsAndrogenEvolutionUnlikeEmbryonicGeneticallyOccurHelp counteractLossFound
Genes51
  • But SCDC mechanisms work to upregulate, or increase the level, of protein production from genes in the single Z (or X) chromosomes. (newswise.com)
  • The researchers then compared the activity of genes from sex chromosomes and from autosomes, broken down by male and female turtles. (newswise.com)
  • Genes of the Y chromosome is passed only from male parents to male offsprings over generations. (wikipedia.org)
  • The human Y chromosome carries 693 genes, with 107 of these being protein-coding, but some genes are repeated and that makes the number of exclusive protein-coding genes just 42, the numbers are given for telomere-to-telomere CHM13. (wikipedia.org)
  • All single-copy Y-linked genes are hemizygous (present on only one chromosome) except in cases of aneuploidy such as XYY syndrome or XXYY syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Y chromosomes of humans and other mammals also contain other genes needed for normal sperm production. (wikipedia.org)
  • Over time, genes that were beneficial for males and harmful to (or had no effect on) females either developed on the Y chromosome or were acquired through the process of translocation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The human sex chromosomes, X and Y, used to be nearly identical, but now the Y has lost 90% of the genes it once shared with the Y, and some have speculated that the Y chromosome will disappear in less than five million years. (pandasthumb.org)
  • This means that in addition to the single-copy coding genes on the Y chromosome, the highly repetitive, but still poorly understood, ampliconic regions are likely also affected by natural selection. (pandasthumb.org)
  • What can you say about the function of the 27 genes located on the Y chromosome. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Although not part of this study, I can say that the 27 genes on the Y chromosome can generally be divided into those that function in many tissues, and those that now primarily function in the testes. (pandasthumb.org)
  • When we think about the population of our common ancestors, what this tells us is that, although there has certainly been variation in male reproductive success, and that this varies across populations, the genes on the Y chromosome continue to be preserved because they serve an important function. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Scientists have discovered that the Y chromosome uses a neat trick to repair its most crucial genes, a strategy that apparently helps keep it from rotting away over evolutionary time. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Instead of doubling up to protect its genetic cargo like other chromosomes, the lone Y safeguards its genes by having sex with itself, an international consortium has found. (urbandictionary.com)
  • As well as having a previously unknown and elaborate back-up system for self-repair, the Y chromosome also carries 78 genes. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Both the male Y and female X chromosomes are thought to have originally been the same size, but after the Y took on the sex-determining role for maleness it apparently began to lose genes. (urbandictionary.com)
  • At this time it also lost the ability to pair up exactly with its partner and to swap faulty genes for good ones, as the other 22 pairs of non-sex chromosomes do. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Earlier studies had suggested that the Y chromosome carried only a few dozen genes, compared with more than 1,000 known on the X chromosome. (urbandictionary.com)
  • A team of Australian researchers led by Jenny Graves, of the Research School of Biological Sciences at the Australian National University in Canberra, previously found that the Y chromosome had been losing five genes per million years. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Graves points out that, on average, three to six genes have disappeared from the Y every million years since the chromosome emerged. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Burrowing through the soil of western Asia are two species of these rodents (Ellobius tancrei and E. lutescens) that have lost all the genes from their Y chromosome--in fact, they no longer have a Y chromosome at all. (urbandictionary.com)
  • But along the way, they must have evolved new genes--on other chromosomes--that are responsible for making males. (urbandictionary.com)
  • One of those genes took over the job of SRY, and the chromosome on which it resides is probably on its way to becoming the new Y. (urbandictionary.com)
  • The Y chromosome is one-third of the size of its counterpart, and it carries around 55 genes that are mostly to deal with being male, while the X chromosome represents about 5% of a cell's total DNA and likely contains over 900 genes that are essential for proper development and cell viability. (worldhealth.net)
  • The Y chromosome contains the blueprints for certain genes, based on the way they are expressed in normal cells within the bladder lining a scoring system was developed to measure the loss of the Y chromosome in cancers. (worldhealth.net)
  • Association studies performed in two independent groups revealed a locus on chromosome 20 (not near any known genes) as well as the androgen receptor on the X chromosome. (bernsteinmedical.com)
  • It has long been thought that the genes for common baldness come from the mother side of the family - explaining why a male whose maternal grandfather is bald is more likely to lose his hair than if his own father were bald. (bernsteinmedical.com)
  • Humans have about 30,000 genes, organised in 23 groups of chromosomes. (ladbible.com)
  • Researchers have not determined which genes on the X chromosome are associated with most of the features of Turner syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A new study of nearly 500,000 individuals finds that many genes affect same-sex behavior, including newly identified candidates that may regulate smell and sex hormones. (theconversation.com)
  • Jenny Graves published her first paper on sex genes in 1967. (theconversation.com)
  • The human Y chromosome has retained only 3% of its ancestral genes. (theconversation.com)
  • The Y chromosome, that little chain of genes that determines the sex of humans, is not as tough as you might think. (theconversation.com)
