Local proportion women jail and prison systems jails prisons. Medical search. Frequent questions

Women in prison (BJS Special Report, March 1994) reports on female inmates in State prisons in 1991 including prior drug and alcohol use, needle sharing behaviors, treatment, and prior physical or sexual abuse of drug offenders. (druglibrary.net)
Comparing Federal and State prison inmates, 1991 (September 1994) describes the results of the first joint survey of prisoners held in State and Federal prisons, including data on the proportion of inmates incarcerated for a drug offense, prior drug use, sentence length, prior treatment, use of a weapon, and HIV infection. (druglibrary.net)
Approximately 60 percent of inmates in state and federal prisons with sentences of longer than one year are African-American or Latino.7 In addition to their over-representation in the correctional system, men and women of color are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS (see Figure 2). (prisonlegalnews.org)
They not only represent the majority of American women currently living with HIV, but also account for the majority of new HIV infections and existing AIDS cases among women.8 The disproportionate impact of HIV in communities of color and in correctional facilities is exacerbated by a lack of access to adequate health and social services for inmates while incarcerated and upon their return to the community. (prisonlegalnews.org)
The Wisconsin prison population has shrunk since the COVID-19 pandemic struck - a reduction mostly caused by inmates released after completing sentences and the halt on new admissions but inmates say overcrowding leaves them too close to their peers. (wuwm.com)
No new inmates are being admitted to the state's prisons, although limited admissions are scheduled to resume June 1, Department of Corrections Secretary Kevin Carr told WPR on Wednesday . (wuwm.com)
Some prisons have gone under a modified lockdown that keeps inmates in their cells most of the day except for showers and phone calls. (wuwm.com)
As of May 19, the Wisconsin Department of Corrections had tested 405 of its more than 22,000 prison inmates for COVID-19, with 34 testing positive. (wuwm.com)
Overall, the DOC inmate population has shrunk from 23,436 on March 13 to 22,104 on May 15, a reduction mostly caused by inmates released after completing sentences and the halt on new prison admissions. (wuwm.com)
Wisconsin prisons house 25% more inmates than they were designed to. (wuwm.com)
Findings from evaluations of parenting programs in prison also are encouraging: inmates involved in such programs indicate improved attitudes about the importance of fatherhood, increased parenting skills, and more frequent contact with their children. (hhs.gov)
The most expensive new cost for Jefferson County (NY) in 2024 will be privatizing medical care for inmates at the county jail. (cochs.org)
Additionally, 37 percent of prisoners and 44 percent of jail inmates had previously been told they had a mental health condition. (utexas.edu)

According to the latest available data at the World Prison Brief on May 7, 2023, the United States has the sixth highest incarceration rate in the world, at 531 people per 100,000. (wikipedia.org)
Total U.S. incarceration (prisons and jails) peaked in 2008. (wikipedia.org)
Between 1986 and 1991, African-American women's incarceration in state prisons for drug offenses increased by 828 percent. (wikipedia.org)
On the other hand, if we are prepared to critically appraise the corrections system, accepting nothing as axiomatic and questioning everything regardless of sacrosanctity, the starting point must be the technique of incarceration itself. (prisonpolicy.org)
Some of the changes during this period of increased incarceration that disadvantaged people of color coming into the justice system were implemented with the help and support of African American political leadership, with the express purpose of protecting black and brown communities. (issues.org)
A long-running academic debate among criminologists has gone on during this same period about race and justice, the central question being how much of high minority incarceration is a consequence of differential involvement in criminal behavior versus a biased criminal justice system. (issues.org)
The question is how much of the high levels of incarceration of African Americans and Latinos is warranted by higher levels of crime and what proportion is unwarranted. (issues.org)
The year was 1982, and Murphy noted in his judgment the appallingly high rates of Indigenous incarceration at that time - that although Indigenous Australians made up only 1 per cent of the total population they made up nearly 30 per cent of the prison population. (australianpolitics.com)
The report, authored by Kevin Pranis, shows that while many Maryland jurisdictions are making progress towards the goal of providing "treatment, not incarceration" for nonviolent substance abusers, the state's investments in treatment have not kept pace with demand, and the state spends far more to imprison people convicted of drug offenses than it spends to treat drug involved people through the criminal justice system. (stopthedrugwar.org)
Participating cities and counties are using data to identify key drivers of incarceration and racial inequities and working with diverse groups of community members, individuals who work in the justice system, and people with lived experience, to develop impactful reforms. (safetyandjusticechallenge.org)
The six new sites will join five current SJC communities that have demonstrated progress in reducing the over-incarceration of individuals with behavioral health needs in local criminal justice systems- Allegheny County (PA), East Baton Rouge (LA), Charleston County (SC), Milwaukee County (WI), and Pennington County (SD). (safetyandjusticechallenge.org)
Incarceration has long dominated the national conversation on criminal justice, because the U.S. prison population skyrocketed between the 1980s and late 2000s. (pewtrusts.org)
The United States has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world: Nearly 1 out of every 100 adults is in prison or jail, and 1 out of every 50 adults is on probation or parole. (ojp.gov)
Increase external oversight within prisons, jails, and other incarceration settings to ensure that people with mental health conditions experience constitutional and humane conditions, without solitary confinement. (utexas.edu)

