Liver glucuronides. Medical search. Frequent questions

The major metabolites were two diastereoisomeric N + -glucuronides, and UGT1A9 played an important role in N + -glucuronidation. (aspetjournals.org)
We propose that glucuronide conjugates of quercetin function not only as detoxified metabolites but hydrophilic bioactive agents to various ROS-generating systems and precursors of hydrophobic aglycone. (rsc.org)
Two N-oxide metabolites and one glucuronide metabolite were observed. (diva-portal.org)
After Cresols are absorbed, most of the chemical is metabolized by the liver and either the metabolites or the unchanged chemical are excreted by the kidney with trace amounts excreted via the lungs. (europa.eu)
The hydroxylated metabolites were excreted in the urine as the O-glucuronide and/or O-sulfate conjugates, but traces of free 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine were also present in unhydrolyzed urine. (erowid.org)
N-Demethyl and 3-O-methyl phenolic amine metabolites of MDMA were consistently present in brain, liver, blood, and feces. (erowid.org)
In the last study, we observed if fenofibrate transcriptionally regulates multidrug resistance protein 3 (MRP3)/ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette family 3 (ABCC3), which is a basolateral transporter, that has primarily been identified to transport glucuronide metabolites such as bile acid-glucuronides. (uri.edu)
This and other metabolites are later excreted in urine as glucuronides. (medswow.com)
Metabolites formed in synthetic reactions are more polar and thus more readily excreted by the kidneys (in urine) and the liver (in bile) than those formed in nonsynthetic reactions. (msdmanuals.com)
METHODS: We administered the Basel phenotyping cocktail (caffeine, efavirenz, flurbiprofen, omeprazole, metoprolol, midazolam) to patients with liver cirrhosis (n = 16 Child A, n = 15 Child B, n = 5 Child C) and n = 12 control subjects and obtained pharmacokinetic profiles of substrates and primary metabolites and their glucuronides. (bvsalud.org)
1 Metabolites of nicotine (cotinine, trans -3′-hydroxycotinine and their glucuronides, and nicotine glucuronide) and NNK (NNAL (4-[methylnitrosamino]-1-[3-pyridyl]-1-butanol) and its glucuronides) can be measured in SHS-exposed individuals, with high sensitivity in various biological matrices ( table 1 ). (cdc.gov)

The in vivo intestinal metabolism of the CYP3A probe midazolam to its principal metabolite, 1'-hydroxymidazolam, was investigated during surgery in 10 liver transplant recipients. (nih.gov)
Irinotecan serves as a water-soluble precursor of the lipophilic metabolite SN-38, which is formed from irinotecan primarily by liver carboxylesterase enzymes. (rxmed.com)
SN-38 subsequently undergoes conjugation to form a glucuronide metabolite (SN-38 glucuronide). (rxmed.com)
Both midazolam and its metabolite 1'-hydroxymidazolam underwent glucuronidation, and the corresponding MRs for glucuronide formation dropped by approximately 80% in Child C patients. (bvsalud.org)
The results pointed squarely at quercetin , and particularly its metabolite quercetin glucuronide, which, at 20 micromolar concentrations, inhibited about 80% of ALDH activity. (medscape.com)

Sensitivity and specificity of urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in liver disease patients. (musc.edu)
It is known that glucuronide and/or sulfate conjugates with or without O -methylation exclusively circulate in the human bloodstream after intake of a quercetin-containing diet. (rsc.org)
Phase II enzymes present in the intestinal epithelial cells and the liver cells facilitate their metabolic conversion to glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. (rsc.org)
It is metabolized mainly in the liver and excreted in the urine as sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. (drugs.com)
Synthesis:Estriol is only produced in significant amounts during pregnancy as it is made by the placenta from 16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate , an androgen steroid made in the fetal liver and adrenal glands.The human. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Ortho aminophenol (OAP) is converted to 2-aminophenoxazine- 3-one by cytochrome c and excreted as sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. (cdc.gov)

Ethyl Glucuronide (EtG) is a breakdown product unique to alcohol that accumulates in the blood as alcohol levels decline. (uatests.com)
A small fraction (0.02%) of a dose of alcohol is conjugated in the liver with glucuronic acid to form ethyl glucuronide. (uatests.com)

Investigation of morinidazole glucuronidation using human liver microsomes (HLMs) and 12 recombinant UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) indicated that this biotransformation was mainly catalyzed by UGT1A9. (aspetjournals.org)
Activity assays were conducted using recombinant enzymes as well as human liver and intestinal microsomes. (helsinki.fi)
Catabolism of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in hepatocytes and liver microsomes, with evidence of formation of 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine, a highly toxic catabolite for human bone marrow cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Studies using rat and human liver microsomes demonstrated that the rate of formation of AMT and GAMT increased in the presence of NADPH, suggesting the involvement of a NADPH-dependent enzyme system. (aspetjournals.org)