  • Sex hormones and genes on the sex chromosomes are not only key factors in the regulation of sexual differentiation and reproduction but they are also deeply involved in brain homeostasis. (mdpi.com)
  • male fetuses conceived through sex with Neanderthal males would have miscarried , explaining the absence of Neanderthal Y chromosome genes in present-day humans and supporting the hypothesis of genetic incompatibilities between Neanderthals and modern humans. (mappingignorance.org)
  • Consequences of this recently transformed sex chromosome system include Y-like degeneration and gene amplification on the male-specific X, expression of ancestral Y-linked genes in females, and X inactivation of the male-specific chromosome in male somatic cells. (pdx.edu)
  • On the basis of whole-transcriptome analyses, we identify many genes that are expressed in a sex- or life stage-specific manner and characterize the transcriptional landscape of a morphological region with unique biological adaptations, namely, bacillary band and stichosome, found only in whipworms and related parasites. (nature.com)
  • We resolve chromosomal sequences and infer sex chromosome-specific parasite genes and new potential drug targets. (nature.com)
  • Genes have been identified on the Y chromosome that have been shown to be required for the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease," Walsh said via email. (cnn.com)
  • Different animal species have various mechanisms for controlling differentiation between males and females, commonly involving 'sex factors' coded for by genes on sex chromosomes. (andrewgray.com)
  • Feminising factors that distort the sex ratio lead to intragenomic conflict, since Fisherian selection acting on the autosomal genes of the host favours an overall sex ratio of 1:1. (andrewgray.com)
  • This can result in selection for a male-biased sex ratio in lineages uninfected by the symbiont (to compensate for the excess of females), or lead to the evolution of 'male restorer' genes that allow infected individuals to resist the feminising effect exerted by their symbionts. (andrewgray.com)
  • Further, our research supports the theory that the human dosage-compensation mechanism via X- inactivation, evolved step-wise, in a gene-by-gene specific manner on the X chromosome in response to loss of functional Y-linked genes. (grantome.com)
  • The evolutionary sleuthing is described this week (Sept. 16) in the journal Nature by scientists at Harvard University and the University of Reading who also report that the evolution of live-born young depended crucially on the advent of genes - rather than incubation temperature - as the primary determinant of offspring sex. (harvard.edu)
  • But there are dozens of other genes linked with baldness that are located on the autosomes, Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes (i.e. they are not represented by X or Y). (wimpoleclinic.com)
  • In this context, scientists, who mapped 50 percent of the Y chromosome in 2003 , mapped a total of 62 million DNA base pairs , marking 30 million new base pairs , and discovered 41 new genes responsible for protein production, Daily Mail reported. (turkiyenewspaper.com)
  • The Y-linked sex determining gene SRY regulates this process by initiating a pathway of gene and protein expression, including the expression of critical autosomal genes such as SOX9 . (plos.org)
  • Our data indicate, for the first time, a requirement for MAPK signaling in the developing XY gonad in order to facilitate normal expression of SRY and the downstream testis-determining genes and also suggest that reduced dosage of MAP3K4 may be the cause of a previously described autosomal sex-reversing mutation in the mouse. (plos.org)
  • To determine the level of involvement of Y chromosome loss in bladder cancer growth, Abdel-Hafiz and colleagues first 1 determined its loss using the expression of genes located in it in bladder cancer cells before moving on to doing the same in human samples. (mappingignorance.org)
  • The most prominent feature of Y chromosomes is that they do not recombine and are usually genetically degenerate, containing only a few genes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Perhaps due to its recent origin, the Y chromosome in this species has not completely degenerated and most isolated X-linked genes have intact Y-linked homologues. (ox.ac.uk)
Genetic25
  • These chromosomes also contain the genetic codes for the production of essential proteins, and the disproportion in chromosomes in XY individuals caused by them carrying only a single X for every pair of non-sex chromosomes (called autosomes) can lead to an imbalance in the production of proteins. (newswise.com)
  • Gene-rich X chromosomes implicate intragenomic conflict in the evolution of bizarre genetic systems. (harvard.edu)
  • The Y chromosome is a hall of mirrors ,' said Page, whose team has for the first time identified the full genetic sequence of a Y chromosome , from an anonymous donor. (urbandictionary.com)
  • So far, the genetic studies for androgenetic alopecia (AGA) have not revealed identification of a particular gene other than the androgen receptor, as well as the two candidate regions on chromosomes 3 and 20. (bernsteinmedical.com)
  • If one of these atypical reproductive cells contributes to the genetic makeup of a child, the child will have a single X chromosome in each cell and will be missing the other sex chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The 2017 Prime Minister's Science Prize winner is genetic researcher Professor Jenny Graves, well known for her 2002 suggestion that the male Y chromosome will self-destruct. (theconversation.com)
  • It's naive to pretend there are no profound genetic and epigenetic differences between the sexes. (theconversation.com)
  • Haemophilia is a genetic disorder that is passed through generations on the x chromosomes, that affects the clotting factor in the blood and makes patients more prone to spontaneous and injury-resulted bleeding which is usually internal. (bartleby.com)
  • He explained that having a better understanding of the Y chromosome will provide a roadmap for identifying the specific genetic regions that are involved in these disease processes. (virginia.edu)
  • The first attempt to determine the building blocks of our genetic code took place 20 years ago, but there were still significant gaps left in the sequences of all 23 pairs of human chromosomes. (cnn.com)
  • Having a complete Y chromosome genetic reference may help scientists and doctors further explore this potential link. (cnn.com)
