• Extraction procedures are optimized to precipitate and remove proteins and nucleic acids while maximizing solubilization of GSLs along with other lipids. (springer.com)
  • The human cuticle is around 6 to 8 layers thick and consists of keratin protein, structural lipids, and high sulfur keratin-associated proteins (KAP). (thieme-connect.com)
  • Glucose is a direct energy source, and galactose may be used as a component of complex proteins or lipids (glycoproteins and glycolipids). (researchgate.net)
  • Exocytosis has vesicles that contain lipids and proteins combine with the cell membrane, which has the effect of increasing the overall size of the cell. (databasefootball.com)
  • Endocytosis serves the opposite function, removing proteins and lipids from the cell membrane and bringing them into the interior of the cell, decreasing the size of the cell membrane and the cell itself. (databasefootball.com)
  • There are two layers made out of a variety of proteins and lipids. (databasefootball.com)
  • Synthetic glycolipids for the treatment of rare diseases GPI-Anchored Proteins Biosynthesis Rescue We established a synthetic strategy for the chemical synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositols having unsaturated lipids. (fhnw.ch)
  • The plaque biofilm, unique to the oral cavity, occurs on numerous surfaces such as the cheeks, tongue and teeth and is comprised of a sticky mass of proteins, lipids, glycoproteins, and glycolipids housing oral microbial communities with special chemical and nutritional gradients. (dentalcare.com)
  • Native membrane derived polymer-supported lipid bilayers (nSLBs) are poised to bridge the gap between live cell experiments and traditional model membrane architectures that by offering a combination of accessibility by surface sensitive analytical instrumentation and a composition which more closely resembles cellular membranes by displaying a diversity of endogenous membrane proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. (lu.se)
  • Due to the lack of detergent solubilization and reconstitution steps, the nSLBs created using this approach contain essentially all of the native lipids, as well as the membrane-associated proteins and carbohydrates from the donor membrane. (lu.se)
  • Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is closely associated with a variety of abnormal glycolipid metabolism diseases such as insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • In Fabry disease, a glycolipid, which is a product of fat metabolism, accumulates in tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We designed, synthesized, and used GPI fragments to rescue the biosynthesis of GPI-APs caused by a mutation in genes involved in assembling GPI-glycolipids in cells. (fhnw.ch)
  • We demonstrated that the synthetic fragments GlcNAc-PI, Man-GlcN-PI, and GlcN-PI with two and three lipid chains rescue the deletion of the GPI biosynthesis in cells devoid of the PIGA, PIGL, and PIGW genes in vitro. (fhnw.ch)
  • This fluid lipid bilayer cross section is made up entirely of phosphatidyl choline . (wikidoc.org)
  • The lipid bilayer is a critical component of all biological membranes , including cell membranes , and so is absolutely essential for all life on Earth. (wikidoc.org)
  • They concluded, correctly, that the membrane is two lipid molecules thick and proposed it is made of a bilayer. (wikidoc.org)
  • The bilayer is composed of two layers of lipids arranged so that their hydrocarbon tails face one another to form an oily core held together by Van der Waals interactions, while their charged heads face the aqueous solutions on either side of the membrane. (wikidoc.org)
  • These are small balloons of lipid bilayer which can entrap polar molecules inside them. (wikidoc.org)
  • The properties of the bilayer are influenced by a variety of factors, including the lipid composition, temperature and membrane pressure. (wikidoc.org)
  • The thickness of the hydrocarbon core region is about 27 Å for the model bilayer formed by DOPC lipid whose acyl chains have eighteen carbon atoms and a single double bond (di(C18:1)PC) [2] . (wikidoc.org)
  • The thickness of a lipid bilayer increases by 0.8 Å per each additional carbon atom of the lipid tail in the liquid crystalline state, or by 1.1 Å in the gel state (these numbers should be multiplied by 2 because the bilayer has two leaflets). (wikidoc.org)
  • The phospholipid bilayer is made out of lipids and phosphates. (databasefootball.com)