Of this number, 23.3% are pretrial detainees (2019), 10.2% are female prisoners (2019), 0.2% are juveniles (2019), and 7.3% are foreign prisoners (2019). (wikipedia.org)
[ citation needed ] In times of war, belligerents or neutral countries may detain prisoners of war or detainees in military prisons or in prisoner-of-war camps . (wikipedia.org)
Two systems emerged: One where prisoners were incarcerated alone and another where they were incarcerated in groups. (ammo.com)
Nationally, as of May 13, there were at least 6,779 correctional officers and 25,239 prisoners who tested positive, according to The Marshall Project, which is tracking prison outbreaks . (wuwm.com)
In Wisconsin, 34 prisoners and 32 prison employees have tested positive for COVID-19 as of May 19. (wuwm.com)

To better identify and understand recent changes in and effects of the use of the criminal legal system to address drug problems, The Pew Charitable Trusts analyzed publicly available national data on drug arrests and imprisonment, drug treatment, and harm from drug misuse from 2009 through 2019-the most recent decade for which data is available. (pewtrusts.org)
We should further reduce our excessive reliance on prisons by making extensive use of alternatives to imprisonment, such as fines, restitution, and other probationary methods, which could at least as effectively meet society's need for legal sanctions. (prisonpolicy.org)

Corrections (which includes prisons, jails, probation, and parole) cost around $74 billion in 2007 according to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). (wikipedia.org)
According to a U.S. Department of Justice report published in 2006, over 7.2 million people were at that time in prison, on probation, or on parole (released from prison with restrictions). (wikipedia.org)
National Corrections Reporting Program, 1992 (October 1994) is part of an annual series detailing the characteristics of persons, including drug offenders, admitted to and released from the prison and parole systems in the United States. (druglibrary.net)
In Miller v. Alabama (2012), an Eighth Amendment case on the mandatory sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole for juvenile homicide offenders Alito issued a dissent that hints at the contours of a possible overturning of Estelle v. Gamble. (cochs.org)
Nationwide, 4.5 million people are on probation or parole-twice the incarcerated population, including those in state and federal prisons and local jails. (pewtrusts.org)
3.5 times as many men as women are on supervision, but the number of women on parole or probation has almost doubled since 1990 to more than 1 million. (pewtrusts.org)
There are almost 2.3 million individuals in U.S. jails and prisons and more than 798,000 people on parole. (hhs.gov)

Success is also tied to effective linkages between prisons and community partners. (hhs.gov)

These trends indicate both an ongoing reliance on the criminal legal system to address drug misuse and that this strategy is costly and ineffective. (pewtrusts.org)

And where some kind of confinement seems necessary, halfway houses, community centers, group homes, intermittent sentences, and other methods of keeping offenders within the community should be preferred to prison. (prisonpolicy.org)

Suspending admissions has been one of the few measures that has actually shrunk the prison population amid the COVID-19 pandemic," Muth wrote in an email to the Cap Times/Wisconsin Watch. (wuwm.com)
The COVID-19 pandemic has reached pandemic proportions in the United States because of a lack of corporate and government accountability and decades of inequality that magnify its effects on our communities. (colorofchange.org)