  • All genetic information is coded onto chromosomes . (elephango.com)
  • Males are more likely to receive sex-linked traits than females, but females are more-likely carriers of genetic disorders. (elephango.com)
  • Why do more males have sex-linked genetic disorders? (elephango.com)
  • Scientists now say that species like this one thrived in the world's oceans millions of years ago after evolving genetic sex determination and live-born young. (harvard.edu)
  • Having drawn this link in three lineages of extinct marine reptiles - mosasaurs, sauropterygians, and ichthyosaurs - the scientists say that genetic, or chromosomal, sex determination may have played a surprisingly strong role in adaptive radiations and the colonization of the world's oceans by a diverse array of species. (harvard.edu)
  • Determining sex with genetic mechanisms allowed marine reptiles to give live birth, in the water, as opposed to laying eggs on a nesting beach," says Chris Organ , a research fellow in Harvard's Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology . (harvard.edu)
  • Organ, Janes, and colleagues show that evolution of live birth in a species depends on the prior evolution of genetic sex determination. (harvard.edu)
  • Because the fossilized remains of preg-nant mosasaurs, sauropterygians, and ichthyosaurs show that these species gave birth to live young, they must also have employed genetic sex determination, a point on which the fossil record is silent. (harvard.edu)
  • Caster Semenya, South African Olympic runner, was publicly outed as intersex to the world, when she herself did not know she had atypical sex anatomy (and Olympics officials didn't either, until they took seriously her competitors' criticism that she "must be a man" based on her athleticism and physique, and mandated she take genetic tests). (autostraddle.com)
  • Although previous studies have pointed out that men lose some or all of their genetic material as they age, scientists have not been able to determine the cause-and-effect pattern of this phenomenon. (turkiyenewspaper.com)
  • Recent advances in genetic testing have put the answer to questions like these at your fingertips" … click … "See if you have a long-lost relative" … click … "Identify your ethnic and geographic origins, both recent and far distant. (popsci.com)
  • In all populations of limited size, genetic variation is lost over time. (lu.se)
  • through several different mutations in a specific genetic region on the damselfly's thirteenth chromosome. (lu.se)
  • By sequencing the DNA of the three colour forms of the bluetail damselfly and comparing it to the two colour forms in its closely related tropical relative Ischnura senegalensis , the researchers were able to demonstrate that this genetic colour variation in females arose at least five million years ago - through several different mutations in a specific genetic region on the damselfly's thirteenth chromosome. (lu.se)
Autosomes7
  • The X and Y chromosomes are thought to have evolved from a pair of identical chromosomes, termed autosomes, when an ancestral animal developed an allelic variation, a so-called "sex locus" - simply possessing this allele caused the organism to be male. (wikipedia.org)
  • The X and Y chromosomes originated as identical autosomes, non-sex chromosomes. (mitadmissions.org)
  • Second, we will study truly genome-wide patterns of variation (autosomes, X chromosome, Y chromosome, and mtDNA) among multiple populations in Kenya. (grantome.com)
  • In collaboration with anthropologists, who are studying, cultural variation, we will assess how genetically diverse individuals are, and use patterns of variation across the sex chromosomes and autosomes to infer recent and ancient demography in these populations. (grantome.com)
  • Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes in addition to their XX or XY sex chromosomes. (wimpoleclinic.com)
  • [18] This re-estimation of the age of the therian XY system is based on the finding that sequences that are on the X chromosomes of marsupials and eutherian mammals are present on the autosomes of platypus and birds. (iiab.me)
  • The Andean specimens present C-heterochromatic blocks in most of their 22 chromosomes, whereas non-Andean specimens have only 4-7 autosomes with C-banding. (cdc.gov)
Humans13
  • For instance, in humans and many other species, sex chromosomes are referred to as X and Y. Typically, two X chromosomes result in a female while XY chromosomes result in males. (newswise.com)
  • The importance of maintaining a proper balance is made evident by diseases caused by abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes, including Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome in humans, and Valenzuela said these processes have evolutionary and health implications in many other organisms as well. (newswise.com)
  • With a 30% difference between humans and chimpanzees, the Y chromosome is one of the fastest-evolving parts of the human genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the early 1920s Theophilus Painter determined that X and Y chromosomes determined sex in humans (and other mammals). (wikipedia.org)
  • Humans cannot change their sex. (christianpost.com)
  • The smallest chromosome in humans, the men-specific Y chromosome, has just been sequenced after considerable hurdles. (theconversation.com)
  • This Neanderthal male lived in El Sidrón 49,000 years ago and the study demonstrates that the DNA on the Y chromosome has not been passed onto modern humans, i.e. the chromosome has gone extinct seemingly without leaving any trace in modern Homo sapiens populations. (mappingignorance.org)
  • Humans typically have a pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. (cnn.com)
  • This project will include a three-pronged approach to utilizing and studying sex chromosome variation across humans. (grantome.com)
  • Some animals rely primarily on sex chromosomes, as in humans where two X chromosomes make a female and an X and a Y chromosome make a male. (harvard.edu)
  • These data demonstrate that MAP3K4-dependent signalling events are required for normal expression of Sry during testis development, and create a novel entry point into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sex determination in mice and disorders of sexual development in humans. (plos.org)
  • In humans, biological sex is determined by the chromosomes X or Y. People having a Y chromosome are typically male, as this small chromosome -which evolution seems to be doing away with- contains a gene which determines the formation of male sexual organs in the embryo. (mappingignorance.org)
