Mannan-bindinPathogensToll-like receAlternative pathwayProteinsAntibodiesMannose-bindinClassical pathwayAntigenInnate immunityMoleculesIntracellularCLRsSerine ProteasesImmunityDifferentiationEndogenousCellular pathwaysMolecular patternsGenesAntigensPhagocytosisInflammatoryChemokinesTLR4TissuesTriggerProinflammatoryRolesInteractionsPathogenicActivationInfectionAdaptive immune responsesGlycosylation patternsMacrophagesBindsProteinExpressionCellCellsMutationInteractionIntestinalMechanismsPhosphorylation
Mannan-bindin2
- The lectin pathway is activated when pattern-recognition receptors, like mannan-binding lectin or ficolins, recognize and bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the antigen, including sugars. (wikipedia.org)
- Collagen triple helices are critical in the function of mannan-binding lectin (MBL), an oligomeric recognition molecule in complement activation. (bvsalud.org)
Pathogens6
- In innate immunity, immune cells are activated by their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which bind to pattern molecules of invading pathogens. (fortunejournals.com)
- In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis, in particular focusing on the related receptors for recognition and internalization of pathogens as well as the downstream signal pathways and intracellular regulators involved in the process of hemocyte phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
- Phagocytosis currently is described as an endocytic process that endogenous foreign particles or pathogens larger than 0.5 μm were first recognized by phagocyte surface receptor and then uptaken and engulfed into a plasma-membrane device, known as phagosome, following initiation of a signaling cascade to generate phagolysosome by fusion of phagosome with lysosomes. (frontiersin.org)
- The immune system utilizes sensors on immune cells named pattern recognition receptors to recognize invading pathogens and foreign substances. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Activation of the different pathways is mediated by pathway-specific proteins that recognize molecular patterns on pathogens. (ashpublications.org)
- Efficient recognition of foreign pathogens by T cells requires adhesive interactions between T cells and other cell types, such as endothelial cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and with components of the extracellular matrix. (scielo.br)
Toll-like rece3
- Studies were also presented on novel molecules involved in the recognition of carbohydrate antigens such as specific intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-grabbing nonintegrins, which are C-type lectins that show substantial expression in many tissues, and toll-like receptors, which function as pattern recognition receptors for conserved pathogen structures and serve as key links between innate and adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)
- The most common and widely studied PRRs are toll-like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) [8]. (fortunejournals.com)
- They recognize microorganisma through their Fc, complement and toll-like receptors (TLR), as well as non-TLR. (medscape.com)
Alternative pathway5
- Other than the alternative pathway, which is constantly active, C3a formation is triggered by pathogenic infection. (wikipedia.org)
- The alternative pathway of complement activation is typically always active at low levels in blood plasma through a process called tick-over, in which C3 spontaneously hydrolyzes into its active form, C3(H2O). (wikipedia.org)
- Complement can be triggered by one of three distinct pathways: the classical pathway (CP), alternative pathway (AP), or lectin (LP) pathway. (ashpublications.org)
- The alternative pathway is activated in an antibody-independent manner. (medscape.com)
- for example, the proteins factor H and factor I inhibit the formation of the enzyme C3 convertase of the alternative pathway. (medscape.com)
Proteins6
- At that time, glycobiology, which is the study of carbohydrates and their recognition by motif-specific carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins, lagged far behind the studies that defined the structural and cellular biology of cell death. (nature.com)
- We have previously shown that hemocyanins are internalized by APCs through receptor-mediated endocytosis with proteins that contain C-type lectin domains, such as mannose receptor (MR). However, the contribution of other innate immune receptors to the proinflammatory signaling pathway triggered by hemocyanins is unknown. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Many host proteins can also function as cofactors for viral entry, such as heparin sulfate proteoglycans, C-type lectins, neuropilin-1 and furin [ 10 - 13 ]. (ijbs.com)
