• Studies have suggested that preexisting splenic tissue injury and bacteremia are required to form a basis for an abscess. (medscape.com)
  • It is usually found around the splenic hilum or ligaments, pancreatic tail, or sometimes in the pancreatic parenchyma [ 7 ]. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Selective splenic arteriogram showing extravasation of contrast from the splenic artery at the splenic hilum prior to angioembolization. (medscape.com)
  • Morphologically the typical infarct is of a pyramidal wedge of affected splenic tissue with the apex pointing towards the hilum, and the base on the splenic capsule. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Splenic infarction is a condition in which blood flow supply to the spleen is compromised, leading to partial or complete infarction (tissue death due to oxygen shortage) in the organ. (wikipedia.org)
  • Splenic infarction occurs when the splenic artery or one of its branches are occluded, for example by a blood clot. (wikipedia.org)
  • Splenic infarction is also more common in hematological disorders with associated splenomegaly, such as the myeloproliferative disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • Splenic infarction can also result from a sickle cell crisis in patients with sickle cell anemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Any factor that directly compromises the splenic artery can cause infarction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Splenic infarction can be due to vasculitis or disseminated intravascular coagulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Various other conditions have been associated with splenic infarction in case reports, for example granulomatosis with polyangiitis or treatment with medications that predispose to vasospasm or blood clot formation, such as vasoconstrictors used to treat esophageal varices, sumatriptan or bevacizumab. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a single-center retrospective cases review, people who were admitted to the hospital with a confirmed diagnosis of acute splenic infarction, cardiogenic emboli was the dominant etiology followed by atrial fibrillation, autoimmune disease, associated infection, and hematological malignancy. (wikipedia.org)
  • In spite of those already had risk factors of developing splenic infarction, there were nine beforehand healthy people. (wikipedia.org)
  • Splenic infarction can be induced for the treatment of such conditions as portal hypertension or splenic injury. (wikipedia.org)
  • Splenic infarction resulting from systemic disorders (see the image below), such as hemoglobinopathies (especially sickle cell disease), leukemia, polycythemia, or vasculitis, can become infected and evolve into splenic abscesses. (medscape.com)
  • Splenic infarction is a result of ischemia to the spleen , and in many cases requires no treatment. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Patients with a splenic infarction may present with left upper quadrant pain. (radiopaedia.org)
  • It should be noted that ~40% (range 30-50%) of patients with splenic infarction are asymptomatic 9 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The appearance of splenic infarction depends on the timing of imaging and the size of the infarct. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Splenic infarcts can occur due to a number of processes, involving either arterial supply, the spleen itself or the venous drainage. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Typically infarcts are hypoechoic compared to the rest of the spleen, although acutely they can be isoechoic and hard to identify. (radiopaedia.org)
  • multiple infarcts appear as hypodense non-enhancing lesions, with normal intervening enhancing splenic tissue. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The history and physical examination are not sufficiently reliable to make the diagnosis of splenic abscess. (medscape.com)
  • The size and location of a splenic abscess determines its relations to the surrounding organs and the possible routes for extension or fistulization. (medscape.com)
  • This patient has splenic abscess due to pneumococcal bacteremia. (medscape.com)
  • Complications include a ruptured spleen, bleeding, an abscess of the spleen (for example, if the underlying cause is infective endocarditis) or pseudocyst formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infective endocarditis, a condition associated with systemic embolization in 22-50% of cases, has a 10-20% incidence of associated splenic abscess. (medscape.com)
  • Rarely, splenic abscess can be caused by a parasitic infection such as brucellosis[15] or umbilical catheterization in the newborn. (medscape.com)
  • In sickle cell disease, repeated splenic infarctions lead to a non-functional spleen (autosplenectomy). (wikipedia.org)
  • Accessory spleen, which results from a failure of the embryonic splenic anlage to fuse and extreme lobulation that separates splenic tissue, is a normal variant observed in 10%-30% of individuals [ 7 ]. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Intrapancreatic accessory spleen (IPAS) may mimic pancreatic neoplasms, but requires no further treatment. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Examples include abdominal traumas, aortic dissection, torsion of the splenic artery (for example, in wandering spleen) or external compression on the artery by a tumor. (wikipedia.org)