State and federal prison and local jail incarcerations dropped by 14% from 2.1 million in 2019 to 1.8 million in mid-2020. (wikipedia.org)
In 2012, 710 out of every 100,000 U.S. residents were imprisoned in either local jails, state prisons, federal prisons, and privately operated facilities. (wikipedia.org)
1.4-1.6 million persons in state and federal prisons annually, narratives were used to identify visits by incarcerated persons. (cdc.gov)
A prison or penitentiary holds people for longer periods of time, such as many years, and is operated by a state or federal government. (wikipedia.org)
In response to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services approval of California's 1115 waiver amendment application to use federal Medicaid to pay for certain health care services inside jails, prisons, and youth correctional facilities, FORE has announced a webinar that will explore examples of what next steps are needed to leverage this policy change and expand access to MOUD treatmentn. (cochs.org)
Bicycle Health has teamed up with Wellpath and the Federal Bureau of Prisons to provide opioid use disorder treatment to incarcerated individuals. (cochs.org)
A disabled woman incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Institute at Dublin said her walker was taken away from her a few days after KTVU published a report about her health grievances at the all-women's facility. (cochs.org)
Incarcerated men report engaging in behaviors Figure 1 Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in State and Federal Prisons and in the U.S. Population in 2005 2.0% In correctional settings In U.S. population 1.7% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.4% 0.31% the primary partner is released. (prisonlegalnews.org)
Still, that's more than 2.2 million Americans in state and federal prisons as well as county jails. (ammo.com)
A study conducted from February 2011 to May 2012 found that 1 out of every 7 people in state and federal prisons (14 percent) and 1 out of every 4 people in jails (26 percent) reported having a serious mental illness. (utexas.edu)

As of their March 2023 publication, the Prison Policy Initiative, a non-profit organization for decarceration, estimated that in the United States, about 1.9 million people were or are currently incarcerated. (wikipedia.org)
In simplest terms, a prison can be a building or camp in which people are legally detained as a punishment for a crime which they are believed to have committed. (wikipedia.org)
A jail holds people for shorter periods of time (e.g. for shorter sentences or pre-trial detention ) and is usually operated by a local government, typically the county sheriff . (wikipedia.org)
2 And although prison populations have since declined, the number of people incarcerated for drug offenses remains substantially larger than in 1980-more than 171,000 in 2019-and drug misuse and its harms have continued to grow. (pewtrusts.org)
Only 1 in 13 people who were arrested and had a drug dependency received treatment while in jail or prison. (pewtrusts.org)
The numbers of people admitted to and held in state prisons for drug offenses both fell by about a third , accounting for 61% of the overall reduction in prison populations and 38% of the total decline in admissions. (pewtrusts.org)
The decline in the number of Black people incarcerated for drug offenses made up 26% of the decrease in prison admissions and 48% of the drop in the prison population. (pewtrusts.org)
However, the numbers of arrests for drug sales and of people admitted to and held in prison for drug offenses all fell by roughly a third during the same period. (pewtrusts.org)
However, such alternatives must be made available to all people who have committed similar offenses, so as not to become a means for the more affluent to buy their way out of prison. (prisonpolicy.org)
Fyodor Dostoyevsky T he U.S. correctional system is facing critical challenges as the number of incarcerated people continues to grow. (prisonlegalnews.org)
But one factor is pretty much agreed upon: There is overrepresentation of minority group members among those engaging in crime, but even after this is taken into account, people of color are overrepresented in U.S. prisons and jails. (issues.org)
There's no two ways about it: The United States of America and its 50 state governments love putting people in prison. (ammo.com)
It was written in the midst of a world system that was largely top-down with very heavy oppression, and (it) insists that we the people are empowered by creation so that we can govern ourselves. (lacp.org)
As many as 1380 citizens, 40% of them children and women (431 children and 112 women), representing 1 in 1000 of the Gaza Strip's population, were killed in the latest aggression against the Palestinian people that started on Saturday, 27 December 2008, at 11:15 a.m., while children and students were on their way home, and streets and public places were overcrowded. (who.int)
Countries in the developing world have long offered refuge to thousands of people who flee en masse from persecution, civil conflict, violence, discrimination, and social and economic hardships. (hrw.org)
It is vitally important that people can access the behavioral health treatment and services they need to avoid cycling in and out of the jail system-particularly on non-violent misdemeanor charges. (safetyandjusticechallenge.org)
The sites will emphasize community interventions that achieve both public health and public safety goals to minimize the involvement of people with behavioral health needs throughout the criminal justice system. (safetyandjusticechallenge.org)
Our team at PRI is excited to work with IMPACT Network sites to continue the SJC's vital work around community-based responses to the involvement of people with mental and substance use disorders in the criminal justice system. (safetyandjusticechallenge.org)
It is difficult to bomb an ideology out of people, and it cannot be done successfully by force without taking over all the affected territories and completely rebuilding their political and educational systems. (johnredwoodsdiary.com)
Improve the mandates of the Sandra Bland Act by implementing telehealth and telemedicine mental health services inside of jail and prison facilities for people with lesser acute mental illnesses. (utexas.edu)