- As shown recently, polySia-modified proteins can also be released by activated microglia, and the intrinsically released protein-bound and exogenously applied free polySia were equally able to attenuate proinflammatory microglia activation via the inhibitory immune receptor Siglec-E. Here, we explore polySia as a candidate substance for promoting myelin regeneration by immunomodulation. (for2953-sia.de)
- Lectins are proteins of non-immunological origin with the ability to bind to carbohydrates reversibly. (bvsalud.org)
- The important components of this system are various cell membrane-associated proteins such as complement receptor 1 (CR1), complement receptor 2 (CR2), and decay accelerating factor (DAF). (medscape.com)
Antibodies3
- The classical pathway of complement activation is initiated when the C1 complex, made up of C1r and C1s serine proteases, recognizes the Fc region of IgM or IgG antibodies bound to a pathogen. (wikipedia.org)
- Opsonins are often antibodies or components of the complement pathway that bind to the surface of target organisms to facilitate this phagocytosis. (medscape.com)
- Examples of this exception are the elderly individuals infected during the 2009 pandemic season who made antibodies with broader epitope recognition and higher avidity than those made by younger individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
Mannose-bindin3
- These bound receptors then complex with Mannose-Binding Lectin-Associated Serine Proteases (MASPs), which have proteolytic activity similar to the C1 complex. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, differential binding was observed also to known endogenous ligands C1q, mannose-binding lectin, and secretory IgA. (researchgate.net)
- Pattern-recognition molecules such as mannose-binding lectin (MBL), collectins, and ficolins-collectively termed lectins-bind to DAMPs on injured host cells, forming activation complexes with MBL-associated serine proteases 1, 2, and 3 (MASP-1, MASP-2, and MASP-3). (biomedcentral.com)
Classical pathway6
- C1q mediates the classical pathway by activating the C1 complex, which cleaves C4 and C2 into smaller fragments (C4a, C4b, C2a, and C2b). (wikipedia.org)
- Cold agglutinin-driven classical pathway activity terminates prior to the initiation of the terminal cascade in CAD patient blood. (ashpublications.org)
- Activation of the classical pathway (CP) of complement is often associated with autoimmune disorders in which disease pathology is linked to the presence of an autoantibody. (ashpublications.org)
- 1] The genetic deficiency of early components of the classical pathway (C1q, C1r/s, C2, C4) tend to be linked with autoimmune diseases[2] , whereas C5 to C9 may have enhanced susceptibilty to meningococcal disease. (medscape.com)
- The classical pathway is triggered by interaction of the Fc portion of an antibody (immunoglobulin [Ig] M, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3) or C-reactive protein with C1q. (medscape.com)
- Lectins activate the lectin pathway in a manner similar to the antibody interaction with complement in the classical pathway. (medscape.com)
Antigen8
- There are three pathways of activation, each of which leads to the formation of C3a and C3b, which is involved in antigen opsonization. (wikipedia.org)
- Their response involves antigen capture, enhancing their MHC-II presentation receptors and production of chemokines and/or cytokines at the site of inflammation [9]. (fortunejournals.com)
- Significant structural features of hemocyanins as a model antigen are their glycosylation patterns. (exeter.ac.uk)
- NK cells are themselves adaptive: remembering their encounters and mounting pattern-sensitive (antigen-aware) secondary responses. (ishinobu.com)
- We have previously demonstrated that the C-type lectin macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), expressed by human antigen presenting cells, can distinguish healthy tissue from CRC through its specific recognition of Tn antigen. (oncotarget.com)
- 2020/2023 Development of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell therapy targeting oncological-associated chondroitin sulfate as cancer treatment. (ulisboa.pt)
- 2020/2021 Development of a novel chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy using B-cell activating factor, for triple targeting of B-cell specific receptors for multiple myeloma and other mature B cell neoplasms. (ulisboa.pt)
- discuss the role of integrins in T cell- mediated immunity, with a focus on how these receptors participate in lymphocyte recirculation and T cell activation, how antigen stimulation regulates integrin activity, and how integrins define functionally unique subsets of T cells and APCs. (scielo.br)
Innate immunity1
- Mincle is a C-type lectin receptor that has emerged as an important player in innate immunity. (invivogen.com)
Molecules3