  • Humans do not possess telocentric chromosomes but they are found in other species such as mice. (landnepal.com.np)
Females have two X chromosomes4
Functioning cells1
  • The Z chromosomes contain instructions for some of the proteins normally functioning cells should produce, and having only a single copy of a chromosome can result in a reduced amount of proteins produced, because protein production is often affected by the number of gene copies. (newswise.com)
Species11
  • In the case of the softshell turtles included in the study, the sex chromosomes are referred to as Z and W, and it's the females of the species who have mismatched, or ZW, chromosomes. (newswise.com)
  • Valenzuela has studied temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), or the way environmental temperatures influence whether a turtle embryo develops into a male or female in species that lack sex chromosomes, in previous research. (newswise.com)
  • Y is normally the sex-determining chromosome in many species, since it is the presence or absence of Y that determines the male or female sex of offspring produced in sexual reproduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species. (harvard.edu)
  • But the researchers say their findings shed light on the evolutionary role of sex chromosome dosage compensation in many species. (scitechdaily.com)
  • If our species manages to survive for another 10 million years, our descendants will go on making men even after their Y chromosome vanishes. (urbandictionary.com)
  • The human Y chromosome could disappear over time, putting our species in jeopardy. (theconversation.com)
  • Loss of the Y‐chromosome is a common feature of species with chromosomal sex determination. (philpapers.org)
  • The fragile Y hypothesis proposes that in species with chiasmatic meiosis the rate of Y‐chromosome aneuploidy and the size of the recombining region have a negative correlation. (philpapers.org)
  • It is a long-lived, solitary species where the sexes only meet for mating and where males defend territories, sometimes in fierce fights with competing males, which may have fatal consequences 1 . (researchsquare.com)
  • Highly differentiated sex chromosomes are common in many species. (lu.se)
Determination11
  • She realized that the previous idea of Clarence Erwin McClung, that the X chromosome determines sex, was wrong and that sex determination is, in fact, due to the presence or absence of the Y chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • I've been interested in sex determination and sex chromosome evolution since my senior year of high school, when I was lucky to be introduced to genomics by Dr. Kateryna Makova. (mitadmissions.org)
  • An interesting variation on this is seen in certain crustaceans, in which sex determination is influenced not only by sex chromosomes but also by the presence or absence of intracellular symbionts such as the bacterium Wolbachia . (andrewgray.com)
  • This kind of 'cytoplasmic sex determination' involving intracellular symbionts is found in various other crustacean families. (andrewgray.com)
  • However, cytoplasmic sex determination is not known in any other animal group (with the possible exception of certain insects and aphids), and it has therefore been suggested that the sex-determining machinery of isopod and amphipod crustaceans is uniquely vulnerable to being hijacked by symbionts. (andrewgray.com)
  • There is only a very limited body of literature that has actually evaluated the contribution of males to the determination of offspring sex. (researchsquare.com)
  • No one has clearly understood how sex determination has co-evolved with live birth and egg laying," Organ says. (harvard.edu)
  • Sex determination in mammals is controlled by the presence or absence of the Y-linked gene SRY . (plos.org)
  • Despite the requirement for a number of transcription factors and secreted signalling molecules in sex determination, intracellular signalling components functioning in this process have not been defined. (plos.org)
  • Here we report a role for the phylogenetically ancient mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in mouse sex determination. (plos.org)
  • Then copy number variation (CNV) of her genome sequence showed the sex-determination gene SRY was completely lost on her Y chromosome, even including some other male characteristic gene also were lost. (hilarispublisher.com)
Normal X chromosome3
20232
Women have two X chromosomes2
Pair of chromosomes2
Pairs of chromosomes2
  • Every human has 23 pairs of chromosomes, so that is 46 total! (elephango.com)
  • Researchers from the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) Consortium on behalf of the National Human Genome Research Institute in the USA have completed the mapping of the Y sex chromosome , which is the only one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes found in a healthy individual . (turkiyenewspaper.com)
Ancestral3
  • But because softshell turtles lost this ancestral TSD system, this thermal sensitivity in the SCDC came as a surprise, she said. (newswise.com)
  • A gene deriving from the ancestral sex chromosomes was lost from the X and retained on the Y chromosome in eutherian mammals. (harvard.edu)
  • We show that M. oregoni has lost an independently segregating Y chromosome and that the male-specific sex chromosome is a second X chromosome that is largely homologous to the maternally transmitted X. Both maternally inherited and male-specific sex chromosomes carry fragments of the ancestral Y chromosome. (pdx.edu)
Sperm3
  • For example, an egg or sperm cell may lose a sex chromosome as a result of nondisjunction. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The more detailed information provided by the new Y reference sequence will make it easier to study conditions and disorders linked to the chromosome, such as lack of sperm production that leads to infertility. (cnn.com)
  • In other words, the sex chromosome contained in the egg is always X, and the sex chromosome contained in the sperm is either X or Y. The sex of the offspring is determined by the sex chromosomes of the sperm. (gigazine.net)
Genome7
  • We next developed statistical models to estimate the number of sites affected by purifying selection on a set of hypothetical Y chromosomes, then tested which models were most likely to have acted in the past, given what the variation we observe across the genome today. (pandasthumb.org)
