AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
GalactoseGalactose OxidaseGalactose DehydrogenasesGalactosephosphatesGalactosemiasUridine Diphosphate GalactoseUDPglucose 4-EpimeraseGalactokinaseUTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate UridylyltransferaseGalactitolCarbohydratesFucoseLactoseMonosaccharidesGalactosyltransferasesHexosesAcetylgalactosamineLectinsMannoseCarbohydrate SequenceUDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate UridylyltransferaseOligosaccharidesGlucosePolysaccharidesCarbohydrate ConformationGalactosidasesDisaccharidesMethylgalactosidesCarbohydrate EpimerasesCarbohydrate MetabolismPhosphoglucomutaseGlucosamineChromatography, PaperMolecular Sequence DataGlycopeptidesAmino SugarsSialic AcidsGlycolipidsUridine Diphosphate SugarsGlycoproteinsGalactosidesBorohydridesPlant LectinsAcetylglucosamineAsialoglycoproteinsHexosaminesArabinoseGlycosidesRhamnoseNeuraminic AcidsFetuinsGlycosphingolipidsGalactosaminePeriodic AcidChromatography, Thin LayerPolysaccharides, BacterialMelibioseGlycosylationN-Acetylneuraminic AcidUronic AcidsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeGlycoside HydrolasesRicinalpha-GalactosidaseKineticsEscherichia coliXyloseActinomycetalesFructoseNeuraminidasebeta-GalactosidaseFermentationHexosephosphatesCell WallUridine Diphosphate GlucoseMutationUTP-Glucose-1-Phosphate UridylyltransferaseMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsLactococcus lactisRiboseAmino AcidsPhlorhizinGlobosidesChromatography, GasChromatography, GelAsialoglycoprotein ReceptorSodium-Glucose Transport ProteinsGalactansMolecular WeightErythrinaCulture MediaKluyveromycesPhosphotransferasesGlycoconjugatesMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMethylglycosidesCerebrosidesCarbon IsotopesSubstrate SpecificityGene Expression Regulation, Fungal
GalactosemiaFructoseMonosaccharideSugarsMonosaccharidesEnzymeGalactokinaseMannoseLactase deficiencyCarbohydrateMetabolismContain glucoseAntibodyIgA1SLC5A1MaltoseMoleculeMilkIntoleranceLiverGALTSerumSialic acidAbnormalUtilizationAlpha-galHepaticGeneBloodSugarSymptomsEpithelial cellsSevereConcentrationIntestinalUrineAdditionallyMetabolizeEnzymesDietProteinStrainsComponentReactionMiceBodyGlucose levelsBrokenDiabetesSodium
Galactosemia7
  • Dietary galactose restriction does not appear to be necessary or beneficial in patients with Duarte D-2 variant galactosemia. (medscape.com)
  • A galactosemia test is a blood or urine test that checks for enzymes that are needed to change galactose into glucose, a sugar that your body uses for energy. (healthwise.net)
  • A person with galactosemia doesn't have one of these enzymes, so high levels of galactose build up in the blood or urine. (healthwise.net)
  • Babies with galactosemia need foods low in galactose in order to gain weight and to prevent brain damage, liver problems, infection, and cataracts . (healthwise.net)
  • A low level of this substance causes a condition called galactosemia . (mountsinai.org)
  • Deficiency of a certain enzyme can alter the breaking down (metabolizing) of galactose, which can lead to high levels of galactose in the blood (galactosemia). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Whether dietary galactose restriction is necessary or beneficial for patients with Duarte variant galactosemia is unknown. (medscape.com)
Fructose5
  • With galactose being poorly oxidized for energy during activity, you're left with glucose and fructose to provide fuel to your working muscles. (fightmagazine.com)
  • Sugar gets absorbed by our small intestines and gets broken down into simpler forms: glucose, galactose, and fructose. (healthnews.com)
  • Blood tests showed that the women's leptin levels were 35% lower when they drank fructose-sweetened beverages than when they drank glucose beverages. (180degreehealth.com)
  • Only fructose fails to raise leptin levels while simultaneously inducing leptin resistance. (180degreehealth.com)
  • The dietary treatment corrects hypoglycemia (frequent meals, nocturnal enteral feeding through a nasogastric tube, later oral addition of uncooked starch), acidosis (restricted fructose and galactose intake) and hepatic complications (adenomas). (lu.se)
Monosaccharide2
  • Galactose is a monosaccharide consisting of 6 carbon atoms and it is an epimer of glucose, thus its transporter proteins are also SGLT1 and GLUT 2 (10, 12). (researchgate.net)
  • The monosaccharide composition of soluble fiber was dominated by arabinose, galactose, mannose and galacturonic acid. (nih.gov)
Sugars8
  • Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a condition in which the body cannot take in (absorb) the sugars glucose and galactose, which primarily results in severe diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These foods contain glucose, galactose, and another sugar called lactose that gets broken down into these two sugars. (medlineplus.gov)
  • GALM (glactose mutorotase, aldose1-epimerase) catalyzes the interconversion of the alpha and the beta anomers of hexose sugars like glucose and galactose and is not common. (medscape.com)
  • The first hit is an increase in the circulating levels of a specific kind of IgA that is lacking some sugars on its protein structure. (medscape.com)
  • LBP polysaccharides showed to have exceptional sources of the necessary cell sugars (glycoconjugates), rhamnose, xylose, sugar, mannose, arabinose and galactose- that are necessary for appropriate immune function and cells to interact. (slideshare.net)
  • Lactase binds to lactose in the food and breaks them down into glucose and galactose, two simple sugars that can be easily absorbed in the blood stream. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase is a blood test that measures the level of a substance called GALT, which helps break down milk sugars in your body. (mountsinai.org)
  • The gum contains different sugars such as D-galactose, D-arabinose, D-xylose and D-mannose. (who.int)
Monosaccharides2
Enzyme7
Galactokinase3
Mannose4
  • A cooperative and competitive interaction between multiple enzymes, cell lines, and cell culture conditions causes processing of the oligosaccharide structure during which some of the already attached moieties like mannose are trimmed to yield a fiveâ residue core (Man3GlcNAc2), to which N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), fucose, galactose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid or Neu5Ac) residues get added in a probabilistic fashion. (chromatographyonline.com)
  • We previously demonstrated that the TprA/PhrA QS system is required for pneumococcal utilization of galactose and mannose, neuraminidase activity, and virulence. (frontiersin.org)
  • We found that TprA controls the expression of nine different operons on galactose and mannose. (frontiersin.org)
  • It galactose, Dcarabinose, Dcxylose and Dc should be made clear to the public that swalc mannose. (who.int)
Lactase deficiency2
  • Hereditary galactose intolerance, severe lactase deficiency, glucose-galactose malabsorption: not recommended. (empr.com)
  • Carbohydrate intolerances with early onset and genetic cause include congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID), glucose-galactose malabsorption (GGM) and congenital lactase deficiency (CLD). (blueprintgenetics.com)
Carbohydrate1
  • Hashizume H, Fujiyama T, Umayahara T, Kageyama R, Walls AF, Satoh T. Repeated Amblyomma testudinarium tick bites are associated with increased galactose-α-1,3-galactose carbohydrate IgE antibody levels: A retrospective cohort study in a single institution. (cdc.gov)
Metabolism4
  • Since the metabolism of galactose is dependent on liver blood flow and hepatic functional mass, further studies are needed. (hindawi.com)
  • Galactose is catalyzed independent of cytochrome P450, so that its metabolism is less affected by drug induction or inhibition [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In normal diets, most galactose comes from the breakdown ( metabolism ) of lactose, which is found in milk and dairy products. (mountsinai.org)
  • Berry GT, Segal S and Gitzelmann R. Disorders of Galactose Metabolism. (medscape.com)
Contain glucose2
Antibody3
  • Humans make high levels of antibody to carbohydrates with terminal galactose α 1,3 galactose (Gal) modifications. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Immune injury contributes to age-dependent SVD through the interaction of galactose α 1,3 galactose (Gal) a dominant xenogeneic antigen present on commercial BHVs and universally abundant human anti-Gal antibody. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Insertional inactivation of gtcA brought about loss of reactivity with the serotype 4b-specific monoclonal antibody c74.22 and was accompanied by a complete lack of galactose and a marked reduction in the amounts of glucose on teichoic acid. (asm.org)
IgA15
  • They bind to this galactose-deficient IgA1, forming circulating immune complexes, that is referred to as hit number 3. (medscape.com)
  • There's also some evidence that there is what we call an overspill, where there is so much production of galactose-deficient IgA1 at the mucosa surface that it translocates back into the circulation. (medscape.com)
