• Since 1959, highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) were offered an inactivated influenza A(H5N1) vaccine on subtypes H5 and H7 have caused outbreaks in poultry a voluntary basis on the day the first serum specimens were resulting in high mortality rates and have also caused spo- collected, and vaccination histories within 1 year before the radic infections in humans ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • All 6 persons had not been isolated from humans, but previous studies who showed seroconversion for influenza A(H5N2) virus have provided serologic evidence for subclinical infections had received vaccinations for influenza A(H5N1) and sea- sonal influenza (Table 2). (cdc.gov)
  • A down-regulation of mRNA expression was observed for the main regulators of p53 protein stability during infection by the complete set of viruses tested, and a significant decrease in p53 mRNA expression was also observed in H5N1 infected cells. (nih.gov)
  • samples positive for influenza A are then subtyped as H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, or H7N9. (flutrackers.com)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • Scientists are currently most concerned about the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus known as H5N1. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 2003, multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5 subtypes, including H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have generated severe epidemics and thus not only tremendous economic losses in the domestic poultry industry, but also serious threats to human health worldwide ( Jhung and Nelson, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • As of October 3, 2016, at least 856 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in 16 countries had been reported to the World Health Organization, among which 452 had ended in death, for an apparent case fatality rate of 52.8% ( WHO, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The H5N1 outbreaks among poultry in Asia have been associated with human cases in Thailand and Vietnam. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • There is no epidemiologic link between the H5N1 virus in Asia and the H5N2 virus in Texas. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • In late December, a sick cat in the Deux-Sèvres département tested positive for the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. (anses.fr)
  • ANSES, the national reference laboratory, confirmed the contamination of a cat by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in late 2022. (anses.fr)
  • The only subtypes known to be able to cross the species barrier to humans are H5N1 and H7N9. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • In 1997, the H5N1 virus first infected humans during an outbreak among poultry in Hong Kong. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
  • From the Interior, to the Fraser Valley and Vancouver Island, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has identified high-pathogenic strains (HPAI) of H5N1 - the most deadly variety of avian influenza or "bird flu"- in 42 B.C. flocks. (prpeak.com)
  • H5N1 infection in humans can cause severe disease and has a high mortality rate," states the WHO. (prpeak.com)
  • If the H5N1 virus were to change and become easily transmissible from person to person while retaining its capacity to cause severe disease, the consequences for public health could be very serious. (prpeak.com)
  • Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • Since its discovery in the late 1990s, the avian flu virus, or H5N1, has infected at least 100 people, more than half of whom have died. (sourcewatch.org)
  • To date, roughly 103 people have been infected with the H5N1 avian influenza virus--or bird flu. (sourcewatch.org)
  • The Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population has announced two new human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. (citizen-news.org)
  • The widespread persistence of H5N1 in poultry populations poses two main risks for human health. (citizen-news.org)
  • Of the few avian influenza viruses that have crossed the species barrier to infect humans, H5N1 has caused the largest number of cases of severe disease and death in humans. (citizen-news.org)
  • Unlike normal seasonal influenza, where infection causes only mild respiratory symptoms in most people, the disease caused by H5N1 follows an unusually aggressive clinical course, with rapid deterioration and high fatality. (citizen-news.org)
  • NS1 of H5N1/04, H5N1/97 and H7N9 was very effective at suppressing interferon type I promoter, which correlates with the severity of the infection in humans. (helsinki.fi)
  • It was H5N1, or "avian flu," discovered two decades prior, but known only to infect birds. (defenseone.com)
  • Severe illness caused by viruses such as H5N1 also means that infected people can be identified and isolated, or that they died quickly. (defenseone.com)
  • The H5N1 avian influenza virus has spread to more than 40 countries. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Since the first confirmed human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China) in 1997, sporadic zoonotic avian influenza viruses causing human illness have been identified globally with the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region as a hotspot. (who.int)
  • A resurgence of A(H5N1) occurred in humans and animals in November 2003. (who.int)
  • Between November 2003 and September 2017, WHO received reports of 1838 human infections with avian influenza viruses A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H6N1), A(H7N9), A(H9N2) and A(H10N8) in the Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
  • Most of the infections were with A(H7N9) ( n = 1562, 85%) and A(H5N1) ( n = 238, 13%) viruses, and most ( n = 1583, 86%) were reported from December through April. (who.int)
  • The pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses gained larger recognition in 1997 when the first known human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China). (who.int)
  • 6 Thereafter, the number of countries reporting human infections with A(H5N1) virus increased, especially between 2003 and 2008. (who.int)
  • As of September 2017, outbreaks associated with A(H5N1) viruses in domestic poultry and wild birds have occurred in more than 60 countries, and sporadic human infections with A(H5N1) viruses have been reported in 16 countries. (who.int)
  • A 53% case fatality has been reported among human cases of A(H5N1), which has been associated with severe pneumonia. (who.int)
  • 7 In addition to A(H5N1), other novel zoonotic influenza viruses infecting humans have emerged, including A(H5N6), A(H7N9), A(H10N8), A(H6N1) and a novel A(H1N2) variant. (who.int)
  • 2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
  • So far, the majority of the human H5N1 (haemagluttinin type 5 and neuraminidase subtype 1) infections have been linked to close contact with infected domestic birds during home slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering and preparation for cooking. (who.int)
  • The H5N1 virus was first identified in Hong Kong in 1997 where it infected 18 people and caused six deaths. (who.int)
  • The presence of the H5N1 virus in Africa is of great concern to human and animal health due to several factors requiring urgent action by Member States. (who.int)
  • The number of humans infected by H5N1 is increasing. (who.int)
  • WHO Rapid Advice Guidelines for pharmacological management of sporadic human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. (medscape.com)
  • Peiris JS, de Jong MD, Guan Y. Avian influenza virus (H5N1): a threat to human health. (medscape.com)
  • Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A H5N1 replication sites in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Re-emergence of fatal human influenza A subtype H5N1 disease. (medscape.com)
  • In 2011, H9N2 viruses were observed to be co-circulating and co-infecting the same hosts as H5N1 viruses. (who.int)
  • In the 2014-2015 winter season, H5N1 was circulating heavily in poultry flocks and caused an unprecedented number of human infections. (who.int)
  • Surveillance for avian influenza viruses must continue in Egypt to monitor further developments in H5N1 circulation in poultry. (who.int)
  • En 2011, on a remarqué que les virus H9N2 circulaient en même temps et co-infectaient les mêmes hôtes que les virus H5N1. (who.int)