  • We produced a highly contiguous male genome assembly, together with short-read genomes and transcriptomes for both sexes. (pdx.edu)
  • The genome of M. oregoni elucidates the processes that shape the gene content and dosage of mammalian sex chromosomes and exemplifies a rare case of plasticity in an ancient sex chromosome system. (pdx.edu)
  • The Y chromosome has represented the 'dark matter' of the genome," he added. (cnn.com)
  • Sex-bias exists in the human genome in DNA content and gene expression. (grantome.com)
  • However, despite the genomics era, X and Y chromosomes are still vastly underutilized, especially in a genome-wide context. (grantome.com)
  • In 2020, the National Human Genome Research Institute completed the mapping of the X sex chromosome , which was prioritized for its link to diseases such as hemophilia, chronic granulomatosis, and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) . (turkiyenewspaper.com)
Male36
  • That mismatch means they lack a second copy of the Z chromosome, unlike their male counterparts who have two Z chromosomes. (newswise.com)
  • In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the gene SRY, which triggers development of male gonads. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mammals, the Y chromosome contains a gene, SRY, which triggers embryonic development as a male. (wikipedia.org)
  • The loss of the male sex chromosome as many men age causes the heart muscle to scar and can lead to deadly heart failure, new research from the University of Virginia School of Medicine shows. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Loss of the Y chromosome does not occur in male reproductive cells, so it is not inherited by the children of men who exhibit Y chromosome loss. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Previously, variance in male reproductive success (meaning some men fathering many children, and some men fathering few or none), was thought to explain this similarity, but we show that an additional force, natural selection, is needed to reduce diversity across Y chromosomes to the levels we observe. (pandasthumb.org)
  • We found that, accounting for population-specific variation in male reproductive success (boxed results below), the number of sites predicted to be affected by purifying selection on the human Y chromosome fell in between the number of single-copy coding sites and the total number of sites in the ampliconic regions. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Y chromosome-linked variation affects locomotor activity in male Drosophila melanogaster and is robust to differences in thermal environment. (harvard.edu)
  • Somatic XIST activation and features of X chromosome inactivation in male human cancers. (harvard.edu)
  • June 20 , 2003 - The human male sex chromosome does have the ability to repair itself and may not be headed for extinction as had previously been thought, according to a surprising new study. (urbandictionary.com)
  • The Y chromosome is male specific, passing from father to son . (urbandictionary.com)
  • Losing the male sex chromosome isn't just a phenomenon of aging for many men, but it could be putting them at risk for cancer according to a study published in the journal Nature that was conducted by researchers at Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles. (worldhealth.net)
  • Typically, if a person has XX chromosomes they are female and if a person has XY chromosomes, they are male. (christianpost.com)
  • This means that a male must get his X chromosome from the mother. (bernsteinmedical.com)
  • Around 40 percent of 70-year-olds lose this male sex chromosome and scientists have previously attributed this to early death. (ladbible.com)
  • Around 40% of 70-year-olds lose this male sex chromosome. (ladbible.com)
  • The 'weird' male Y chromosome has finally been fully sequenced. (theconversation.com)
  • DNA of the male-determining Y chromosome has been completely sequenced end-to-end, and it's just as weird as we expected. (theconversation.com)
  • A recent article by a research group from Stanford University School of Medicine has examined the Y chromosome of a Neanderthal male from El Sidrón Cave (Asturias, Spain) 3 . (mappingignorance.org)
  • This response would cause a rejection and miscarriage of male fetuses and it could have prevented the passage of Y chromosome down the paternal line to the hybrid sapiens-neanderthalensis children. (mappingignorance.org)
  • Sex Chromosome Transformation and the Origin of a Male-Specific X Chro" by Matthew B. Couger, Scott W. Roy et al. (pdx.edu)
  • Sex Chromosome Transformation and the Origin of a Male-Specific X Chromosome in the Creeping Vole. (pdx.edu)
  • The mammalian sex chromosome system (XX female/XY male) is ancient and highly conserved. (pdx.edu)
  • Due to its complex structure, new technological advances were required to decipher the DNA structure of the male "sex chromosome. (virginia.edu)
  • Scientists have fully sequenced the Y chromosome for the first time, uncovering information that could have implications for the study of male infertility and other health problems. (cnn.com)
  • People who are assigned male at birth have an X and a Y chromosome, while those assigned female at birth have two X chromosomes. (cnn.com)
  • In a small proportion of genotypically-male, Wolbachia -infected individuals, feminisation is incomplete and results in the development of sterile, intersexual animals possessing features of both sexes. (andrewgray.com)
  • In A. vulgare , 'maleness' is conferred by male gene(s) on the Z chromosome, which direct the development of an androgenic gland synthesising male hormone. (andrewgray.com)
  • The W chromosome in normal females carries a 'female gene' that inhibits the expression of the male gene(s). (andrewgray.com)
  • In some lines of A. vulgare , the f factor has been observed becoming incorporated into the male (Z) chromosome, effectively creating a new female (W) chromosome. (andrewgray.com)
  • The AR gene controls the sensitivity of your hair follicles to dihydrotestosterone , a male sex hormone or androgen. (wimpoleclinic.com)
  • The male can provide either a Y or another X (and people with XY chromosomes are male). (unknowncountry.com)
  • In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, SOX9 , a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. (plos.org)