  • Since serum and urinary galactose deficient IgA1 levels are associated with the development of IgAN in patients with gross hematuria after the COVID-19 vaccination, the investigators collected both serum and urinary samples from baseline to six months. (consultantlive.com)
  • The data suggests galactose-deficient IgA1 levels in the glomeruli was boosted by a COVID-19 vaccination more than just increased serum levels. (consultantlive.com)
  • Our cohort study suggests that [gross hematuria] in IgAN is triggered by some alternations in glomerulus itself that facilitate the deposition of [galactose-deficient]-IgA1," investigators wrote. (consultantlive.com)
SLC5A11
  • Mutations in the SLC5A1 gene cause glucose-galactose malabsorption. (medlineplus.gov)
Maltose2
  • The DIDGET meter is based on Bayer's trusted CONTOUR ® system and uses the same technology and CONTOUR test strips, providing the same easy accuracy, No Coding™ technology, no interference with maltose, galactose and oxygen and automatic correction for hematocrit and many common interfering substances (e.g., acetaminophen, ascorbic acid). (news-medical.net)
  • Bayer innovated the measurement of A1C (glycated hemoglobin) and was the first to offer a suite of blood glucose monitors with No Coding™ technology and no interference from maltose and galactose. (news-medical.net)
Molecule2
  • This is referred to as galactose-deficient IgA , and it's essentially an IgA molecule that's lacking the right number of galactose sugar moieties. (medscape.com)
  • This study shows that persons in occupations such as timber harvesting and forestry and wildlife practitioners who encounter frequent exposure to ticks may have a high prevalence of sensitization to the sugar molecule galactose-a-1,3 galactose. (cdc.gov)
Milk7
  • The signs and symptoms of glucose-galactose malabsorption appear early in life when affected infants are fed breast milk or regular infant formulas. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Many metabolic disease specialists take a conservative approach and recommend galactose restriction in the first year of life when milk intake is highest, but this restriction is based primarily on theoretical concerns of galactose toxicity in infants with the Duarte D-2 variant. (medscape.com)
  • Galactose is a sugar that is part of the lactose found in milk and milk products. (healthwise.net)
  • Are you aware of any studies on milk / dairy and leptin levels? (180degreehealth.com)
  • that is caused by a lack of one of the enzymes necessary for metabolizing galactose, a sugar that is part of a larger sugar called lactose (milk sugar). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Galactose is a sugar that is present in milk as part of lactose and in some fruits and vegetables. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Bulk milk showed consistent levels of total mesophilic microorganisms (TMM) (5.0-6.0 log CFU/mL) and, after curdling, a general increase was recorded. (bvsalud.org)
Intolerance3
Liver6
  • When galactose builds up in a baby's blood, it can cause liver damage, problems with eating, and intellectual disabilities. (healthwise.net)
  • Liver function tests measure the levels of proteins called liver enzymes and bilirubin in your blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Glucose molecules are absorbed and transported to the liver while galactose molecules undergo another enzymatic reaction converting them to glucose. (vernier.com)
  • The galactose single-point (GSP) test assesses functioning liver mass by measuring the galactose concentration in the blood 1 hour after its administration. (hindawi.com)
  • The galactose single point (GSP) test is one novel method of assessing residual liver function. (hindawi.com)
  • The ability of hepatocytes to metabolize galactose depends on total functioning liver mass and blood flow through the liver [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
GALT1
Serum1
  • Serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA in children with IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura. (medscape.com)
Sialic acid2
  • We confirmed high levels of virus replication and abundant distribution of avian specific alpha2,3 sialic acid-galactose receptors in the oviduct of these turkeys. (usda.gov)
  • First, because respiratory tract epithelial cells in pigs contain the sialic acid receptors preferred by both avian (α2,3-N-acetylneuraminic acid-galactose) and human (α2,6-N-acetylneuraminic acid-galactose) influenza viruses (10) , pigs are postulated to serve as the "mixing vessel" hosts in which reassortment between avian and human viruses can generate genetically novel viruses with pandemic potential ( 7 , 11 , 12 ). (cdc.gov)