  • Pendant la saison hivernale 2014-2015, le virus H5N1 a considérablement circulé dans les élevages de volailles, entraînant un nombre d'infections sans précédent chez l'homme. (who.int)
  • La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire doit se poursuivre en Égypte afin de déceler les futures évolutions de la circulation du H5N1 dans les populations de volailles. (who.int)
  • However, the H5N1 virus continued ians collected 2383 cloacal and 1877 ble 1). (who.int)
  • Der handelsübliche Influenza A-Schnelltest erfasst das H5N1-Vogelgrippevirus nicht. (medscape.com)
  • Continued circulation of A/H5N1 influenza viruses of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage in poultry has resulted in the diversification in multiple genetic and antigenic clades. (bvsalud.org)
  • The federal government says the H5N1 virus has been found in commercial and backyard birds in 29 states and in wild birds in 34 states since the first cases were detected in late 2021. (medscape.com)
  • Out of 2500 people exposed to birds infected with H5N1, only this one case of human infection has been confirmed. (medscape.com)
  • A newly developed influenza vaccine against the H5N1 subunit of the avian influenza virus, which has pandemic potential, has been shown to be highly immunogenic in younger and older adults . (medscape.com)
  • We recently investigated and compared the cellular gene expression profiles of human lung A549 cells infected by five different subtypes of human and avian influenza viruses (Josset et al. (nih.gov)
  • Humans and swine are susceptible to influenza A viruses (IAVs) of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes H1 and H3, which are widespread in both species. (cdc.gov)
  • Apart from antigenic evolution in the HA, IAVs also can evolve via exchange of gene segments with other IAVs of different subtypes or clades infecting the same cell, called reassortment ( 14 ), which frequently occurs in pigs. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
  • Three types of influenza virus are known to affect humans: A, B, and C. Type A influenza has subtypes determined by the surface antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
  • Avian flu outbreaks caused by non-human infecting subtypes occur quite often. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza A viruses have 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes. (citizen-news.org)
  • Only viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are known to cause the highly pathogenic form of the disease. (citizen-news.org)
  • However, not all viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic and not all will cause severe disease in poultry. (citizen-news.org)
  • In the pig, genetic reassortment to create novel influenza subtypes by mixing avian, human and swine influenza viruses is possible. (usda.gov)
  • Regional analyses of human infections with avian influenza subtypes revealed distinct epidemiologic patterns that varied across countries, age and time. (who.int)
  • 1 They do not normally infect humans, though certain subtypes, such as avian influenza A(H5), A(H7) and A(H9) have caused sporadic human infections. (who.int)
  • Because antigenic drift variants of human IAVs replace each other over time, younger persons only have been exposed to more recent strains and human population immunity against older human IAVs gradually decreases ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • CD8+ and CD4+ T cells provide cell-mediated cross-protection against multiple influenza strains by recognising epitopes bound as peptides to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and -II molecules respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we present a mass spectrometry-based proteomics strategy for identifying viral peptides derived from the A/H3N2/X31 and A/H3N2/Wisconsin/67/2005 strains of influenza. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Antigenic drift involves small mutations in the genes of influenza viruses that lead to changes in HA and NA that accumulate over time, resulting in the emergence of novel strains that the human immune system may not recognize. (cdc.gov)
  • These novel strains are the influenza virus's evolutionary adaptations to a strong population-wide immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • Several strains of viruses can be responsible. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • When different strains of a virus occupy the same animal, they can swap genes to create new strains with the potential to infect new hosts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Yet when some avian strains do acquire the ability to overcome species barrier, they might become adapted to humans, replicating efficiently and causing diseases, leading to potential pandemic. (springer.com)
  • Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
  • In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
  • Current understanding of influenza zoonotic transmission potential of novel strains still remains poorly understood. (springer.com)
  • Species barrier limits influenza strains from freely infecting different host organisms as they must overcome host range restriction to adapt to a new host. (springer.com)
  • In the same way that many humans pull through an annual bout of the flu, many strains of the avian varieties rarely cause more than the sniffles, lethargy or fever in birds. (prpeak.com)
  • Australian scientists have found that two different vaccines used to control an infectious disease in chickens can recombine to create new lethal virus strains. (abc.net.au)
  • In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
  • The Cline lab collects samples from wild waterfowl in Butte County, California to address the following research questions: 1) What strains of influenza virus circulate in the northern Sacramento Valley and do they pose a risk to human health? (csuchico.edu)
  • Since 1997, avian flu strains seem to have infected thousands of birds in 11 countries. (sourcewatch.org)
  • Importantly, new strains frequently emerge to cause pandemics - worldwide epidemics in which many hundreds of millions become infected. (gla.ac.uk)
  • This trait has been postulated to be a feature of wild-type viruses, while laboratory strains more commonly form virions described as being spherical. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The aim of this study was evaluating the effect of NS1 of five different avian influenza strains and one seasonal influenza strain on activation of type I and III interferon gene promoters. (helsinki.fi)
  • The NS1 of seasonal virus H3N2 shown the highest suppression of both interferon I and III promoters, while NS1 originating from avian H9N2 and H7N7 strains had limited effect on interferon promoter activation. (helsinki.fi)
  • The study has provided more information on the efficiency of potentially pandemic avian influenza strains at inhibition of interferon response and may be a base for further research. (helsinki.fi)
  • Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
  • AI strains are divided into two groups based on the pathogenicity of the virus, or the ability of the virus to produce disease. (usgs.gov)
  • Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
  • On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
  • It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
  • AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
  • Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)
  • Many different strains of bird flu are present in China, with some sporadically infecting people, typically those who work with poultry. (medscape.com)
  • Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 (A/H7N9) is a bird flu strain of the species Influenza virus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus). (wikipedia.org)
  • The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus designation of H7N9 identifies it as having HA of the H7 subtype and NA of the N9 subtype. (wikipedia.org)
  • The H5N2 strain in Texas is a different subtype of influenza A than the virus affecting parts of Asia. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The H7N9 subtype first infected humans in China in March 2013. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
  • In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
  • Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
  • The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus can infect both chickens and humans. (flu.org.cn)
  • These data indicate that the novel reassortant H2N3 subtype virus has the ability to infect various mammalian hosts, suggesting a potential to transmit to humans. (usda.gov)
