• Several other arteriviruses (Pebjah virus, simian hemorrhagic encephalitis virus, and simian hemorrhagic fever virus) cause highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in captive Asian macaques ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Since its discovery in 1976, Ebolavirus has caused periodic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever associated with severe and often fatal disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ebolaviruses are known for their ability to cause devastating viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in humans and great apes, but the natural reservoir for EBOV has remained elusive for many years. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2007 to 2008 a large outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever with a case-fatality rate of approximately 25% occurred in humans in Uganda. (biomedcentral.com)
  • previously referred to as Ebola hemorrhagic fever). (bcm.edu)
  • Ebola viruses produce hemorrhagic fever, a condition that also can be brought about by other types of viruses but Ebola produces one of the most lethal forms. (bcm.edu)
  • In addition to the other symptoms of hemorrhagic fever - fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea - the more severe cases can include damage to blood vessels and extensive internal and external bleeding (hemorrhage). (bcm.edu)
  • In addition to Ebola virus, there is one other member of the Filovirus family, known as Marburg virus (named after the city in Germany in which it was first discovered), that also causes hemorrhagic fever. (bcm.edu)
  • Some of the most virulent diseases are caused by viruses, e.g., the hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Smith and colleagues found that in rhesus macaques infected with a lethal dose of Ebola virus, treatment with interferon beta early after exposure led to a significant increase in survival time, though it did not reduce mortality significantly. (medscape.com)
  • In Ebolavirus -infected cynomolgus macaques, use of human recombinant interferon alfa-2b in conjunction with hyperimmune equine immunoglobulin G (IgG) delayed but did not prevent death. (medscape.com)
  • A virus commonly found in macaques (Old World monkeys) but not in other primates. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Handlers of macaques may be infected by bites or exposure to animal blood or body fluids. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The virus is harmless to macaques or may cause only a herpetic rash in macaques, but in humans it often produces fatal infections of the brain and meninges. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • [ 9 , 10 ] Organs from pigs have been the focus of much of the research in xenotransplantation, in part because of the public acceptance of killing pigs and the physiologic similarities between pigs and human and nonhuman primates. (medscape.com)
  • Equine IgG containing high-titer neutralizing antibodies to Ebola virus protected guinea pigs and baboons but was not effective in protecting infected rhesus monkeys. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine in this trial uses a weakened human common cold virus (adenovirus, which infects human cells readily but is incapable of causing disease) to deliver genetic material that codes for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Nucleoside analogue inhibitors of the cell-encoded enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAH) have been shown to inhibit Zaire ebolavirus replication in adult BALB/c mice infected with mouse-adapted Ebola virus. (medscape.com)
  • Ebolavirus is endemic in Central Africa and the Philippines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unlike some other viruses, such as influenza or SARS , Ebola virus is not spread through the air. (bcm.edu)
  • The common influenza viruses have antigens that mutate or combine readily, requiring new vaccines with each mutation. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Arteriviruses are enveloped, spherical viruses with a positive-sense, single-stranded, linear RNA genome ( 1 ), and they are assigned to the order Nidovirales, family Arteriviridae . (cdc.gov)
  • Viral particles contain one molecule of single-stranded negative-sense RNA , enveloped in a lipid (fatty) membrane. (bcm.edu)
  • AAVs are nonenveloped single-stranded DNA viruses used in gene therapy to insert copies of missing genes into host cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Besides their function in the virus replication cycle, the viral glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, minor matrix protein and polymerase cofactor are viral determinants of pathogenicity, with evasion of the host innate and adaptive immune responses as the main mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Viral architecture is very complex, but every virus contains at least a genome and a capsid. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Currently, there are about 250 candidate vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in development worldwide, including mRNA vaccines, replicating or non-replicating viral vectored vaccines, DNA vaccines, autologous dendritic cell-based vaccine, and inactive virus vaccines. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Anti-HIV-1 p24 (clone 38/8.7.47) exhibits reactivity by Western blot analysis of viral lysates and may be used in indirect immunostaining techniques to detect HIV-1 p24 core protein in fresh or cultured HIV-1 infected cells. (maxanim.com)
  • These include, but are not limited to, (1) preventing hyperacute rejection, (2) preventing acute vascular rejection, (3) facilitating immune accommodation, (4) inducing immune tolerance, (5) preventing the transmission of viruses from xenografts into humans, and (6) addressing the ethical issues surrounding animal sources for xenografts and the appropriate selection of recipients (given that xenotransplantation remains experimental). (medscape.com)
  • There are five subtypes of Ebola viruses: Zaire, Sudan, Bundibugyo, Tai Forest (formerly known as Côte d'Ivoire), and Reston, each named after the location in which it was first identified. (bcm.edu)
  • Most animal viruses are also surrounded by a lipid envelope (a bilayered membrane analogous to a cell membrane). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • direct contact with infected possums has been the most efficient route of wobbly possum disease virus transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • Most cases of Ebola virus transmission occur between family members or in health care settings with inadequate infection control, because in these circumstances people are at highest risk of coming in contact with infected bodily fluids. (bcm.edu)
  • A safe and effective vaccine is an important tool to protect and prevent the introduction and spread of Ebola. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] In the Ring vaccination study, in which patients were vaccinated during the 2014 outbreak in the Republic of Guinea, results among the people who received the vaccine showed no Ebola cases were recorded 10 days or more after vaccination. (medscape.com)
  • However, the authors note that it is important to stress that no participants were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 virus after vaccination, so it is not possible for this study to determine whether the vaccine candidate effectively protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • The first three subtypes have been associated with large EVD outbreaks in Africa. (bcm.edu)
  • It has shown an efficacy of 97.5% in preventing infection among 90,000 individuals in an active Ebola virus outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (medscape.com)