  • In mammals, whether an individual develops as a male or female depends on its sex chromosome constitution: those with a Y chromosome become males because of the development of the embryonic gonad into a testis. (plos.org)
  • This chromosome determines whether a person is male or female. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If a male inherits an X chromosome with the abnormal gene, he develops the disease. (msdmanuals.com)
Aneuploidy2
Genetics5
  • We just had a paper published over at PLoS Genetics entitled, "Natural selection reduced diversity on human Y chromosomes. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Recent research suggests the Y chromosome is also important for health and longevity, said Kenneth Walsh, a professor of biochemistry and molecular genetics at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, who was not involved in the new research. (cnn.com)
  • For example, in the woodlouse Armadillidium vulgare (an isopod crustacean), females infected with Wolbachia symbionts produce a disproportionately high number of female offspring, whereas uninfected individuals produce offspring with the normal 1:1 sex ratio that would be expected from Mendelian genetics. (andrewgray.com)
  • International AMD Genomics Consortium (IAMDGC) 2020, ' Insights into the loss of the Y chromosome with age in control individuals and in patients with age-related macular degeneration using genotyping microarray data ', Human Genetics , vol. 139, pp. 401-407. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The research group Genetics of Sex Differences is interested in sexual selection and sexual conflict, the evolution of sexual dimorphism, and sex chromosome evolution. (lu.se)
Populations4
  • Third, we will study gene expression variation (with an emphasis on X-linked gene expression and X-inactivation) between the sexes, and between populations in the human placenta. (grantome.com)
  • Yet, under a wide variety of circumstances, populations shift their birth sex ratio from the expected unity. (researchsquare.com)
  • Even though populations of most animals have males and females, the way sex is determined in offspring varies. (harvard.edu)
  • We therefore attempt to study the early evolution of sex chromosomes using a variety of methods, including characterization of new portions of the sex chromosome in natural populations, and experimental evolution of sex chromosomes in the lab. (lu.se)
Variation5
  • Could you briefly explain how exactly you showed that variation on the Y chromosome is consistent with natural selection? (pandasthumb.org)
  • However, everything on the Y chromosome is linked together, so selection acting anywhere on the Y-specific portion of the Y chromosome will remove variation across the entire chromosome. (pandasthumb.org)
  • First, we will focus on development and extensive testing of novel methodology for accurately accounting for technical variation that affects alignment and variant calling on the sex chromosomes. (grantome.com)
  • This work will improve methodology for studying sex-linked variation, provide estimates of sex-biased human demography, and elucidate sex-biased expression in the human placenta. (grantome.com)
  • The great colour variation in insects fascinates the general public, and raises questions about the function of colour signals and its evolutionary consequences for partner choice and conflicts between the sexes", says Erik Svensson. (lu.se)
Males and females2
  • We first ran statistical models that let us alter the number of males and females that contributed their genomes (the non-sex chromosomes, chromosome X, chromosome Y, and mtDNA ) to the next generation. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Work in Dr. Walsh's lab and other labs have documented that the loss of the Y chromosome can contribute to age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, and this can account for over half of the six year difference in lifespans between males and females. (virginia.edu)
Typically2
Karyotype2
  • The sex chromosome karyotype of the creeping vole ( Microtus oregoni ) represents a long-standing anomaly, with an X chromosome that is unpaired in females (X0) and exclusively maternally transmitted. (pdx.edu)
  • Exclusion criteria comprised constitutional hypodiploidy, monosomy 7, composite karyotype, and t(8;21) with concurring sex chromosome loss. (bvsalud.org)
Autosomal1
  • The study found that both sexes of softshell turtles double the activity of the Zs in early embryonic development, which fixes the expression imbalance in ZW females (twice Z expression now matches autosomal expression). (newswise.com)
Diseases4
  • The loss of the Y chromosome has also been observed in several types of diseases which includes 10-40% of bladder cancers, it is linked with cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease, and it may help to explain why women generally live longer than men. (worldhealth.net)
  • In this review, we explore the role of biological sex in the development of the brain and analyze its impact on the predisposition toward and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • These papers likely represent the tip of the iceberg in terms of understanding the role of the Y chromosome in age-associated diseases," Walsh said, adding that the loss of the Y chromosome could partially account for men's shorter life spans. (cnn.com)
  • Chromosomes not only carry hereditary characters but also some sex linked diseases like hemophilia. (landnepal.com.np)
Lineages1
  • However, our understanding of why some lineages frequently lose Y‐chromosomes while others do not is limited. (philpapers.org)
Sequences3
  • This is the first c haracterization of Neanderthal Y-chromosome sequences. (mappingignorance.org)
  • The functional nature of these mutations suggests that Neanderthal Y chromosome sequences may have played a role in barriers to gene flow, but experiments are needed to demonstrate this. (mappingignorance.org)
  • However, over half of the sequences within the Y chromosome, the smallest and most complicated of the 46 human chromosomes, remained unknown. (cnn.com)
Female7
  • Reduced functioning of the ovaries, the female reproductive organs that produce egg cells (oocytes) and female sex hormones, is also very common. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Z and W chromosomes of A. vulgare are believed to be identical except for the presence of the female gene on the W chromosome. (andrewgray.com)
  • An intriguing twist to the story is the discovery of female-biased sex ratios, similar to those conferred by Wolbachia , in strains of A. vulgare that do not carry such symbionts. (andrewgray.com)