- C3a molecules induce responses through the GPCR C3a receptor. (wikipedia.org)
- Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
- The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Intracellular3
- Intracellular lectins and glycan-modifying enzymes mediate autophagy and control host immunity and inflammation. (nature.com)
- Upon ligand recognition, Mincle interacts with the Fc receptor common γ-chain (FcRγ), which triggers intracellular signaling through Syk leading to CARD9-dependent NF-κB activation. (invivogen.com)
- Syk also induces the mobilization of intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) and the activation of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway. (invivogen.com)
CLRs2
- In the Brown Group, we are interested in a superfamily of receptors called C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). (exeter.ac.uk)
- We have recently identified a novel family of CLRs and my research is aimed at better understanding the roles and functions of these receptors and how they influence innate and adaptive immunity during fungal infection. (exeter.ac.uk)
Serine Proteases1
- Similarly, the enzyme C1q esterase acts as an inhibitor of the classic pathway serine proteases C1r and C1s. (medscape.com)
Immunity2
- How do C-type lectins tailor adaptive immunity following phagocytosis of apoptotic cells? (nature.com)
- We report an unanticipated transcriptional activity triggered in stigma upon incompatible pollination and show that following compatible interaction, components of the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) pathway are induced on the female side. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentiation2
- Monocyte development and differentiation pathways. (frontiersin.org)
- The neutrophil maturation and differentiation pathway termed myelopoiesis takes approximately 12 days. (medscape.com)
Endogenous3
- Endogenous lectins and glycans are critical signals in the resolution of cell death. (nature.com)
- This receptor recognizes a variety of exogenous and endogenous stimuli, such as mycobacteria, some fungi, and necrotic cells [1, 2]. (invivogen.com)
- Furthermore, Mincle senses damaged cells by recognizing endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) [4]. (invivogen.com)
Cellular pathways2
- Understanding the mechanistic aspects of the genetic control and the cellular pathways of the immune response to bacterial carbohydrate antigens should provide insights into ways to enhance the immune response and thus facilitate vaccine development. (cdc.gov)
- Here we describe the cellular pathways involved in the host response to experimental pneumococcal meningitis in specified disease states and brain regions. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecular patterns3
- The ligands include molecular patterns like lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are the constituents of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. (fortunejournals.com)
- This reprogramming of immune cells might be induced by microbe-associated molecular patterns (two), i.e. (glucagon-receptor.com)
- In particular, the lectin pathway of complement is activated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) on the surface of injured endothelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes5
- Exposure to 367.0 µg/L BPAF showed an increasing trend in the transcript levels of lipid synthesis and transport-related genes such as fatty acid synthase (fasn), sterol regulatory element binding protein (srebf), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (dgat), solute carrier family 27 member 4 (slc27a4), fatty acid-binding protein (fabp), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (pparγ) in the liver. (bvsalud.org)
- Another cluster included genes encoding enzymes in the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
- Genes and pathways associated with lactation number in cows were identified for the first time to date, and we found that many were comparable to those known to be associated with ageing in humans and model organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
- Discussion Our understanding of helpful quantitative trait loci, genes, and pathways that play roles within the avoidance of Na+ toxicity at cellular and tissue levels has steadily enhanced (457). (glucagon-receptor.com)
- Four latency types (0, I, II, III) are defined depending on the expression pattern of EBV latent genes, and at the same time are linked to a particular tumor type [ 6 , 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
Antigens4
- The generation of receptors specific for antigens is a unique and complex process that generates 10 12 specific receptors for each cell type of the adaptive immune system, including T and B cells. (medscape.com)