  • Influenza viruses of the H2N3 subtype have not previously been isolated from swine. (usda.gov)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
  • Influenza A viruses of the H2N2 subtype sparked a pandemic in 1957 and circulated in humans until 1968. (bvsalud.org)
  • This document provides interim guidance for clinicians and public health professionals in the United States on antiviral chemoprophylaxis of persons exposed to birds infected with avian influenza A viruses associated with severe human disease or thought to have the potential to cause severe human disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Close exposure (within 2 meters) to birds, with confirmed avian influenza A virus infection by A(H5), A(H7), or A(H9) viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Although it is hypothesized that the human virus originated from birds, the serological evidence that hMPV has been widespread in humans since at least 1958 suggests a zoonotic divergence before this time. (medscape.com)
  • Avian influenza A viruses circulate among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species to cause disease referred to as avian influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • People who are exposed to poultry or wild aquatic birds infected with avian influenza A viruses or associated contaminated environments may become infected with these viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • People involved in poultry outbreak response activities and others with exposures to infected birds or contaminated material, surfaces, or water may be at risk of avian influenza A virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza A H7 viruses are a group of influenza viruses that normally circulate among birds. (wikipedia.org)
  • H7 influenza infections in humans are uncommon, but have been confirmed worldwide in people who have direct contact with infected birds. (wikipedia.org)
  • H7N2, H7N3 and H7N7) have occasionally been found to infect humans, H7N9 has previously been isolated only in birds, with outbreaks reported in the Netherlands, Japan, and the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic characterisation of avian influenza A(H7N9) shows that the H7N9 virus that infects human beings resulted from the recombination of genes between several parent viruses noted in poultry and wild birds in Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
  • In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
  • Some types of avian influenza viruses can cause serious illness or death in poultry and other birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, is an infectious viral disease of birds. (who.int)
  • The canine virus was almost certainly derived from a virus of birds or an avian influenza virus and it didn't derive from the human influenza strain. (cdc.gov)
  • The influenza viruses are mostly found in aquatic birds, in this case it's probably ducks or geese or something. (cdc.gov)
  • And, although the virus that's the direct ancestor of the canine influenza hasn't actually been detected so far, there are a number of viruses that have been seen in birds that have similar sequences that might be related to the virus that gave rise to canine flu. (cdc.gov)
  • Preliminary testing of birds at two of these markets found evidence of avian influenza. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The increase in such viral transfers from birds to mammals in different countries calls for vigilance, as they could facilitate the possible transfer to humans. (anses.fr)
  • Avian influenza - also called bird flu or fowl plague - is a viral disease that infects birds, especially wild geese and ducks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • But any influenza A virus may cause bird flu - it only has to adapt itself to birds as a host. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • When migratory birds get infected, they can carry the disease to other parts of the world. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
  • Christmas dinner in British Columbia could look a little different this year as nearly two dozen farms across the province slaughter hundreds of thousands of birds in an attempt to contain the avian influenza virus. (prpeak.com)
  • The outbreaks in Chilliwack and Abbotsford come out of step with the seasonal migration of wild birds, which have been found to carry and pass on the virus to domestic flocks. (prpeak.com)
  • The virus this year is different than we've ever seen in the past and it is behaving differently in both wild birds and domestic birds,' said Brittain. (prpeak.com)
  • CFIA says there have been no cases of wild birds passing the virus to humans in Canada, but transmission from pet birds to humans is still a risk. (prpeak.com)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • A new study has found that bird flu virus could survive for up to two years in the carcasses of buried birds. (abc.net.au)
  • But so far, nearly all of the people infected with the disease - more than 100, including some 60 who died - got the sickness directly from birds. (sourcewatch.org)
  • These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species, but rarely infect humans. (maine.gov)
  • It can be transmitted by bird-to-bird contact, contact with secretions or feces of infected birds, or through food, water, and soil. (maine.gov)
  • It is deadly to birds, but not considered contagious to humans. (maine.gov)
  • Avian influenza, or "bird flu", is a contagious disease of animals caused by viruses that normally infect only birds and, less commonly, pigs. (citizen-news.org)
  • As infected birds shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, opportunities for exposure to infected droppings or to environments contaminated by the virus are abundant under such conditions. (citizen-news.org)
  • Influenza A viruses are pathogens infecting birds and selected mammals. (helsinki.fi)
  • Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
  • In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
  • However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic AI viruses have been frequently found in wild and domestic European birds, significantly in 2006, and annually since then. (usgs.gov)
  • It mainly infects birds but has sickened 208 people and killed 115 of them. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Nabarro said Egypt followed World Health Organization guidelines that call for countries to address bird flu at the highest political level, to begin intense surveillance to catch as many cases as possible, to cull flocks as soon as outbreaks are reported, to compensate farmers who lose birds this way and to quickly treat human victims. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Professor Jeff Bender answers key questions about Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), or bird flu, an extremely contagious viral illness that affects both wild birds and livestock, such as chickens and turkeys. (umn.edu)
  • Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), or bird flu, is an extremely contagious viral illness that affects both wild birds and livestock, such as chicken and turkeys. (umn.edu)
  • Do wild birds infect domestic flocks? (umn.edu)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are found in aquatic birds. (umn.edu)
  • These aquatic birds often serve as reservoirs for the virus and do not become ill, but are sources of infection for domestic poultry, such as chickens and turkeys. (umn.edu)
  • This virus is called "highly" pathogenic (Pathogenic refers to an ability to cause disease) because of how easily it transmits to domestic birds, such as chickens and turkeys. (umn.edu)
  • If infected, there are concerns about disposing of dead birds and the increased stigma from community members of working on infected farms. (umn.edu)
  • The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds and cause occasional outbreaks in domestic poultry and other animal species. (who.int)
  • Because A/H2N2 viruses still circulate in wild birds worldwide and human population immunity is low, the transmissibility of six avian A/H2N2 viruses was investigated in the ferret model. (bvsalud.org)