  • The normal adult spleen weighs up to 150 g, measures 4 × 7 × 11 cm, and represents the largest single accumulation of lymphoid tissue in the body. (medscape.com)
  • Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy has a primary role in the initial management of splenic abscesses. (medscape.com)
  • Small solitary or multiple abscesses tend to remain contained by the splenic capsule. (medscape.com)
  • Advanced abscesses in the spleen's upper pole can fistulize into the pleura. (medscape.com)
  • Abscesses originating from the lower pole can involve the splenic flexure and communicate with the colonic lumen. (medscape.com)
  • Splenic abscesses occur in a variety of clinical scenarios. (medscape.com)
  • Resected spleen (same as in above image) with abscesses caused by pneumococcal bacteremia. (medscape.com)
  • Abscesses of the spleen have been reported periodically since the time of Hippocrates. (medscape.com)
  • 2, 3] For example, the incidence of splenic abscesses in Denmark was 0.056% per 1000 somatic hospital discharges per year or 0.0049% per year of all hospital deaths. (medscape.com)
  • Splenic abscesses have diverse etiologies. (medscape.com)
  • Alcoholics, diabetics, and patients who are immunosuppressed are among the most susceptible to splenic abscesses. (medscape.com)
  • Concomitantly with the increasing frequency of imaging, more splenic lesions are being discovered and the requirements for the differential diagnosis are rising. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • In this pictorial essay, we introduce the representative US findings of many different splenic lesions, including normal sonographic findings, normal variants and congenital anomalies, infectious conditions, benign and malignant neoplasms, and non-neoplastic lesions. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Knowledge of the US features of various splenic lesions will help narrow the differential diagnosis and guide clinical decision-making. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • However, with the increasing frequency of imaging and advances in imaging technology, more incidental splenic lesions are being discovered and the subsequent requirements for the differential diagnosis are growing. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Therefore, this pictorial essay elucidates the US findings of various splenic lesions, in correlation with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and pathology. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Splenic trauma is another well-recognized etiologic factor. (medscape.com)
  • The spleen, sometimes called "the forgotten organ" of the abdomen, has received less attention than other abdominal solid organs, as splenic diseases are less common and frequently clinically asymptomatic [ 1 ]. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • The spleen lies beneath the left hemidiaphragm and is attached to the stomach, left kidney, and diaphragm by the gastrosplenic, lienorenal, and phrenolienal ligaments. (medscape.com)
  • Due to the location of the spleen, tucked under the left hemidiaphragm, referred pain to the left shoulder is also a feature 9 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The second part consists of lymphoid organs and tissues including the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. (pearson.com)
  • Its noninvasiveness, extensive range of application, and low cost make US a useful and valuable tool for the detection, diagnosis, and follow-up of splenic abnormalities. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Ultrasonography is a useful and valuable tool for the detection, diagnosis, and follow-up of splenic abnormalities. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Although it can occur asymptomatically, the typical symptom is severe pain in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, sometimes radiating to the left shoulder. (wikipedia.org)
  • The spleen is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, posterolateral to the stomach. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Note that massively enlarged spleen is readily visible, with minimal retraction in left upper quadrant. (medscape.com)
  • In US, the spleen is readily examined in several positions, including the supine, right lateral decubitus, and prone positions, through the subcostal or oblique intercostal plane, using a 3-5 MHz curved transducer [ 6 ]. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Therefore, US is widely used and frequently chosen as the first imaging modality for most abdominal imaging, both for general abdominal examinations and for patients suspected of having splenic diseases. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • The normal spleen shows a uniform echotexture similar to or slightly more hyperechoic than the liver or renal parenchyma. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • In some conditions, blood clots form in one part of the circulatory system and then dislodge and travel to another part of the body, which could include the spleen. (wikipedia.org)
  • If liquefaction occurs, the area may be rounded and anechoic ( splenic pseudocyst ). (radiopaedia.org)