- Various cell types can process and present these antigens to T cells, or antigens may be soluble and bound to B-cell receptors. (medscape.com)
- T-cell development ensures the formation of diverse repertoires of T-cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize a variety of antigens. (for2953-sia.de)
- EBV miRNAs also inhibit the expression of viral antigens, thereby enabling infected cells to escape immune recognition. (ijbs.com)
Phagocytosis1
- Sensing of fungi by monocytes triggers signaling pathways that mediate direct effects like phagocytosis and cytokine production. (frontiersin.org)
Inflammatory4
- C3a is primarily regarded for its role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as an anaphylatoxin, moderating and activating multiple inflammatory pathways. (wikipedia.org)
- Although complement is one of the first lines of defense against infection, hyperactivity of specific pathways has been described in numerous autoimmune and inflammatory disease settings. (ashpublications.org)
- In type 2 diabetes, receptor activation and recognition by microorganisms from the intestinal lumen may trigger inflammatory responses, inducing the phosphorylation of serine residues in insulin receptor substrate-1, reducing insulin sensitivity. (biomedcentral.com)
- Endothelial injury triggers activation of the complement system-significantly through the lectin pathway-via altered cell-surface patterns on injured endothelial cells, initiating an inflammatory response [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chemokines1
- During inflammation or infection, classical monocytes are mobilized from bone marrow reserves in response to chemokines that bind to the CCR2 receptor, such as CCL2 and CCL7 ( Shi and Pamer, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
TLR43
- Thus, we studied the roles of Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the hemocyanin activation of murine APCs, both in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, using hemocyanins from Megathura crenulata (KLH), Concholepas concholepas (CCH) and Fissurella latimarginata (FLH). (exeter.ac.uk)
- Moreover, DCs from mice deficient for MyD88-adapter-like (Mal), a downstream adapter molecule of TLR4, were partially activated by FLH, suggesting a role of the TLR pathway in hemocyanin recognition to activate APCs. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Our data showed the involvement of TLR4 in the hemocyanin-mediated proinflammatory response in APCs, which could cooperate with MR in innate immune recognition of these glycoproteins. (exeter.ac.uk)
Tissues1
- This first step of the female-male interaction includes recognition by the female tissues of the male partner. (biomedcentral.com)
Trigger3
- These receptors trigger inflammation through the NFkB-dependent and interferon regulatory factor-dependent signaling pathway. (medscape.com)
- These receptors trigger a plethora of immune responses that confer protection against infection and could also contribute to unwanted exacerbated immune responses. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Activation of the lectin pathway may also trigger the coagulation cascade via MASP-2 cleavage of prothrombin to thrombin. (biomedcentral.com)
Proinflammatory1
- However, hemocyanin-induced proinflammatory effects in APCs from Dectin-1 knock-out (KO) and Dectin-2 KO mice were independent of both receptors. (exeter.ac.uk)
Roles2
- The emergence of functional studies on animal lectins during the 1990s has provided the appropriate framework to better understand their roles in cell death. (nature.com)
- We discuss here the contribution of glycan-lectin interactions to the initiation, execution and resolution of apoptosis and their emerging roles in other cell death programs including autophagy. (nature.com)
Interactions2
- 10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
- Additionally, the host serine protease TMPRSS2 is important for priming of the S protein for receptor interactions and entry [ 9 ]. (ijbs.com)
Pathogenic1
- C-type lectin Mincle is an activating receptor for pathogenic fungus, Malassezia. (invivogen.com)
Activation3
- The bend in MBL GQG peptides resembles the bend in the collagen of complement C1q and may be key for lectin pathway activation. (bvsalud.org)
- Here we discuss evidence for the role of lectin pathway activation in endothelial injury-associated complications of HSCT and how targeting complement activity may provide therapeutic benefit for patients with HSCT-TMA. (biomedcentral.com)
- Platelet activation pathways. (medscape.com)
Infection1
- Here, type I Interferon signaling is required to dampen parasite load during liver-stage infections, but leads to host mobidity if these pathways are activated in the erythrocytic phase of infection. (umassmed.edu)
Adaptive immune responses1