This is due to the fact that majority of the administered 3-methyl 4-chlorophenol (54-95%) was excreted out of the living system of Wistar Rats through the urine within 24 hours. (europa.eu)
Urolithins, including UA, are absorbed and conjugated in the liver and are subsequently excreted in urine and feces. (nature.com)

systematic name mycophenolic acid O-acyl-glucuronide-ester hydrolase), is in humans encoded by the ABHD10 gene, and catalyses the reaction mycophenolic acid O-acyl-glucuronide + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } mycophenolate + D-glucuronate This liver enzyme deglucuronidates mycophenolic acid O-acyl-glucuronide. (wikipedia.org)
Mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide (AcMPAG) is an important product in the metabolism of mycophenolic acid, and ABHD10 is the major esterase responsible for the AcMPAG and probenecid acyl glucuronide deglucuronidation in human liver. (wikipedia.org)
Induction of cytokine release by the acyl glucuronide of mycophenolic acid: a link to side effects? (wikipedia.org)

Definitive diagnosis of Crigler-Najjar syndrome requires high-performance liquid chromatography of bile or a tissue enzyme assay of a liver biopsy sample. (medscape.com)
Cholestatic liver diseases, i.e. primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), result from a disruption of bile flow. (uri.edu)
In the first study, we proposed that adult patients with PBC and PSC who were subtherapeutic to Ursodiol monotherapy would have decreased total serum bile acids and increased serum bile acid-glucuronides upon receiving combination therapy with fenofibrate. (uri.edu)
Combination therapy with fenofibrate significantly decreased elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, total serum bile acids and increased serum bile acid-glucuronides versus Ursodiol monotherapy. (uri.edu)
Lastly, we found that certain serum bile acid-glucuronides can serve as strong indicators of response to treatment. (uri.edu)
The 2 primary types of transporters are influx, which translocate molecules into the liver, and efflux, which mediate excretion of drugs into the blood or bile. (msdmanuals.com)

Glucuronide Conjugation of Various aglycones in the Liver of Chick Embryos and Chicks. (helsinki.fi)

The cardiovascular system and central nervous system seem to be the major targets of conjugated quercetin glucuronides circulating in the human bloodstream. (rsc.org)
The authors then examined the concentration of quercetin glucuronide to achieve various inhibitions of ALDH, as you can see in this graph here. (medscape.com)
To make the numbers easy, let's say you drank a liter of Australian wine, taking in 50 mg of quercetin glucuronide. (medscape.com)

We investigated the glucuronidation capacity and glucuronide accumulation in patients with liver cirrhosis. (bvsalud.org)

Because the liver is probably the major site of AZT catabolism, the metabolism and transmembrane distribution of AZT were evaluated in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes, a model for the study at the cellular level of biosynthetic, catabolic, and transport phenomena in the liver. (aspetjournals.org)
Supplemental studies were performed to compare the metabolism and toxicokinetics of oxazepam in the two mouse strains, to evaluate the effect on liver cell replication rates, to perform clinical pathology assessments, and to examine the mutation spectrum and frequency of activated H-ras oncogenes in liver neoplasms from the 2-year study with B6C3F1 mice. (nih.gov)
The enzymes involved in metabolism are present in many tissues but generally are more concentrated in the liver. (msdmanuals.com)
Individual drug metabolism rates are influenced by genetic factors, coexisting disorders (particularly chronic liver disorders and advanced heart failure), and drug interactions (especially those involving induction or inhibition of metabolism). (msdmanuals.com)

The metabolic conversion of irinotecan to SN-38 is mediated by carboxylesterase enzymes primarily in the liver. (rxmed.com)
Metabolic studies in humans have demonstrated that 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) is primarily eliminated as its 5'-O-glucuronide (GAZT). (aspetjournals.org)
The metabolic ratio (AUCglucuronide/AUCparent, MR) was not affected for caffeine but decreased by 60% for paraxanthine glucuronide formation in Child C patients. (bvsalud.org)

Patients with hepatic metastases had somewhat higher irinotecan and SN-38 AUC values than patients without liver metastases. (rxmed.com)
This study provides the first detailed catabolic profile of AZT at the hepatic site and emphasizes the critical role that the liver plays in drug clearance. (aspetjournals.org)
Cholestatic liver diseases are also negatively impacted by hepatic inflammation. (uri.edu)

Clinically significant glucuronide accumulation did not occur in the population investigated. (bvsalud.org)

These catabolites were identified as 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine (AMT) by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine glucuronide (GAMT) through specific enzymatic hydrolysis. (aspetjournals.org)
enter the bladder epithelium and re- nary acidity for the hydrolysis of the The carcinogenic activity of ar- act with DNA either directly or after N -hydroxyarylamine N -glucuronides omatic amines in the bladder in esterification. (who.int)

While the human liver microsomal system demonstrated rapid clearance by CYP enzymes, the hepatocyte incubations showed much slower clearance, possibly providing some insight into the long duration of carfentanils effects. (diva-portal.org)