  • From the first case of H5 avian influenza in humans in the United States to reports of ongoing, widespread disease in birds , the potential of a possible pandemic variant has many keeping a watchful eye on the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Two challenges in identifying the immunodominant epitopes needed to generate a universal T cell influenza vaccine are: A lack of cell models susceptible to influenza infection which present population-prevalent HLA allotypes, and an absence of a reliable in-vitro method of identifying class II HLA peptides. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Application of this epitope discovery strategy in a clinical setting will provide more certainty in rational vaccine design against influenza and other emergent viruses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The first live, attenuated influenza vaccine was licensed in 2003. (cdc.gov)
  • A non-live, recombinant influenza virus vaccine not requiring isolation or growth in hen's eggs was licensed in 2013. (cdc.gov)
  • Martha Nelson, an evolutionary biologist at the National Institutes of Health's Fogarty International Center, who studies pig influenza viruses, said that in an ideal world, scientists would create a G4 vaccine in preparation for a possible outbreak. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The United States should strongly support universal influenza vaccine (UIV) development. (csis.org)
  • Until UIV is achieved, the United States should take specific steps to embrace the modernization of seasonal influenza vaccine production, boost vaccine demand and confidence, and ensure close collaboration with partners in the global influenza system. (csis.org)
  • Several countries in the southern hemisphere-such as Australia, Chile, and South Africa-have experienced mild influenza seasons due to increased influenza vaccine uptake and other protective measures in place as a result of Covid-19. (csis.org)
  • However, other experts fear that the United States will not experience the same decreases in influenza cases due to the inconsistent adoption of Covid-19 prevention measures and historically low influenza vaccine uptake. (csis.org)
  • For these reasons, it is critical that the United States strengthens its influenza vaccine infrastructure and encourages vaccine confidence and demand immediately-even as it grapples with another viral crisis. (csis.org)
  • Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
  • What Is the Influenza Vaccine (Flu Shot)? (epnet.com)
  • This vaccine uses pieces of the virus. (epnet.com)
  • Inactivated influenza vaccine-dead, inactive virus. (epnet.com)
  • Recombinant influenza vaccine-use item that mimics part of the virus. (epnet.com)
  • Live attenuated influenza vaccine-weakened part of the virus. (epnet.com)
  • It is possible to be infected with a type of flu virus that was not included in the vaccine. (epnet.com)
  • What Are the Risks Associated With the Influenza Vaccine? (epnet.com)
  • University of Iowa and University of Georgia are developing vaccine candidates based on the PIV5 virus expressing coronavirus spike proteins. (labmanager.com)
  • The vaccine uses a harmless virus to deliver a MERS coronavirus protein into cells to generate an immune response, and may hold promise for developing vaccines against other coronaviruses diseases, including COVID-19. (labmanager.com)
  • The vaccine is an innocuous parainfluenza virus (PIV5) carrying the "spike" protein that MERS uses to infect cells. (labmanager.com)
  • Our new study indicates that PIV5 may be a useful vaccine platform for emerging coronavirus diseases, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic," says McCray, UI professor of pediatrics. (labmanager.com)
  • PIV5 is also being investigated as a vaccine for other respiratory diseases including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza. (labmanager.com)
  • Is there a vaccine for canine influenza? (campbowwow.com)
  • WHO supports the implementation of the National Plan through building capacity in surveillance and monitoring of human cases of avian influenza and ensuring a rapid response. (who.int)
  • It is believed that most cases of avian influenza infection in humans have resulted from contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • According to information provided by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on April 17, 2007, "There have not been any human cases of avian influenza in the United States or North America, but there have been cases in other parts of the world such as Asia and Africa . (sourcewatch.org)
  • Targeted surveillance for influenza A(H7N9) identified 21 cases of infection with this virus in Guangzhou, China, during April 1, 2013?March 7, 2014. (flutrackers.com)
  • During February?May 2013, the initial outbreak of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China resulted in 133 cases ( 1 ). (flutrackers.com)
  • Influenza A(H7N9) virus reemerged in southern China in October 2013 and had caused 85 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection in Guangdong Province as of March 7, 2014. (flutrackers.com)
  • In response to the influenza A(H7N9) outbreak, PUE surveillance was enhanced in April 2013 by implementing laboratory testing specific for influenza A(H7N9) virus ( 3 ). (flutrackers.com)
  • An H7N9 virus was first reported to have infected humans in March 2013, in China. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 5th epidemic of the H7N9 virus began in October 2016 in China. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CDC estimates that the H7N9 virus has the greatest potential compared with other influenza A viruses to cause a pandemic, although the risk is low because, like other type A viruses, it is not easily transmitted between people in its current form. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers have commented on the unusual prevalence of older males among H7N9-infected patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been established that many of the human cases of H7N9 appear to have a link to live bird markets. (wikipedia.org)
  • The H7N9 virus does not kill poultry, which makes surveillance much more difficult. (wikipedia.org)
  • The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus is a subgroup among this larger group of H7 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Until the 2013 outbreak in China, no human infections with H7N9 viruses had ever been reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evidence so far suggests that the new H7N9 virus might have evolved from at least four origins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists are to create mutant forms of the H7N9 bird flu virus that has emerged in China so they can gauge the risk of it becoming a lethal human pandemic. (abc.net.au)
  • In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
  • In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
  • In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
  • From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
  • Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
  • During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
  • In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)
  • Here, antigenic cartography was used to analyze the global antigenic diversity of A/H7 influenza viruses and to determine the molecular basis of antigenic change in A/H7N9 viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • The most striking antigenic change relative to the timespan of virus isolation was observed for the A/H7N9 viruses isolated between 2013 and 2019 in China. (bvsalud.org)
  • Amino acid changes at positions 116, 118, 125, 130, 151, and 217 in the hemagglutinin globular head were found to be the main determinants of antigenic evolution between A/H7N9 influenza virus prototypes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the global antigenic diversity of A/H7 influenza viruses and identified the main substitutions in the hemagglutinin responsible for antigenic evolution in A/H7N9 viruses isolated between 2013 and 2019. (bvsalud.org)
  • Consequently, human-origin swine IAVs (swIAVs) can be reintroduced into the human population after a certain period and cause a pandemic, as illustrated by the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (pH1N1) ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The H1 of this swine-origin virus is related to the H1 of human seasonal H1N1 IAVs that circulated in 1918-1950. (cdc.gov)
  • Classical swine lineage 1A contains IAVs with the human 1918 pandemic H1N1 virus as a common ancestor. (cdc.gov)
  • The most recent 10 cases, including the three Iowa cases described in this report, were infections with S-OtrH3N2 viruses containing the matrix (M) gene from the pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus (pH1N1). (cdc.gov)