- However, we know very little of how these receptors, in particular Dectin-1, influences adaptive immune responses to fungi. (exeter.ac.uk)
Glycosylation patterns1
- Glycogenes and altered glycosylation patterns, including increased sialylation of O-glycans (2), core fucosylation (3), and glycosyltransferase expression levels (4), have been detected in various cancers. (vectorlabs.com)
Macrophages1
- ALOX5 arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase: macrophages infected with Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus fumigatus or treated with Curdlan, a selective agonist of pattern recognition receptor for fungi Dectin-1, displays increased expression of ALOX5, ALOX15 and PTGS2 Karnam et al, 2015 . (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
Binds2
- C3a is a 77 residue anaphylatoxin that binds to the C3a receptor (C3aR), a class A G protein-coupled receptor. (wikipedia.org)
- Of them, SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds to its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) [ 8 , 9 ], to enter the cells. (ijbs.com)
Protein2
- C3a induces an immunological response through a 482 residue G-protein-coupled receptor called C3a receptor (C3aR). (wikipedia.org)
- In innate immune system, N protein inhibits IFN-β production and RNAi pathway for virus survival. (ijbs.com)
Expression4
- Using a series of lectins, they confirmed the differential expression of N-glycan structures in breast cancer. (vectorlabs.com)
- The starting point of the study was mapping out the N-glycan expression pattern in breast cancer. (vectorlabs.com)
- Lectin staining with PHA-E confirmed the suppressed expression of bisecting GlcNAc in breast cancer cells. (vectorlabs.com)
- Through loss-of-function studies, I report the necessity of this transcript in mediating IL-1α mRNA expression by affecting RNAPII binding to the IL-1α promoter after toll-like receptor signaling. (umassmed.edu)
Cell6
- A new rapid method for detecting epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. (cdc.gov)
- Usefulness of Bronchoscopic Rebiopsy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Acquired Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. (cdc.gov)
- Glycosylation of classical death receptors fine-tunes cell death programs. (nature.com)
- Understanding the function of lectin-glycan recognition systems in cell death will facilitate the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling unbalanced cell proliferation and survival in several pathologic conditions. (nature.com)
- According to the "two-step model," the intrathymic generation of CD4⁺ regulatory T (T(reg)) cells segregates into a first, T cell receptor (TCR)-driven phase and a second, cytokine-dependent phase. (shengsci.com)
- Deciphering the specific transcriptomic response of both pollen and stigmatic cells during their interaction constitutes an important challenge to better our understanding of this cell recognition event. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells5
- Although lectins were already known because of their ability to agglutinate red blood cells, 3 the involvement of lectins and glycans in PCD had not been elucidated. (nature.com)
- Mincle is an ITAM-coupled activating receptor that senses damaged cells. (invivogen.com)
- To detect and destroy microbial invaders, an immune system covers 2 territories: cells and the extracellular pathways of the body, including the circulatory system. (ishinobu.com)
- The variation in fluorescence intensities, resulting from differential recognition in normal and cancer cells, was translated into a heatmap. (vectorlabs.com)
- Among the 14 lectins with the highest variations, PHA-E was found to correspond to bisecting GlcNAc, which was downregulated in breast cancer cells. (vectorlabs.com)
Mutation2
- Clinical characteristics, tumor, node, metastasis status, and mutation rate in domain of epidermal growth factor receptor gene in serbian patients with lung adenocarcinoma. (cdc.gov)
- a reduction was also observed in DCs from C3H/HeJ mice, a mouse strain with a nonfunctional mutation for this receptor. (exeter.ac.uk)
Interaction1
- This rejection mechanism is initiated by a ligand-receptor interaction and is genetically controlled by a single polymorphic locus, called the S -locus [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Intestinal1
- In contrast, the intestinal SALSA was more enriched with the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains. (researchgate.net)
Mechanisms1
- These self/non-self recognition mechanisms underlie self-incompatibility and promote genetic variability in the species. (biomedcentral.com)
Phosphorylation1
- We further showed that KLH and FLH induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, a key event involved in the TLR signaling pathway. (exeter.ac.uk)