Without proper treatment these diseases can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually liver failure. (uri.edu)
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The impact of liver cirrhosis on the activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) is currently not well characterized. (bvsalud.org)
4-Hydroxyflurbiprofen and 5-hydroxyomeprazole were both glucuronidated but the corresponding MRs for glucuronide formation were not affected by liver cirrhosis. (bvsalud.org)
No relevant glucuronide accumulation occurred in patients with liver cirrhosis. (bvsalud.org)
CONCLUSIONS: Detailed analysis revealed that liver cirrhosis may affect the activity of UGTs of the UGT1A and UGT2B subfamilies according to liver function. (bvsalud.org)

First, ABHD10 is involved in the deglucuronidation of AcMPAG in human liver. (wikipedia.org)
Second, ABHD10 counteracts PRAG via deglucuronidation in human liver. (wikipedia.org)
Some of these catechin glucuronides retained the activities of their parent compounds in radical scavenging and in inhibiting the release of arachidonic acid from HT-29 human colon cancer cells. (aspetjournals.org)
UDS activity in the rat liver of the human carcinogens benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl, and the rodent carcinogens 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and direct black 38. (cdc.gov)
2019. Formation of (2)- and (2)-8-Prenylnaringenin Glucuronides by Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases. . (oregonstate.edu)
In human beings, the liver combines BPA with a sugar molecule, transforming it into BPA-glucuronide, BPA's harmless, water-soluble cousin. (spiked-online.com)

1990. Cell replication and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) activity of low molecular weight chlorinated paraffins in the rat liver in vivo. (cdc.gov)
In vivo, the Cresol isomers are conjugated and excreted as glucuronides and sulfates. (europa.eu)

Except for the presence of high serum unconjugated bilirubin levels, the results of liver tests in Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1 are normal. (medscape.com)

The critical effect is increased relative liver weight in male rats at 83 mg/kg-day on 12 days oral exposure. (cdc.gov)
At necropsy, absolute and relative liver weights were increased in an exposure-related manner and were approximately two-fold greater in 10,000 ppm mice than in controls. (nih.gov)

The MR of 8-hydroxyefavirenz-glucuronide formation increased three-fold in Child C patients and was negatively correlated with the glomerular filtration rate. (bvsalud.org)
Metoprolol, but not α-hydroxymetoprolol, was glucuronidated, and the MR for metoprolol-glucuronide formation dropped by 60% in Child C patients. (bvsalud.org)

See also the 2019 American Association for the Study of Liver Disease's practice guidelines for Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease . (merckmanuals.com)

Feces from large flocks are major contributors to fecal coliform levels in reservoirs that supply drinking water for some cities ( 5 , 6 ), and free-living bird populations can serve as reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella ( 8 , 9 ), Escherichia coli ( 10 ), Campylobacter ( 10 , 11 ), Listeria ( 11 ), and Chlamydia ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)

Liver transplant alone is not curative for erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) but instead needs to be combined with bone marrow transplant. (medscape.com)

Elimination half-lives were 3.7 h (3.4-4.1) and 4.0 h (3.6-4.4), for 85 and 170 µg LSD, respectively. (bvsalud.org)

Alcohol is metabolized by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in the gut and then in the liver. (medscape.com)

After removal of the diseased liver, five subjects received 2 mg midazolam intraduodenally, and the other five received 1 mg midazolam intravenously. (nih.gov)
Midazolam, 1'-hydroxymidazolam, and 1'-hydroxymidazolam glucuronide were measured in plasma. (nih.gov)

EGCG-4"- O -glucuronide was the major EGCG glucuronide formed in all incubations. (aspetjournals.org)

There appears to be a threshold effect above which the amount and duration of alcohol use increases the risk of the development of liver disease. (merckmanuals.com)

Binge drinking may also increase alcohol-related liver disease. (merckmanuals.com)

We examine the impact of habitat on antimicrobial susceptibilities of E. coli isolates recovered from different flocks of resident, free-living Canada Geese to determine the potential for these animals to be additional sources of antimicrobial resistance through exposure pathways that originate in the environment. (cdc.gov)

We describe antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli isolated from free-living Canada Geese in Georgia and North Carolina (USA). (cdc.gov)
Free-living populations of Canada Geese ( Branta canadensis ) can serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria such as Escherichia coli . (cdc.gov)

16179545 ). NADA exists in both free and conjugated (glucuronide) forms. (hmdb.ca)

Free-living and domestic bird populations can also be reservoirs of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens or resistant genetic elements. (cdc.gov)

1973. Carcinogens are mutagens: A simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection. (cdc.gov)
There are no reports that suggest bio-accumulation of cresol within the living system. (europa.eu)

Anatomy12

Organisms9

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs52

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes22

Metabolites11

Metabolite5

Sulfate6

Ethyl glucuronide2

Microsomes4

Urine2

Mycophenolic acid3

Bile6

Conjugation1

Quercetin3

Glucuronidation1

Metabolism4

Metabolic3

Hepatic3

Clinically1

Hydrolysis2

Enzymes1

Cirrhosis5

Human6

Vivo2

Serum1

Relative liver2

Formation2

20191

Feces1

Transplant1

Elimination1

Enzyme1

Midazolam2

Major1

Increases1

Disease1

Exposure1

Escherichia2

Forms1

Free1

System2