  • Previous pandemics of the 20th century, as well as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic , were caused by influenza viruses in animals that gained the ability to infect and spread easily between humans. (livescience.com)
  • While much knowledge regarding the virus has been discovered, we are still no closer to having the ability to predict the next pandemic, such as in the case of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (springer.com)
  • The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
  • Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • In 2009 a strain of swine flu called H1N1 infected many people around the world. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Colin Parrish] So, the canine influenza is a different strain from the virus that infects humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Colin Parrish] The canine influenza, the H3N2 strain, arose in China or in Korea sometime around 2005. (cdc.gov)
  • AIV virulence is likely affects multiple factors and depends upon both antigenic drift and the AIV-infected strain in the host immunity ( Tscherne and Garcia-Sastre, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • A new strain of flu virus has been discovered in fruit bats in Guatemala, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (livescience.com)
  • If someone is infected with an avian influenza strain, the illness is unusually aggressive. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Even if the strain does not infect humans, avian flu is can be disastrous: outbreaks kill thousands of animals at a time and impacts the livelihoods of many people, local and national economies and international trade. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Research led by Honglei Sun at China Agricultural University (CAU) in Beijing has identified such a strain in pigs that has already begun to infect humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A deadly strain of bird flu known to infect humans is spreading rapidly and silently through chicken populations across China. (abc.net.au)
  • Of more immediate concern, experts warn that if Americans do not practice appropriate prevention measures such as seeking influenza vaccination, washing their hands, social distancing, and wearing a mask, circulating seasonal influenza and Covid-19 will exacerbate one another, adding further strain to an already overburdened health system. (csis.org)
  • Each additional case provides the virus an opportunity to improve its ability for human-to-human transmission and develop into a pandemic strain. (sourcewatch.org)
  • It is caused by a strain of the influenza virus. (epnet.com)
  • In the online early edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on June 7, 2010, the team reported creating a recombinant influenza A strain carrying a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene. (nih.gov)
  • This often depends on the virus strain. (umn.edu)
  • At present, this particular strain has not caused human illness in the U.S., but state health departments are working with industry and agricultural officials to monitor workers and producers for any potential infections. (umn.edu)
  • China had previously recorded the first known human infection with the H3N8 strain of bird flu. (medscape.com)
  • From the first human cases of the current bird flu strain to preparations for a potential pandemic, avian influenza news garnered great interest this week, becoming the top trending clinical topic. (medscape.com)
  • Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
  • It can spread easily among domestic poultry like chicken and turkeys and if they contract more serious forms of the virus most animals will die of bird flu. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • When these avian influenza viruses cross the species barrier to infect humans or domestic poultry, serious fatal infections can occur. (csuchico.edu)
  • In domestic poultry, infection with avian influenza viruses causes two main forms of disease, distinguished by low and high extremes of virulence. (citizen-news.org)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
  • During one recent outbreak in poultry in Astrakhan, workers on the farm were also infected. (mdpi.com)
  • There was a second outbreak, and it was actually due to a second introduction of the virus, and that occurred possibly from a virus that was introduced into Los Angeles. (cdc.gov)
  • The state of Texas has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N2) among poultry on one farm in Gonzales County, in south-central Texas. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • This is the first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the United States in 20 years and was detected by routine state monitoring for avian influenza. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are working with the Texas Department of Health and the Texas Animal Health Commission on both the human health and animal/veterinary aspects to contain this outbreak in poultry and minimize risk to humans. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The health risk to humans from the H5N2 influenza outbreak in Texas is considered low at this time. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • In 2014, the US also reported an outbreak of the virus. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • As the United Nations specialized agency for health, and a central partner in UNMEER, WHO has been at the forefront of these efforts on an international scale, and has characterized the Ebola virus disease outbreak "the most severe, acute health emergency seen in modern times. (who.int)
  • Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
  • In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
  • In the present outbreak, more than half of those infected with the virus have died. (citizen-news.org)
  • Although health experts had worried that Egypt could be hit hard by avian influenza because of its backyard flocks and widespread poverty, the North African country coped well with its outbreak, Dr. David Nabarro said. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Controlling the HPAI virus often involves culling infected poultry, and the 2015 outbreak had significant impacts on producers, but also on those workers and support staff who process poultry and eggs. (umn.edu)
  • This is the worst outbreak of avian influenza since 2015 . (medscape.com)
  • Our data reveal that influenza viruses cause an overall down-regulation of the host p53 pathway and highlight this pathway and p53 protein itself as important viral targets in the altering of apoptotic processes and in cell-cycle regulation. (nih.gov)
  • Primary dendritic cells presented predominantly viral envelope-derived HLA class II peptides following phagocytosis of apoptotic infected cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, we demonstrate the utility of two ex-vivo fully human infection models which enable direct HLA-I and -II immunopeptide identification without significant viral tropism limitations. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, for the first time, we discover that the human SUMOylation pathway is essential for the IBV viral life cycle. (mdpi.com)
  • Influenza is an infectious viral illness. (cdc.gov)
  • And then the virus, the influenza viruses have a genome that's made up of eight segments of viral RNA, and so, you know, related segments of each of the eight strands of the canine influenza viruses have been found in different avian viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
  • The cat, which lived near a duck farm affected by the virus, suffered severe neurological symptoms due to the viral infection and had to be euthanised. (anses.fr)
  • Infected individuals shed the virus in large numbers in their vomit and stool, shedding the highest number of viral particles while they are ill. (beforeitsnews.com)
  • The influenza virus snatches the cap part of the mature host RNA to start viral replication. (uni-bonn.de)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important viral agent of childhood respiratory tract disease worldwide, causing pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Their efficacy in patients with influenza viral pneumonia or severe influenza is unknown. (medscape.com)
  • The most important pathway in influenza virus detection is a retinoic acid-inducible gene I pathway, which recognizes the 5'-triphosphate in viral RNA. (helsinki.fi)
  • During influenza A virus infection, this function is performed by viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1). (helsinki.fi)