The California state prison system population fell in 2009, the first year that populations had fallen in 38 years. (wikipedia.org)
When looking at specific populations within the criminal justice system the growth rates are vastly different. (wikipedia.org)
Accordingly, the IMPACT Network will be dedicated to accelerating best and promising practices in behavioral health reform and diversion, with an emphasis on local jails, and with a commitment to pursue community-driven race-conscious solutions to reduce harm to populations overrepresented in, or disparately impacted by, the criminal justice system-ؘBlack, Latinx, and Indigenous communities. (safetyandjusticechallenge.org)

In 2009, the U.S. Department of Justice announced that the growth rate of the state prison population had fallen to its lowest since 2006, but it still had a 0.2% growth-rate compared to the total U.S. prison population. (wikipedia.org)

Prison" is officially used for some facilities in South Australia , Victoria and Western Australia . (wikipedia.org)
Youth prisons in Australia are referred to as "youth correctional facilities" or "youth detention centres" among other names, depending on the jurisdiction. (wikipedia.org)
The report provides information on treatment completion, length of stay in treatment, and demographic and substance abuse characteristics of discharges from alcohol or drug treatment in facilities that are reported to individual state administrative data systems. (samhsa.gov)
COCH's Dan Mistak writes for the Center For Community Solutions on how Medicaid coverage in Ohio's correctional facilities could improve the health of the incarcerated population and reduce the strain on criminal justice and health systems created by the lack of health care continuity. (cochs.org)
Improve access to mental health treatment including therapy and psychiatric medications within correctional facilities, especially in rural jail facilities. (utexas.edu)
Improve mental health and substance use awareness and decrease stigma through cross-system collaborations of law enforcement agencies, local jail facilities, courts, attorneys, and local mental health authorities (LMHA) in rural areas. (utexas.edu)
In January 2020, Texas county jails had a total bed capacity of 93,704, with 65,825 individuals in their facilities. (utexas.edu)

Emanuel Margolis, "No More Prison Reform! (prisonpolicy.org)
Rehabilitation and reform weren't strong currents in the English and later British penal system until the 1700s. (ammo.com)
This new report, and five monographs we have written about state sentencing policy, along with recent news articles on Maryland sentencing and systems reform are featured on a new Maryland page of our website, which can be found at http://www.justicepolicy.org/projects/maryland/maryland.htm . (stopthedrugwar.org)

1 The harsher penalties led to a 1,216% increase in the state prison population for drug offenses, from 19,000 to 250,000 between 1980 and 2008. (pewtrusts.org)

close to a quarter of the global prison population. (wikipedia.org)
Washington jail population ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Compared with ED might require development and implementation of age- and visits among nonincarcerated adults, a higher proportion of ED sex-specific prevention strategies for this population. (cdc.gov)
Economic changes (i.e. high levels of poverty, unemployment and insufficient financial support), demographical changes (high rates of fertility and population growth) and epidemiological changes (the substantial increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases) are the major challenges facing the health system. (who.int)
More than half of our national jail population is living with behavioral health challenges, many of which may have led directly, or indirectly, to their contact with the criminal justice system. (safetyandjusticechallenge.org)
The growth and size of the supervised population has undermined the ability of local and state community corrections agencies to carry out their basic responsibilities to provide the best public safety return on investment as well as a measure of accountability. (pewtrusts.org)
Today, the U.S. prison population is aging and includes both a greater proportion of women and more individuals with mental health conditions and disabilities. (ojp.gov)