  • A combination of fluorescence microscopy, neutron reflectometry, and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry data will be presented which characterizes the structure and composition of this new supported lipid bilayer category. (lu.se)
  • There are two types of natural killer T (NKT) cells, which are both activated by cells presenting specific antigens such as lipids and glycolipids. (cancer.gov)
  • Many other key molecules in cellular immunology are being studied, such as non-classical or MHC homologues: for example, CD1 binds lipid, glycolipid, and lipopeptide antigens from the cell walls of microbial pathogens and the NK family of receptors recognizes classical as well as distant MHC homologues. (scripps.edu)
  • The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
  • the amphiphilic nature of some lipids allows them to form structures such as vesicles, multilamellar/unilamellar liposomes, or membranes in an aqueous environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The results clearly highlight the influence of the different fatty acids of the Gb 3 sphingolipids on the phase behaviour and the binding properties of Shiga toxin B subunits, even though the membranes were only doped with 5 mol% of the receptor lipid. (springer.com)
  • Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a subclass of glycolipids that are found in cell membranes of various organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. (springer.com)
  • The interfacial regions of model phospholipid bilayers have a thickness of 8 to 10 Å, although they can be wider in biological membranes that include lipid molecules whose head groups have complex carbohydrates, found in the gangliosides or lipopolysaccharides [1] . (wikidoc.org)
  • Glucosylceramide, the accumulated glycolipid, is primarily derived from the phagocytosis and degradation of senescent leukocytes and erythrocyte membranes. (medscape.com)
  • Glucosylceramide, the accumulated glycolipid, is primarily derived from the phagocytosis and degradation of senescent leukocytes and, to a lesser extent, from erythrocyte membranes. (medscape.com)
  • Recent years have seen strong research efforts on the lipid component of biological membranes. (lu.se)
  • Spatial lipidomics revealed an accumulation of highly unsaturated and shortened lipids and reduction of sphingolipids throughout the brains of cPSAP DAT mice. (nature.com)
  • Lipids have been classified into eight categories by the Lipid MAPS consortium as follows: Fatty acyls, a generic term for describing fatty acids, their conjugates and derivatives, are a diverse group of molecules synthesized by chain-elongation of an acetyl-CoA primer with malonyl-CoA or methylmalonyl-CoA groups in a process called fatty acid synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, globosides are neutral lipid molecules. (springer.com)
  • Lipids are amphiphilic molecules since they consist of polar head groups and non-polar fatty acid tails. (wikidoc.org)
  • They also can be described as having an internal lateral pressure or "the sponaneous radius of curvature", which defines the tendency of the lipid molecules to form curved rather than planar surfaces. (wikidoc.org)
  • In addition, Geerdink's thesis describes the synthesis of a putative sex pheromone of a parasitic wasp ( Trichogramma turkestanic ) and our efforts towards the synthesis of another glycolipid from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (DAT2) and a sulfo-glycopeptidolipid from Mycobacterium avium (S-GPL). (rug.nl)
  • Antibodies to the major phenolic glycolipid purified from Mycobacterium leprae have been demonstrated previously in sera of leprosy but not tuberculosis patients using an ELISA. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - Analysis of the major antigenic determinants of the characteristic phenolic glycolipid from Mycobacterium leprae. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The factors that contribute to neurologic involvement in patients with types 2 and 3 disease are still unknown but may be related to the accumulation of a cytotoxic glycolipid, glucosylsphingosine, in the brain due to the severe deficiency of glucocerebrosidase activity or to neuroinflammation. (medscape.com)
  • Diercks H, Semeniuk A, Gisch N, Moll H, Duda KA, Hölzl G. Accumulation of novel Glycolipids and Ornithine Lipids in Mesorhizobium loti under Phosphate Deprivation. (fz-borstel.de)