  • We show that ApoBDs generated from IAV-infected monocytes contained IAV mRNA, protein and virions and consequently, could facilitate viral propagation in vitro and in vivo, and induce a robust antiviral immune response. (nature.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a viral infection that progressively destroys certain white blood cells and is treated with antiretroviral medications. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Children and Adolescents Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a viral infection that progressively destroys certain white blood cells and makes people more vulnerable to other infections and some cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • These viruses are referred to as highly pathogenic viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • A large dependence on poultry as the main form of animal protein consumption in the normal diet means that highly pathogenic avian influenza also poses a significant threat to food security. (who.int)
  • The susceptibility of cats to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has been known since 2004, and had already been demonstrated in Thailand and Germany in 2006. (anses.fr)
  • That's why many virus types are considered "highly pathogenic. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • There's always a potential for low-pathogenic avian flu viruses to evolve into highly pathogenic viruses. (prpeak.com)
  • The new NS1-GFP virus infected and replicated well in mouse lungs, although it was less pathogenic than the wild type virus, the form that typically occurs in nature. (nih.gov)
  • On present understanding, H5 and H7 viruses are introduced to poultry flocks in their low pathogenic form. (citizen-news.org)
  • When allowed to circulate in poultry populations, the viruses can mutate, usually within a few months, into the highly pathogenic form. (citizen-news.org)
  • The current outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, which began in South-East Asia in mid-2003, are the largest and most severe on record. (citizen-news.org)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
  • Q: Where does highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) or "bird flu" come from? (umn.edu)
  • Examples of viruses with the potential to cause severe human disease can be found on Bird Flu Virus Infections in Humans . (cdc.gov)
  • NIOSH alert: protecting poultry workers from avian influenza (bird flu). (cdc.gov)
  • The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) requests help in protecting poultry workers from infection with viruses that cause avian influenza (also known as bird flu). (cdc.gov)
  • Authorities in southern Germany have discovered the H5N2 bird flu virus on a poultry farm. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Which viruses cause bird flu? (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Can bird flu viruses infect humans? (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Bird flu viruses are just a few genetic steps away from the flu virus that caused the deadly 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, a new study shows. (abc.net.au)
  • Experts agreed to publish mutant bird flu paper only after author explained that the virus was 'much less lethal' than previously feared. (abc.net.au)
  • New research shows that this bird flu currently lacks the protein key to unlock certain cells in the human upper respiratory tract, preventing it from spreading via a sneeze or a cough. (sourcewatch.org)
  • The so called bird flu, the chicken disease that has killed a wopping 59 people in the world, the disease that cannot (and will not) be transmitted from human to human, but is going to sweep the world. (sourcewatch.org)
  • The European Union has declared the spread of bird flu from Asia into the EU as a global threat requiring international cooperation, saying western Europe is ill prepared to deal with an influenza emergency. (sourcewatch.org)
  • Scientists fear that in some places bird flu could spread undetected among flocks and among people, allowing the virus to live and replicate and change into a form that could be passed easily from person to person. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) had warned in early 2022 that the current wave of bird flu had a greater risk of spreading to humans owing to the high number of variants. (medscape.com)
  • Human seasonal lineage 1B contains swIAVs with an H1 derived from human seasonal IAVs. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza serological testing of stored sera from NHA NES 2010 collection across various age groups, were used in this study to determine the population level of cross-reactive antibodies to H3N2v virus and historical seasonal H3N2 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • This data release contain the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers to H3N2v and historical seasonal H3N2 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibody titers against H3N2v and historical seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses were measured with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay at Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • WHO works with the MoHP to provide seasonal influenza vaccines to vulnerable groups, including health workers in fever and chest hospitals, people working in poultry farms, rapid response teams, veterinarians and pilgrims going to Saudi Arabia for Hajj. (who.int)
  • In addition, professionals exposed to swine and avian influenza viruses are advised to get themselves vaccinated against seasonal flu. (anses.fr)
  • The consequences of seasonal and pandemic influenza are well documented. (csis.org)
  • Beyond the human cost, seasonal influenza costs the United States over $10.4 billion in direct medical costs and $87 billion in total economic burden every year. (csis.org)
  • What Is Seasonal Influenza? (csis.org)
  • Seasonal influenza is defined as predictable outbreaks of respiratory disease caused by various influenza viruses that spread from person to person. (csis.org)
  • Influenza A virus, the type of flu that causes most seasonal and pandemic outbreaks, has been studied extensively in animal models and tissue cultures. (nih.gov)
  • ‌Influenza A viruses cause seasonal outbreaks of respiratory illness that are often severe. (gla.ac.uk)
  • This virus is different from human seasonal H3N2 viruses. (campbowwow.com)
  • Any exposed person who has any new illness symptoms, particularly fever or feeling feverish or any respiratory symptoms should be referred for prompt medical evaluation, antiviral treatment , and testing for avian influenza A virus infection . (cdc.gov)
  • Health departments may ask responders to seek care and/or testing for avian influenza A virus infection, including specific testing for avian influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Some low pathogenicity specimen collection date were recorded through oral ques- avian influenza (LPAI) viruses can mutate to become HPAI tionnaires. (cdc.gov)
  • 5 - 7 ), whereas HPAI (H5N2) viruses were first isolated in We found all swab specimens were negative for in- 2012 and caused subsequent outbreaks in poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • With the on-going European outbreaks of HPAI there is a risk of moving these viruses to North America as well. (usgs.gov)
  • Q: Can HPAI infect humans? (umn.edu)
  • In each of the three experimental conditions we identified novel influenza class I and II HLA peptides with motifs specific for the host allotype. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These recommendations are consistent with existing infection control guidance for care of patients who might be infected with a novel influenza A virus associated with severe disease. (cdc.gov)
  • For more information on recommended infection prevention and control measures, please visit Infection Control Within Healthcare Settings for Patients with Novel Influenza A Viruses . (cdc.gov)
  • This would help assess a novel influenza strain's host range capability. (springer.com)
  • At least four pandemics of influenza occurred in the 19th century, three in the 20th century, and one thus far in the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
  • Kilbourne ED. Influenza pandemics of the 20th century. (medscape.com)
  • On November 20, 2011, CDC confirmed three cases of swine-origin triple reassortant influenza A (H3N2) (S-OtrH3N2) virus infection in children in two counties in Iowa. (cdc.gov)