Abnormal1
  • When those levels go up, that is recognized by the body as being an abnormal finding against which we start forming autoantibodies, the IgA or IgG subtype. (medscape.com)
Utilization2
  • In the galactose-utilization (GAL) pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , gene induction is unimodal or bimodal depending on natural genetic variation and pre-induction conditions. (elifesciences.org)
  • Fanconi-Bickel syndrome caused by pathogenic mutations in SLC2A2 is a rare but well-defined clinical entity, characterized by hepatorenal glycogen accumulation, proximal renal tubular dysfunction, and impaired utilization of glucose and galactose. (blueprintgenetics.com)
Alpha-gal2
  • It has been discovered that people develop an allergy to an oligosaccharide galactose-a-1,3-galactose, also called alpha-gal, after experiencing tick bites. (cdc.gov)
  • Alpha-gal Syndrome (AGS) is a hypersensitivity reaction to galactose-α-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), found in non-primate mammalian meat and certain derivative products. (cdc.gov)
Hepatic1
  • Traditional hepatic function tests including indicators for hepatocellular injury (aminotransferase levels), biliary tract injury (alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, and total bilirubin), and functional synthesis (albumin, urea, glucose, and prothrombin time) are routinely checked in patients on HD [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Gene2
  • We have identified a novel gene, gtcA , involved in the decoration of cell wall teichoic acid of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b with galactose and glucose. (asm.org)
  • Community level coordination of gene expression is known as quorum sensing (QS). (frontiersin.org)
Blood12
  • The SGLT1 protein in kidney cells plays a role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As well as glucose, galactose is also absorbed in the intestine to reach the blood vessels. (researchgate.net)
  • Our pancreas controls our blood glucose levels by secreting insulin. (healthnews.com)
  • There is a common occurrence of an increase in blood glucose levels in the morning in some people with type 2 diabetes mellitus called the dawn phenomenon . (healthnews.com)
  • Taking Burinex may increase the amount of calcium passing into the urine leading to low calcium levels in your blood. (canadapharmacyonline.com)
  • Your doctor should do regular blood tests to check your potassium levels, electrolyte levels. (canadapharmacyonline.com)
  • Soluble: Helps decrease blood cholesterol and LDL levels, reduces straining with defecation, and blunts postprandial blood glucose levels. (nih.gov)
  • The DIDGET meter positively reinforces consistent blood glucose testing habits by awarding points that kids can use to unlock new game levels and customize their gaming experience. (news-medical.net)
  • Building on more than 40 years of experience since Bayer pioneered the first portable blood glucose meter, the company recently introduced CONTOUR USB, the first blood glucose monitor in the U.S. that connects directly to a PC or MAC - providing users with instant access to information and trends about their blood sugar levels. (news-medical.net)
  • Without this substance, the body cannot break down galactose, and the substance builds up in the blood. (mountsinai.org)
  • They cannot maintain their blood glucose levels and within a few hours after eating develop hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). (lu.se)
  • The low levels of glucose in the blood of these patients often result in chronic hunger, fatigue, and irritability that is especially noticeable in infants. (lu.se)
Sugar1
Symptoms1
Epithelial cells1
Severe2
  • Consistent with this, a number of studies have shown that patients with severe COVID-19 have highly elevated plasma levels of von Willebrand Factor (VWF) that may contribute to the prothrombotic phenotype. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Clinicians who treat patients in occupations with frequent exposure to ticks, or with mild to severe gastrointestinal reactions when they eat red meat, should access sensitization to galactose-a-galactose. (cdc.gov)
Concentration1
  • The galactose‑1‑phosphate concentration was significantly higher in cells cultured in HDI than in those cultured with ReproFF. (spandidos-publications.com)
Intestinal3
  • In the intestinal tract, the SGLT1 protein helps the body absorb glucose and galactose from the diet so the body can use them. (medlineplus.gov)