  • [ 33 ] These findings suggest that early postexposure interferon-beta therapy may be a promising adjunct in the treatment of Ebola virus infection. (medscape.com)
  • Infection can also be spread through objects like needles and syringes or clothing and bedding that have been contaminated with the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • In their paper published, the research team reports finding that dendritic cells of elite controllers are better able to detect the presence of HIV paradoxically through a greater susceptibility to HIV infection which enables them to stimulate the generation of T cells specifically targeting the virus. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Part of the innate immune system that is the body s first line defense against infection, dendritic cells sense the presence of pathogens in the blood or other tissues, ingest infecting organisms, and then display fragments of the invaders on their surface, which alerts and activates both killer and helper T cells (CD4 and CD8 cells), essentially teaching them to target the specific pathogen. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • For example, equine arteritis virus causes mild-to-severe respiratory disease, typically in foals, or abortion in pregnant mares ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The most common severe reaction was fever. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Although Ebola virus was only discovered in 1976, it is an ancient virus and is thought to have split from other viruses thousands of years ago. (bcm.edu)
  • Ebola virus is spread through direct contact with blood or other bodily fluids, such as semen, feces, or vomit, of infected persons (or animals), including close contact with deceased EVD victims, which are highly infectious. (bcm.edu)
  • Ebola can be spread from person to person only while the infected person is displaying symptoms (although it has recently been recognized that the virus can persist in the semen of a small percentage of male survivors for more than a year). (bcm.edu)
  • Patients who have died of Ebola virus disease should be buried promptly and with as little contact as possible. (medscape.com)
  • During the 1995 outbreak in Kikwit, DRC, human convalescent plasma was used to treat 8 patients with proven Ebola disease, and only 1 patient died. (medscape.com)
  • In pigs, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus types 1 and 2 cause a similar clinical syndrome of reproductive failure and respiratory disease ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Wobbly possum disease virus causes an often fatal neurologic syndrome in possums ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Arteriviruses were detected in Chinese softshell turtles ( Pelodiscus sinensis ) that had hemorrhagic disease ( 8 ) and from healthy African giant shrews ( Crocidura olivieri ) by molecular assays ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The IVI fulfills the requirements of the EU Minimum Biorisk Management Standards for Laboratories Working with Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus. (unog.ch)
  • When viruses enter a cell, they may immediately trigger a disease process or may remain quiescent for years. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The 400 known viruses are classified in several ways: by genome core (RNA or DNA), host (animals, plants, or bacteria), method of reproduction (such as retrovirus), mode of transmission (such as enterovirus), and disease produced (such as hepatitis virus). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • [ 5 ] and pig neuronal cells have been transplanted into patients with Parkinson (Parkinson's) disease and Huntington (Huntington's) disease . (medscape.com)
  • After HIV DNA enters the nucleus of an infected cell, it becomes integrated into the cellular DNA, turning it into an HIV factory that generates more virus particles. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Xenotransplantation of organs from chimpanzees and baboons has been avoided, however, because of ethical concerns and fear of transmission of deadly viruses (see Biologic Barriers to Xenotransplantation). (medscape.com)
  • Recovery seems to depend in part on how much virus a person was initially exposed to, how early treatment is started, and on the patient's age and immune response. (bcm.edu)
  • Chances of survival can be improved with early supportive care including maintaining body fluids and electrolytes and monitoring blood pressure, which may allow enough time for the body's immune system to fight off the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Viruses with lipid envelopes have a greater ability to adhere to cell membranes and to avoid destruction by the immune system. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • We have shown that dendritic cells, which play a critical role in generating virus-specific T cells, have an improved ability to recognize HIV and build effective immune responses in elite controllers. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • The virus enters the body through a break in the skin or through the eyes, nose, or mouth of an unprotected person. (bcm.edu)
  • This virus was detected in association with fatal encephalitis in European hedgehogs ( Erinaceus europaeus ) from England. (cdc.gov)
  • When the virulent version of an agent is encountered, the body recognizes the protein coat on the agent, and thus is prepared to respond, by first neutralizing the target agent before it can enter cells, and secondly by recognizing and destroying infected cells before that agent can multiply to vast numbers. (wikipedia.org)
  • A pathogen that is composed of nucleic acid within a protein shell but can grow and reproduce only after infecting a host cell. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Because of this critical role of dendritic cells, the investigators explored the hypothesis that dendritic cells of elite controllers were better able to sense HIV and as a result to generate virus-specific T-cell responses. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • While this may seem beneficial, it actually works more to the benefit of the virus than the infected individual by allowing HIV to escape recognition by dendritic cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • All of them can attach to cell membranes, enter the cytoplasm, take over cellular functions, reproduce their parts, and assemble themselves into mature forms capable of infecting other cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • New viruses are then released either by destroying their host cell or by forming small buds that break off and infect other cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The RETRO-TEK HIV-1 p24 Antigen ELISA 2.0 is an enzyme linked immunoassay used to detect Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) p24 antigen in cell culture media. (maxanim.com)
  • Ebola viruses belong to a family of viruses termed Filoviridae . (bcm.edu)
  • ABBR: AAV A genus in the parvovirus family whose members cannot replicate without the presence of another virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A virus with reduced pathogenicity as a result of treatment or repeated passage through hosts. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • When HIV infects a cell it first injects its genetic material RNA in this case into the cell along with the reverse transcriptase enzyme that transcribes the single-strand RNA molecule into a double-stranded DNA molecule. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Viruses are also responsible for the common cold, childhood exanthems (such as chickenpox, measles, rubella), latent infections (such as herpes simplex), some cancers or lymphomas (such as Epstein-Barr virus), and diseases of all organ systems. (unboundmedicine.com)