  • Eighteen human infections with swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) viruses have been identified since 2009 ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • These viruses are considered reassortant viruses between a swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) virus circulating in North American swine and a pH1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The selected historical H3N2 viruses were: A/Aichi/2/1968, A/Victoria/3/1975, A/Bangkok/1/1979, A/Shanghai/11/1987, A/Beijing/32/1992, A/Wuhan/359/1995, A/Sydney/5/1997, A/Fujian/411/2002, and A/Brisbane/10/2007. (cdc.gov)
  • HI A/AICHI/2/1968: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2 virus A/Aichi/2/1968. (cdc.gov)
  • HI A/VICTORIA/3/1975: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2 virus A/Victoria/3/1975. (cdc.gov)
  • HI A/BANGKOK/1/1979: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2 virus A/Bangkok/1/1979. (cdc.gov)
  • HI A/BRISBANE/10/2007: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2 virus A/Brisbane/10/2007. (cdc.gov)
  • First H3N2 Variant Virus Infection Reported for 2012. (cdc.gov)
  • And then the most recent one is a virus called H3N2 genotype, and that's been circulating in dogs since about 2005. (cdc.gov)
  • The H3N2 has got the same name as the human H3N2, but in fact, the virus has a different origin. (cdc.gov)
  • There are two different types of influenza A dog viruses: one is an H3N8 virus and the other is H3N2 virus. (campbowwow.com)
  • The H3N2 canine influenza virus is an avian flu virus that adapted to infect dogs. (campbowwow.com)
  • Canine influenza A H3N2 virus was first detected in dogs in South Korea in 2007. (campbowwow.com)
  • H3N2 canine influenza has reportedly infected some cats as well as dogs. (campbowwow.com)
  • In addition, several p53 target genes were also down-regulated by these influenza viruses and the expression of their product reduced. (nih.gov)
  • Six internal genes originated with at least two H9N2 chicken viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Expression profile of differentially-regulated genes during progression of androgen-independent growth in human prostate cancer cells. (nih.gov)
  • Preliminary research on the new virus suggests that its genes are compatible with human influenza viruses , the CDC said. (livescience.com)
  • Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyse the differential expression of complement-associated genes in chicken erythrocytes at 0 h, 2 h, 6 h and 10 h after the interaction between H9N2 virus and chicken erythrocytes in vitro and 3, 7 and 14 d after H9N2 virus nasal infection of chicks. (flu.org.cn)
  • The results confirmed that all the complement-associated genes were expressed in chicken erythrocytes and showed the H9N2 virus interaction with chicken erythrocytes and subsequent regulation of chicken erythrocyte complement-associated genes expression. (flu.org.cn)
  • All internal genes except PA were similar to influenza virus gene segments found in contemporary triple reassortant (human, swine, avian) SIVs in the United States. (usda.gov)
  • Each time an HIV-infected cell divides, it makes a new copy of the integrated HIV DNA as well as its own genes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This is because simultaneous infection with an avian influenza virus and a human influenza virus could lead to the emergence of a new influenza virus that is potentially highly contagious to humans. (anses.fr)
  • Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
  • Canine influenza is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs caused by a specific Type A influenza virus. (campbowwow.com)
  • These particles are so minuscule that 100 million of them might fit on the head of pin - and that tiny mess itself could be contagious enough to infect and sicken 1,000 of us . (patrickmalonelaw.com)
  • The virus is contagious and can spread from human to human. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus , in the Poxviridae family (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The evolution of swIAVs is different from and more complex than that of human IAVs because of multiple introductions of human IAVs into swine and geographic separation of swine populations ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza A H7 viruses normally circulate amongst avian populations with some variants known to occasionally infect humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • In their paper, the scientists warn that existing flu vaccines are unlikely to protect human populations from G4. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire dans les populations de volailles égyptiennes est en cours depuis 2009. (who.int)
  • We then compared these with directly infected immortalised macrophage-like cell line (THP1) and primary dendritic cells fed apoptotic influenza-infected respiratory epithelial cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In the lab, the researchers showed that the virus was able to infect cultures of human epithelial cells that line the airways of the lungs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Infected alveolar epithelial cells release a series of chemoattractants, such as CCL2, which recruit inflammatory monocytes to the site of infection 11 . (nature.com)
  • Epidemiologic findings for a family cluster of 1 severe and 1 mild case suggested limited person-to-person transmission of this virus. (flutrackers.com)
  • However, these viruses are thought to have the potential to infect people and cause severe illness. (cdc.gov)
  • Infected refers to infection with avian influenza A viruses associated with severe human disease or which have the potential to cause severe human disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Some avian influenza A viruses have caused rare, sporadic infections in people , resulting in human illness ranging from mild to severe respiratory disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Infection with influenza viruses can be asymptomatic or result in disease that ranges from mild to severe. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses, though, typically considered for their ability to cause severe respiratory disease in humans, actually are carried naturally in many species of wild waterfowl without causing disease. (csuchico.edu)
  • The first is the risk of direct infection when the virus passes from poultry to humans, resulting in very severe disease. (citizen-news.org)
  • Outbreaks of avian influenza A occur among U.S. poultry flocks from time to time. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Influenza viruses pose a significant and recurring health threat to humans and commercial poultry flocks. (csuchico.edu)
  • To date, most human cases have occurred in rural or periurban areas where many households keep small poultry flocks, which often roam freely, sometimes entering homes or sharing outdoor areas where children play. (citizen-news.org)
  • The work comes as a salutary reminder that we are constantly at risk of new emergence of zoonotic pathogens and that farmed animals, with which humans have greater contact than with wildlife, may act as the source for important pandemic viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Dr. Alice Hughes from the Centre for Integrative Conservation at the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden in Yunnan, China, noted that intensive farming practices in Asia might promote the spread of zoonotic viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
  • These viruses continue to cause outbreaks in poultry and have caused the highest number of reported zoonotic infections to date, highlighting their pandemic threat. (bvsalud.org)
  • IMPORTANCE A/H7 avian influenza viruses cause outbreaks in poultry globally, resulting in outbreaks with significant socio-economical impact and zoonotic risks. (bvsalud.org)
  • The virus also had the ability to infect ferrets, which researchers often use to model human influenza, and to transmit from animal to animal via tiny airborne droplets called aerosols. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • Dozens of bird-infecting influenza virus variants are known. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Scientists have isolated variants of the influenza virus in more than 100 wild bird species worldwide, from waterfowl like geese, swans, ducks and gulls to shoreline species like sandpipers, plovers and storks. (prpeak.com)
  • In fact, evidence for antigenic diversification of A/H7 influenza viruses exists, posing challenges to pandemic preparedness and the design of vaccination strategies efficacious against drifted variants. (bvsalud.org)