  • To describe how the structures of the lymph nodes and spleen reflect their functions of filtering lymph and blood. (pearson.com)
  • Septic thromboemboli may result in splenic abscesses, which present with sepsis and left upper abdominal pain. (medscape.com)
  • A 4-year-old girl presented with acute left upper quadrant abdominal pain and anorexia of 4 days' duration. (unav.edu)
  • It often appears with left upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, chills. (bvsalud.org)
  • CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 29-year-old Arab female who was admitted to the hospital with severe upper abdominal pain that started 1 week from the date of admission, associated with nausea, anorexia, low-grade fever, and vomiting, with no past medical history or comorbidities. (bvsalud.org)
  • In a 10-year retrospective study, Antopolsky et al examined clinical presentations in 49 episodes of acute splenic infarction. (medscape.com)
  • A case series of splenic infarction during acute malaria in northwest Rajasthan, India. (medscape.com)
  • In a single-center retrospective cases review, people who were admitted to the hospital with a confirmed diagnosis of acute splenic infarction, cardiogenic emboli was the dominant etiology followed by atrial fibrillation, autoimmune disease, associated infection, and hematological malignancy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additional symptoms include fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, pleuritic chest pain, and left shoulder pain (Kehr sign). (medscape.com)
  • Franklin QJ, Compeggie M. Splenic syndrome in sickle cell trait: four case presentations and a review of the literature. (medscape.com)
  • Sheikha A. Splenic syndrome in patients at high altitude with unrecognized sickle cell trait: splenectomy is often unnecessary. (medscape.com)
  • Splenic infarction can also result from a sickle cell crisis in patients with sickle cell anemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • In sickle cell disease, repeated splenic infarctions lead to a non-functional spleen (autosplenectomy). (wikipedia.org)
  • A computerized tomography scan with contrast showed intraperitoneal free fluid along with multiple hypodense splenic cysts. (bvsalud.org)
  • Non-traumatic splenic false cysts are rare and show nonspecific clinical findings and symptoms. (bvsalud.org)
  • Changing patterns in the management of splenic trauma: the impact of nonoperative management. (medscape.com)
  • Hayashi H, Beppu T, Okabe K, Masuda T, Okabe H, Baba H. Risk factors for complications after partial splenic embolization for liver cirrhosis. (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, this is a lethal condition due to the high probability of splenic rupture accompanied by shock. (bvsalud.org)
  • Complications associated with embolization in the treatment of blunt splenic injury. (medscape.com)
  • Splenic infarction is a condition in which blood flow supply to the spleen is compromised, leading to partial or complete infarction (tissue death due to oxygen shortage) in the organ. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although it can occur asymptomatically, the typical symptom is severe pain in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, sometimes radiating to the left shoulder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the images were not typical of a splenic false cyst, the surgically excised mass histologically showed a splenic false cyst (no epithelial element). (bvsalud.org)
  • The spleen lies beneath the left hemidiaphragm and is attached to the stomach, left kidney, and diaphragm by the gastrosplenic, lienorenal, and phrenolienal ligaments. (medscape.com)
  • Splenic infarction can be due to vasculitis or disseminated intravascular coagulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Splenic infarction can be induced for the treatment of such conditions as portal hypertension or splenic injury. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abdominal ultrasonography revealed multiple hypoechoic splenic masses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Splenic masses revealed multiple masses with no contrast effect in arterial and portal phases and nuclear in equilibrium phase by contrast computed tomography study, as well as hyperintensity masses with low signal areas in magnetic resonance imaging T2-weighted images. (bvsalud.org)
  • Splenic infarction is also more common in hematological disorders with associated splenomegaly, such as the myeloproliferative disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common symptom was either abdominal or left flank pain (80% of episodes), while the most common sign was left-upper-quadrant tenderness (35% of episodes). (medscape.com)
  • Various other conditions have been associated with splenic infarction in case reports, for example granulomatosis with polyangiitis or treatment with medications that predispose to vasospasm or blood clot formation, such as vasoconstrictors used to treat esophageal varices, sumatriptan or bevacizumab. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many aspects of splenic peliosis remain puzzling requiring more research in the near future. (bvsalud.org)
  • Note that massively enlarged spleen is readily visible, with minimal retraction in left upper quadrant. (medscape.com)