  • About 70% of the adult world population is lactose-intolerant, due to low levels of intestinal lactase, also called lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH), a β-D-galactosidase found in the apical surface of the intestinal microvilli. (researchgate.net)
  • microbiota intestinal, en especial con el uso de Lactobacilli y Bifidobacterium spp. (bvsalud.org)
Urine1
  • To test for galactose in a urine sample from a baby, a health professional will tape a plastic collection bag to the baby's genital area. (healthwise.net)
Additionally1
  • Additionally, chronic stress is often seen with imbalanced neurotransmitter levels and lowered levels of brain-derived, neurotrophic growth factors (BDNF). (naturalnews.com)
Metabolize1
Enzymes2
Diet5
  • Most patients appear to reach adulthood following institution of a galactose-restricted diet. (medscape.com)
  • Many intolerant individuals can tolerate low levels of lactose in their daily diet. (researchgate.net)
  • Assuming you aren't at very low bodyfat levels, you already have plenty of fatty acids to supply energy, so we want a lowfat diet. (ironmanmagazine.com)
  • Theoretically, any diet that raises leptin levels while decreasing leptin resistance should have the maximal effect - two bangs for one buck, and I believe this is precisely what is achieved on such advice. (180degreehealth.com)
  • Theoretically, any diet that raises leptin levels while decreasing leptin levels should have that effect, and this is precisely what is achieved on such advice. (180degreehealth.com)
Protein4
  • Galactose oxidase is a type II copper protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • The free radical in galactose oxidase is unusually stable compared to many other protein free radicals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The expression levels of α‑feto protein and albumin were significantly higher in the groups cultured with calcium lactate, sodium lactate and lactic acid as compared with ReproFF. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The protein content varies significantly among each generation, with T1 and T4 yogurt indicating higher levels compared to the T2 and T3 yogurt groups. (bvsalud.org)
Strains1
  • Serotype 4b strains are unique in bearing both galactose and glucose substituents on the Glc-NAc of TA (Fig. 1 ). (asm.org)
Component1
Reaction2
  • Although the oxidation reaction of D-galactose gives galactose oxidase its name, the coupled reduction of dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide is believed to have greater physiological significance in yeasts. (wikipedia.org)
  • In yeasts, galactose oxidase catalyzes the following reaction: D-galactose + O2 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } D-galacto-hexodialdose + H2O2 This reaction is essentially the oxidation of primary alcohol using dioxygen to form the corresponding aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. (wikipedia.org)
Mice5
  • To investigate the effects of Liriope platyphylla total saponin (LPTS) on learning, memory, neuromediators and metabolites in aging mice induced by D-galactose. (jcimjournal.com)
  • The Kunming mice in the NS-treated group were administered with NS by intraperitoneal injection, while the aging mice in the other eight groups were administered with D-galactose by intraperitoneal injection. (jcimjournal.com)
  • LPTS could improve the memory of aging mice induced by D-galactose, promote its body weight, and increase the thymus and spleen indexes of the aging mice. (jcimjournal.com)
  • Another 2012 study showed that Cordyceps lowered inflammatory markers in the brain of D-galactose injected mice and increased key anti-oxidants such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione. (naturalnews.com)
  • The non-treated mice showed signs of early mental decline while the Cordyceps treated mice showed great ability to think and function at a high level (3). (naturalnews.com)
Body2
  • It spans the membrane of cells in these body systems and moves (transports) glucose and galactose from outside the cell to inside the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When bodyfat levels are above about 15 percent for men and 20 percent for women, leptin resistance becomes a major player in body composition. (ironmanmagazine.com)
Glucose levels1
Broken1
Diabetes2
  • People with the dawn phenomenon may have significantly elevated hemoglobin A1c levels (a marker of how well-controlled your diabetes is). (healthnews.com)
  • Bayer's DIDGET meter is intended for use by kids ages 4-14 and grows with the child's ability to manage their diabetes, offering two testing levels, Basic and Advanced. (news-medical.net)
Sodium1