Fathers in prison face a host of problems that limit their ability to be successful at reentry including substance abuse, mental illness, low educational attainment, and poor employment histories. (hhs.gov)

York County (PA) and its prison healthcare contractor will pay a combined $1.5 million to the family of Everett Palmer Jr., who died after being restrained at the jail in 2018. (cochs.org)

For less serious crimes, the proportion of unwarranted racial disparity increases. (issues.org)

A report released 28 February 2008, indicates that more than 1 in 100 adults in the United States are in prison. (wikipedia.org)
The proportion of ED visits resulting and nonincarcerated adults. (cdc.gov)

Yet this movement has largely overlooked the largest part of the correctional system: community supervision. (pewtrusts.org)
Although research has identified effective supervision and treatment strategies, the system is too overloaded to implement them, so it sends large numbers of probationers and parolees back to prison for new crimes or for failure to follow the rules. (pewtrusts.org)
It is estimated that 7,476,500 children have a parent who is in prison, in jail or under correctional supervision. (hhs.gov)

In an interview with the Associated Press , the musician turned author turned would-be Lone Star state governor said legalizing the weed would keep nonviolent users out of prison, adding that he would seek the release of those currently behind bars for marijuana offenses. (stopthedrugwar.org)
The bulk of this reduction - 1,447 - were nonviolent misdemeanants facing return to prison for allegedly violating terms of their release. (wuwm.com)

Each year almost 350,000 of those individuals return to jail or prison, often because of rule violations rather than new crimes. (pewtrusts.org)

White prays that she won't be infected by the correctional officers not wearing masks, or the women who sit close by during meals, or her cellmate who sleeps less than 6 feet from her. (wuwm.com)

Building and enhancing cross-system collaboration will also be a main focus of the IMPACT Network, including facilitating warm handoffs from law enforcement and first responders to community-based treatment. (safetyandjusticechallenge.org)

This problem has been brought to the public's attention this year particularly because of the 20th Anniversary of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody and the release in June of the House of Representatives Inquiry Report Doing Time - Time for Doing: Indigenous Youth in the Criminal Justice System. (australianpolitics.com)

That means roughly 1 in every 32 adult Americans are under some sort of criminal justice system control. (wikipedia.org)
Community dispute and mediation processes have long been proposed to keep the settlement of specific complaints and conflicts outside the criminal (in) justice systems. (prisonpolicy.org)
The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, in their report Corrections , recommends that each "correctional" system begin immediately to develop a systematic plan with time-table and scheme for implementing a range of alternatives to institutionalization. (prisonpolicy.org)
The Attorney-General, Robert McClelland, has spoken of the national shame that is the over-representation of Indigenous Australians in the criminal justice system. (australianpolitics.com)
And I wish to speak to the national shame that is the over-representation of Indigenous Australians in the criminal justice system. (australianpolitics.com)
The number of individuals involved in the criminal justice system is at a historic high. (hhs.gov)
Improve the state courts' use of civil commitment as a diversionary tool to reinforce civil intervention before an individual ever enters the criminal justice system. (utexas.edu)
Implement civil commitment as an option to divert individuals with a mental illness or intellectual disability even after an individual enters the criminal justice system. (utexas.edu)

But there is a growing body of evidence that suggest that this may not always be the case, because of the effects that time in prison has on individuals and their home communities. (issues.org)
But incarcerated individuals say they still lack key protections from a virus that has ripped through prisons and jails in other states. (wuwm.com)
Of that number, 65.6 percent of the individuals in Texas county jails had not been convicted of a crime. (utexas.edu)

Also, abolishing the money bail system and thereby eliminating almost all pretrial detention, is another excarcerating idea that is hardly new. (prisonpolicy.org)

They were being held in county jails and at the Milwaukee Secure Detention Facility. (wuwm.com)
The second highlighted story from York County (PA) reports that that jurisdiction and PrimeCare Medical have settled a lawsuit for $1.5 million to a family of an incarcerated person who died in York County's jail. (cochs.org)
However, in the third highlighted story, the sheriff in Jefferson County (NY), boasts how privatizing health care delivery at the jail with PrimeCare Medical will be a cost saver for the taxpayer. (cochs.org)