  • The accumulation of glycolipid causes noncancerous (benign) skin growths (angiokeratomas) to form on the lower part of the trunk. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ac2SGL, one of the glycolipids in the cell enveloppe of M. tuberculosis , stimulates the production of antibodies and is considered as a candidate for a tuberculosis vaccine. (rug.nl)
  • Being typically a minor component of the cell membrane, they are of utmost importance for biological functions that rely on lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions (Schnaar and Kinoshita 2015 ). (springer.com)
  • Lipid A is a glycophospholipidic structure that anchors the LPS molecule to the cellular membrane. (scirp.org)
  • L'enveloppe mycobactérienne est unique dans le monde bactérien, tant par sa composition riche en composés structurellement exotiques, que par son agencement, avec notamment la présence d'une membrane externe et d'une membrane interne. (ipbs.fr)
  • The cholesterol helps hold the cell membrane together and prevent the membrane from becoming too stiff by limiting how closely the lipids can be to one another. (databasefootball.com)
  • Glycolipids are found on the surface of the cell membrane, and they have carbohydrate sugars attached to them. (databasefootball.com)
  • We recently developed a generic method for producing polymer-supported lipid bilayers directly from cell-derived native membrane vesicles (NMVs). (lu.se)
  • Biological lipids originate entirely or in part from two distinct types of biochemical subunits or "building-blocks": ketoacyl and isoprene groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fatty acid structure is one of the most fundamental categories of biological lipids and is commonly used as a building-block of more structurally complex lipids. (wikipedia.org)
  • These lipids create a waxy (hydrophobic) barrier against antibiotics. (rug.nl)
  • The major force driving the formation of lipid bilayers is the hydrophobic interaction between the tails and their repusion by water. (wikidoc.org)
  • Clear signals of UCP1 protein and mRNA were detected in WAT of mice fed the Undaria lipids, although there is little expression of UCP1 in WAT of mice fed control diet. (burnthefat.com)
  • Novel variant pathway in the synthesis of protein- and lipid-1inked, complex-type oligosaccharides. (or.jp)
  • Glycolipids dominate in PL. Among the unsaponifiable substances were found biologically active components such as hydrocarbons, carotenoids, aliphatic alcohols, sterols and triterpenols. (who.int)
  • Polyprenyl-phosphates were identified in the lipid extracts of all three species. (duke.edu)
  • Lipid bilayers have certain elastic properties . (wikidoc.org)
  • The article is devoted to the study of lipids and fatty acid composition of the above-ground part of the Nepeta olgae Regel (L.) plant of the Laminaceae family. (who.int)
  • Lipid modulation of glycolipid receptor function‐an approach to soluble mimics. (or.jp)
  • abstract = "Here we report a new solid-phase (glyco)lipid synthesis (SPLS), which gives traceless glycolipids using an acetal linker. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The glycolipid storage gives rise to the characteristic Gaucher cells, macrophages engorged with lipid with a crumpled-tissue-paper appearance and displaced nuclei. (medscape.com)
  • Although humans and other mammals use various biosynthetic pathways both to break down and to synthesize lipids, some essential lipids cannot be made this way and must be obtained from the diet. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two structurally related families of cell envelope lipids, and produce PGLs ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The disaccharide, corresponding to the two terminal sugars of the M. leprae glycolipid has been chemically synthesized and shown to inhibit the reaction between glycolipid and antibody in the ELISA. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • En combinant une approche in silico et la validation in vitro de l'activité des protéines, nous avons récemment mis en évidence des propriétés structurales et la sélectivité de substrat de ces enzymes. (ipbs.fr)
  • Fabry disease occurs when the body lacks enzymes needed to break down a glycolipid. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Komaniecka I, Choma A, Mazur A, Duda KA, Lindner B, Schwudke D, Holst O. Occurrence of an unusual hopanoid-containing lipid A among lipopolysaccharides from Bradyrhizobium species. (fz-borstel.de)