  • Noting the difference between the sexes in terms of investment in offspring and the benefits gained thereby, it has been assumed that owing to its usually much larger investment, the female has considerably more to win or lose and if mechanisms to bias offspring sex ratios do exist, they would be operated by the female 3 . (researchsquare.com)
  • The South Carolina Department of Social Services, Greenville Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, and other clinical affiliates are being sued for operating on M.C. when he was 16 months old, to "normalize" his genital form in accordance with the female sex they assigned him (i.e., removing genital tissue so the external genitals were smaller, moreso resembling a clitoris than a small penis). (autostraddle.com)
  • Basically, the woman provide the X chromosome (people with XX are female). (unknowncountry.com)
  • According to sequencing analysis results showed that Y chromosome CNV attribute to the normal female phenotype of 46XX/46XY chimerism. (hilarispublisher.com)
Scientists5
  • Scientists previously observed that men who suffer Y chromosome loss are more likely to die at a younger age and suffer age-associated maladies such as Alzheimer's disease. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The scientists also looked at the effects of Y chromosome loss in human men. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • As chromosome loss increased, the scientists found, so did the risk of death. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Proving perhaps that nature has a sense of humor, scientists have discovered that the Y chromosome - the one that makes a man a man - has a remarkable ability to make do-it-yourself repairs. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Scientists have finally decoded mysteries of the Y chromosome. (cnn.com)
Mammals2
Hormones1
  • Dr. Lisa Simons, a pediatrician at Lurie Children's Hospital, told Frontline , "The bottom line is we don't really know how sex hormones impact any adolescent's brain development. (naturalnews.com)
Genomes1
  • Chromosomes make up our strings of DNA, which, in turn, make up our genomes. (ladbible.com)
Conceptus2
  • Pre-determining fetal sex is against the random, equal opportunity both conceptus sexes have by nature. (researchsquare.com)
  • physical characteristic and organic functions of the conceptus, the conceptus sex, establishment of the mother-conceptus bond, revelations of the ultrasound screening, concerns during the pregnancy and influence of superstitious beliefs in the pregnancy . (bvsalud.org)
Determines1
20221
  • Because of fake gaps inserted in GRCh38 it may be not obvious that CHM13 added 30 million base pairs into the Y chromosome, which is almost half of it that was unknown before 2022 (and was present in many Genbank samples by mistake unknown that it was Y chromosome base pairs). (wikipedia.org)
Abnormal1
  • An error in cell division called nondisjunction can result in reproductive cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
Mosaic turner1
Analyze2
  • The study represents not only the first such study to analyze sex chromosome dosage compensation in turtles, but the findings also show that remarkably, temperature appears to affect the SCDC process in the turtles. (newswise.com)
  • In collaboration with a long-term pregnancy outcome study we will generate and comprehensively analyze population-specific sex- bias in the human placenta. (grantome.com)
Organisms3
  • Newswise - AMES, Iowa - A new study led by an Iowa State University scientist sheds light on how organisms have evolved to address imbalances in sex chromosomes. (newswise.com)
  • Many organisms determine their sex by a pair of specialized chromosomes that appear in virtually every cell of an organism's body. (newswise.com)
  • The study sheds light on how organisms have evolved to address such imbalances through a process called sex chromosome dosage compensation, or SCDC. (newswise.com)
Evolutionary2
  • My research has focused on the integration of these chromosomes to build comprehensive analyses of human history and utilizing an evolutionary approach to characterize sex-bias in gene expression. (grantome.com)
  • Losing the requirement of dry land during the life cycle of ichthyosaurs and other marine reptiles freed them to lead a completely aquatic existence, a shift that seems advantageous in light of the diversification that followed," says Daniel E. Janes, a research associate in Harvard's Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology. (harvard.edu)
Researchers7
  • The researchers are working on developing a Y chromosome test to aid in the customization of immune checkpoint-inhibiting drugs. (worldhealth.net)
  • The researchers report that in both cases, tumors with/without the Y chromosome grew at the same rate. (worldhealth.net)
  • Using gene-editing technology, researchers developed a mouse model in a bid to better understand the impact of Y chromosome loss in the blood. (ladbible.com)
  • The effects of Y chromosome loss in human men was also observed by researchers analysing data compiled by the UK Biobank study. (ladbible.com)
  • Researchers say their findings could help men live longer by targeting the effects of Y chromosome loss. (ladbible.com)
  • Now, the same group of researchers has filled in the missing information, publishing a complete Y chromosome sequence Wednesday in the journal Nature . (cnn.com)
  • A group of researchers in the USA succeeded in mapping the Y sex chromosome. (turkiyenewspaper.com)
Human12
Deletion1
  • Discussion and Conclusions: The case presented here further describe a novel, fast target-next generation sequencing method, which devotes to find gene deletion or mutation of chromosome abnormality. (hilarispublisher.com)
Biology2
Disorders1
Bladder cancer3
  • We discovered that loss of the Y chromosome allows bladder cancer cells to elude the immune system and grow very aggressively. (worldhealth.net)
  • So much so, that losing it might result in increased likelihood of suffering certain kind of cancers, such as bladder cancer or Alzheimer's disease. (mappingignorance.org)
  • This research is very interesting as it offers new insights into the role of the Y chromosome in bladder cancer growth in males. (mappingignorance.org)
Biological2
Locus1
Walsh6