Research indicates that the best way to reduce the problem of illicit drug use and its consequences is to reduce the number of chronic, hardcore users," Brown said, and "the best way to reduce chronic drug is to provide effective drug treatment in our communities, and in our jails and prisons. (marijuanalibrary.org)

Authorities prosecuted a number of abuses of power through the court system, particularly with regard to corruption, but in most cases the CCP first investigated and punished officials using opaque internal party disciplinary procedures. (state.gov)

West Virginia has agreed to pay $4 million to settle a class action lawsuit alleging inhuman conditions and improper treatment at Southern Regional Jail. (cochs.org)

In an embrace of harm reduction principles, the Portuguese government has approved the establishment of safe injection sites for drug users and is working to have needle exchange programs in prisons by 2008, Medical News Today reported on August 30. (stopthedrugwar.org)

As part of a collaborative effort to improve the nation's community corrections system, The Pew Charitable Trusts and the Laura and John Arnold Foundation analyzed the leading research and identified the most pressing problems and some promising solutions. (pewtrusts.org)

Outside of North America, prison and jail often have the same meaning. (wikipedia.org)

Recently, two prestigious task forces, after intensive research into the failure of prisons and the validity of alternatives, proposed a series of excarcerating procedures. (prisonpolicy.org)

EDITOR'S NOTE: The following group of articles from local newspapers and other sources constitutes but a small percentage of the information available to the community policing and neighborhood activist public. (lacp.org)
The person returning to the community is a human being who also happened to have a mental illness and was involved with the justice system. (utexas.edu)

Check back with us periodically, as JPI begins to build our website as a clearinghouse on Maryland drug sentencing and system reforms issues throughout the coming year. (stopthedrugwar.org)

I have entitled this year's address as Lionel Murphy's Legacy - Vigilance against Injustice in the Justice System. (australianpolitics.com)
So I'd like to draw some inspiration from Lionel Murphy tonight as I speak to the challenges that we currently face in terms of the overrepresentation of Indigenous Australians in the justice system - an injustice which remains nearly 30 years after Neal v R. (australianpolitics.com)

But Republicans, leading a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on drug policy, branded the Clinton administration strategy a clear failure and insisted it develop a tougher response that depends more on police, courts and jails. (marijuanalibrary.org)

Michael Brown in Ferguson, Freddie Gray in Baltimore-the murders of these young black men launched explosive local uprisings, which were followed (but never matched) by demonstrations across the country. (theanarchistlibrary.org)

65 years to estimate RPs with 95% CIs by sex and age group among had the highest proportion of assault-related ED visits. (cdc.gov)
Prison became the primary means of punishment for felonies in the years leading up to the American Revolution. (ammo.com)
Rape of women is illegal, and carries a sentence of three years in prison to death. (state.gov)
In 2015 a separate law on sexual assault was broadened to include male victims, but it has a maximum penalty of five years in prison. (state.gov)

Prisons in Australia are operated by state and territory governments, which use several different official names. (wikipedia.org)

For firearm owners in particular, the growth in this "prison-industrial complex" is troubling because felons are forbidden from owning firearms and ammunition under the 1968 Gun Control Act . (ammo.com)

We recommend using respectful language such as "justice-involved," "consumer" (instead of patient), or "person in jail" which are consistent with treatment and a person's capacity to change. (utexas.edu)

Since 2016, PRI has witnessed the efforts of local SJC sites to address the diversion, care, and, as required, adjudication of persons more effectively with behavioral health conditions. (safetyandjusticechallenge.org)

Diseases3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Named Groups3

Health Care3

Geographicals1

Inmates13

Incarceration14

Prisoners5

Imprisonment2

Parole7

Linkages1

Ongoing reliance1

Offenders1

Pandemic2

Federal10

People20

Populations3

Department of Just1

Facilities7

Reform3

State prison population1

Population7

Reentry1

20181

Racial1

Adults2

Supervision3

Nonviolent2

Crimes1

Correctional officers1

Enforcement1

Youth1

Criminal8

Individuals3

Pretrial1

County3

Chronic1

Authorities1

Million1

Needle1

Charitable Trusts1

America1

Alternatives1

Community2

Reforms1

Justice system2

Drug1

Black1

Years4

Governments1

Growth1

Treatment1

Persons1