  • Tsuji S, Kojima N, Hitoshi S (1996) New evidence for the occurrence of a glycolipid-mediated signal transduction system. (shiga-med.ac.jp)
  • Of note, with these extraction procedures, GSLs are categorized by their glycan structure, whereas the lipid tails are not determined (Fahy et al. (springer.com)
  • Beijing strains compared to other strains that can cause consist of a lipid core similar to those of DIMs or DIPs but diseases similar to those caused by Beijing strains. (cdc.gov)
  • The difficult treatment of tuberculosis is caused by its multi-layered cell envelope that consists of a variety of molecular complex (glyco)lipids. (rug.nl)
  • Thus, these findings suggest PSAP may maintain dopaminergic lipid homeostasis, which is dysregulated in PD, and counteract experimental parkinsonism. (nature.com)
  • During the synthesis, we incidentally found some of the artificial glycolipids act as good organogelators, the property of which is greatly dependent on the modular saccharide structure. (elsevierpure.com)
  • They found that the area of lipids from a known number of erythrocytes, when spread out on the trough, was just twice the calculated surface area of the erythrocytes. (wikidoc.org)
  • The most important features are the nature of the lipid head groups and the length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon chains. (wikidoc.org)
  • Since tumors exhibit changes in the structure and concentration of lipids produced, NKT cell function can be crucial for recognizing this change. (cancer.gov)
  • Its essential structure was discovered in 1925 by two Dutch physicians, E.Gorter and F.Grendel, while they were comparing the surface area of human erythrocytes with that of the isolated lipids in a Langmuir Blodgett trough . (wikidoc.org)
  • And so, in this way, he discovered the first lysosomal storage disease which he then went on to generalise into a major concept, the concept of an inborn lysosomal disease being that in the cells all kinds of materials - lipids, polysaccharides, you name it, they are there - get into lysosomes, sometimes by endocytosis but most of the time by autophagy. (webofstories.com)
  • Gaucher disease is a lipid storage disease characterized by the deposition of glucocerebroside in cells of the macrophage-monocyte system. (medscape.com)
  • First, NKT cells prefer lipids as their antigen of choice, which are enriched or highly expressed in the brain. (cancer.gov)
  • Because tumor immunity is driven by many immune system components that can either decrease or promote growth, NKT cells with specific lipid targets in the brain could be ideal mediators of immunotherapy to suppresses malignancy. (cancer.gov)
  • NKT cells have been known to specifically target lipids, which can undergo changes in expression upon tumor development and progression in various cancers. (cancer.gov)
  • Another focus of the lab is sulfatide, a lipid in the myelin sheath that can be recognized by NKT cells. (cancer.gov)
  • Sulfatide could assist in recruiting NKT cells to the tumor, even if the lipids undergo minor changes in the tumor microenvironment. (cancer.gov)
  • Remarkably, no alk-1-enyl ether lipids (plasmalogens) were present in Romboutsia as distinct from bacteria of the related genus Clostridium in which these ether lipids are common. (duke.edu)
  • A small, but significant cross-reaction was observed with the glycolipids from M. bovis and M. kansasii, which contain the phenolphthiocerol dimycocerosate part of the molecule but have different sugars, and also with a semi-synthetic 'attenuation indicator lipid' which shares the phenolphthiocerol but has no sugars. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The cross-reactivity observed with the M. bovis and M. kansasii glycolipids was not inhibited by the synthetic disaccharide. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The enzyme needed to breakdown the glycolipid, called alpha-galactosidase A, does not work correctly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The major antigenic determinants on this molecule were investigated using antisera raised in rabbits to the purified glycolipid and with a pool of sera from human lepromatous leprosy patients. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Research into these lipids has proven that several have very interesting functions. (rug.nl)
  • Conversion of cellulosic materials into glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosylerythritol lipids, by Pseudozyma spp. (bvsalud.org)