  • UVA researcher Kenneth Walsh, Ph.D., says the new discovery suggests that men who suffer Y chromosome loss-estimated to include 40% of 70-year-olds-may particularly benefit from an existing drug that targets dangerous tissue scarring. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Walsh, of UVA's Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, and his team used cutting-edge CRISPR gene-editing technology to develop a special mouse model to better understand the effects of Y chromosome loss in the blood. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Based on his research, Walsh believes that men with Y chromosome loss could respond particularly well to this drug, and other classes of antifibrotic drugs that are being developed, though more research will be needed to determine that. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • According to Walsh, the drug Pirfenidone - which is already on the market - could help counteract the effects of chromosome loss. (ladbible.com)
  • Professor Kenneth Walsh, PhD, in the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, provided commentary to CNN on the report of the first full DNA sequence analysis of the Y chromosome. (virginia.edu)
  • In this interview Dr. Walsh discussed that men can lose a fraction of their Y chromosomes. (virginia.edu)
Incubation temperature1
  • For some of them, especially reptiles, sex depends on the incubation temperature. (wikipedia.org)
Suggests1
  • Analysis of embryonic XY gonads suggests that sex reversal is caused by delayed and reduced expression of the sex-determining gene SRY . (plos.org)
Bias1
  • This sex-ratio bias disappears if the woodlice are reared at high temperatures of around 30°C, since Wolbachia are eliminated from host tissues at this temperature. (andrewgray.com)
Findings2
  • The findings suggest that targeting the effects of Y chromosome loss could help men live longer, healthier lives. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Based on their findings the team concluded that tumors missing the Y chromosome while being more aggressive are also more vulnerable and responsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors. (worldhealth.net)
Androgen2
  • The first is on the Androgen Receptor (AR) gene carried on the x-chromosome and the second is a non-sex chromosome 20p11. (bernsteinmedical.com)
  • This observation was recently supported by the discovery of the androgen receptor (AR) gene which resides on the X-chromosome. (bernsteinmedical.com)
Evolution2
  • Here I report evidence for a recent selective sweep in the X-linked copy of this gene (SlssX) that could reflect compensatory evolution in an X-linked gene that has lost a functional Y-linked homologue. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Sexual antagonism is also thought to be a key factor in the evolution of sex chromosomes. (lu.se)
Unlike1
Embryonic1
  • We identified a mouse mutant that causes embryonic gonadal sex reversal: the development of ovaries in an XY embryo. (plos.org)
Genetically1
  • If they have different sexes, sex is determined environmentally rather than genetically. (wikipedia.org)
Occur2
  • Turner syndrome can also occur if one of the X chromosomes is partially missing or rearranged rather than completely absent. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most sex-linked traits occur on the X chromosome, so you might see X-linked as another name for these inheritance patterns. (elephango.com)
Help counteract1
  • The drug, he suspects, may help counteract the harmful effects of the chromosome loss-effects that may manifest not just in the heart but in other parts of the body as well. (neurosciencenews.com)
Loss15
  • Study reports that age-related loss of the Y chromosome in men is linked to heart muscle scarring and an increased risk of heart failure. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Walsh's new research, however, is believed to be the first hard evidence that the chromosome loss directly causes harmful effects on men's health. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • They conducted three analyses of data compiled from the UK Biobank, a massive biomedical database, and found that Y chromosome loss was associated with cardiovascular disease and heart failure. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • At the moment, doctors have no easy way to determine which men suffer Y chromosome loss. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Walsh's collaborator Lars A. Forsberg, of Uppsala University in Sweden, has developed an inexpensive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, like those used for COVID-19 testing, that can detect Y chromosome loss, but the test is largely confined to his and Walsh's labs. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • This study for the first time makes a connection that has never been made before between loss of the Y chromosome and the immune system's response to cancer," says Professor Dan Theodorescu, the corresponding author from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. (worldhealth.net)
  • Those with loss of the Y chromosome were found to have a poorer prognosis in the first group and much better overall survival rates in the second group. (worldhealth.net)
  • Our investigators postulate that loss of the Y chromosome is an adaptive strategy that tumor cells have developed to evade the immune system and survive in multiple organs," said Shlomo Melmed, MB, ChB, executive vice president of Academic Affairs and dean of the Medical Faculty at Cedars-Sinai. (worldhealth.net)
  • Y chromosomes start to deplete in a fraction of men's cells as they age, a loss that actually accelerates among smokers. (ladbible.com)
  • It was determined that Y chromosome loss was associated with both heart failure and cardiovascular disease. (ladbible.com)
  • The negative health effects of Y chromosome loss could be one potential reason women tend to live longer than men. (theconversation.com)
  • The loss of the Y chromosome occurs with age, and it is the most prevalent acquired mutation in the population occurring in approximately 40% of males by age 70. (virginia.edu)
  • Everyone has the AR gene, regardless of sex, so it's not the presence of this gene alone that triggers hair loss. (wimpoleclinic.com)
  • Any hair loss gene on any autosome can put you at risk of losing hair, regardless of which parent it comes from. (wimpoleclinic.com)
  • Here, we re-explore the dynamics of normal loss of the Y chromosome (LOY) with age based on microarray data using two exponential models and two different ways to estimate the fraction of LOY. (elsevierpure.com)
Found2