  • Antigenic drift is the primary reason people can get influenza more than once and why it is necessary to annually review and update the composition of influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • Fortunately, initial laboratory testing suggests the new virus would need to undergo significant changes to become capable of infecting and spreading easily among humans," said Dr. Ruben Donis, chief of the Molecular Virology and Vaccines Branch in CDC's Influenza Division. (livescience.com)
  • To address this threat, there are concrete steps the United States should take to combat chronic challenges with influenza vaccines. (csis.org)
  • v In preparation, the CDC has purchased 9.3 million additional doses of influenza vaccines for uninsured adults as compared to last year's 500,000. (csis.org)
  • Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. (nature.com)
  • The A/H7 antigenic map and knowledge of the molecular determinants of their antigenic evolution will aid pandemic preparedness against A/H7 influenza viruses, specifically regarding the design of novel vaccines and vaccination strategies. (bvsalud.org)
  • The A/H7 antigenic map and knowledge of the molecular determinants of their antigenic evolution add value to A/H7 influenza virus surveillance programs, the design of vaccines and vaccination strategies, and pandemic preparedness. (bvsalud.org)
  • The absence of fever should not supersede clinical judgment when evaluating a patient for illness compatible with avian influenza A virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • We developed an ELISA based on nonstructural ous contact histories with infected chickens were unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the pathogenicity, transmissibility, and host immune-related response of chickens infected by those wild bird-origin H5N6 AIVs remain unknown. (frontiersin.org)
  • Scientists say they have discovered another H7-type virus lurking in chickens in China. (abc.net.au)
  • These avian influenza A viruses are of public health concern because they can cause infection resulting in illness in people and because of their pandemic potential if a virus acquires the ability for sustained human-to-human transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • Such a novel virus could emerge with pandemic potential among the human population. (prpeak.com)
  • i The costs of pandemics and novel viruses are even more staggering. (csis.org)
  • Yet, history has proven the reality of this threat with influenza pandemics in 1918, 1957-58, 1968, and 2009. (csis.org)
  • A viruses can cause pandemics. (citizen-news.org)
  • On rare occasions, these bird viruses can cross over and infect other species, including cats, pigs and humans and can be a potential cause of pandemics. (who.int)
  • Three influenza pandemics were recorded in 1918, 1957 and 1968, with the first one resulting in 40-50 million deaths globally. (who.int)
  • Direct or indirect contact with diseased poultry is the primary route of HPAIV infections in humans 3 . (nature.com)
  • Avian influenza virus infections in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we report the characterization of two novel reassortant H2N3 viruses isolated from pigs with respiratory disease. (usda.gov)
  • Antigenic shifts are probably due to genetic recombination (an exchange of a gene segment) between influenza A viruses that affect humans and/or animals. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus detected in this cat had genetic characteristics of adaptation to mammals. (anses.fr)
  • Genetic investigations carried out by ANSES confirmed that only the cat was a carrier of this mutant virus and that this mutation was not present, at this stage, in the ducks on the farm where contamination occurred. (anses.fr)
  • For this bat influenza virus to infect humans, it would need to obtain genetic properties of human influenza viruses. (livescience.com)
  • The virus attaches to the outside of cells lining the intestine, and then transfers its genetic material into those cells. (beforeitsnews.com)
  • Once the genetic material has been transferred, norovirus reproduces, finally killing the human cells and releasing new copies of itself that attach to more cells of the intestine's lining. (beforeitsnews.com)
  • Viruses, as experts know them now, consist of little more than strings of their own genetic information (DNA or RNA) housed in a protein shell. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
  • When viruses replicate in giant numbers, as they do, they also may undergo fundamental changes, notably in their DNA genetic code. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
  • DNA is the genetic blueprint for all of life, including humans. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
  • They appear in the genetic double-helix in patterns, captured in scientific terms by letter chains like A-T-C-G. Scientists have learned to map or sequence these, giving them i mportant new ways to detect and protect against viruses . (patrickmalonelaw.com)
  • 2 Co-circulation of influenza A viruses in human and animal reservoirs in shared habitats provides opportunities for these viruses to reassort and acquire a genetic composition that could facilitate sustained human-to-human transmission with potential pandemic consequences. (who.int)
  • WHO offers technical support to the NIPEC and participated in the development of the Integrated National Plan for avian and pandemic influenza in response to the rapid spread of avian influenza and pandemic influenza, in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (who.int)
  • and 3) How do waterfowl migration routes promote the transcontinental spread of avian influenza viruses? (csuchico.edu)
  • Laboratory exposure - Unprotected (without use of respiratory and eye protection) exposure to avian influenza A virus in a laboratory. (cdc.gov)
  • Recommended actions for patients considered to have recent exposure to avian influenza A viruses . (cdc.gov)
  • US - Interim Recommendations for Persons with Possible Exposure to Avian Influenza During Outbreaks Among Poultry in the US. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Some avian influenza A viruses cause high morbidity and mortality in infected poultry, while others cause no illness or only mild disease in poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • This is why the presence of an H5 or H7 virus in poultry is always a cause for concern, even when the initial signs of infection are mild. (citizen-news.org)
  • Researchers in China have identified an influenza virus called G4 that can infect both pigs and humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Scientists have likened pigs to "mixing vessels" for generating pandemic influenza viruses because they host both mammalian and avian flu viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • Pigs have been suggested to be the mixing vessel for avian and human influenza viruses because the porcine trachea contains binding receptors with preferences for human and avian influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
  • Experimental infection of swine showed that the H2N3 virus is virulent for pigs, replicating in the lung and causing macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions. (usda.gov)
  • Here we characterize genetically similar reassortant H2N3 viruses isolated from pigs from two farms in the U.S. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HA, NA, and PA gene segments are similar to those of avian influenza viruses of the American lineage, whereas other segments are similar to those of contemporary swine influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
  • The H2N3 virus was able to replicate in pigs, mice, and ferrets and transmissible among pigs and ferrets. (usda.gov)
  • It's named for a virus that pigs can get. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The government of Egypt was able to implement effective culling and compensation initiatives around outbreaks of avian influenza in poultry within commercial operations, including relatively small commercial concerns, Nabarro said. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Influenza viruses can modulate and hijack several cellular signalling pathways to efficiently support their replication. (nih.gov)
  • The team led by Prof. Hiroki Kato from the Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology at the University Hospital Bonn has identified a compound that inhibits the body's own methyltransferase MTr1, thereby limiting the replication of influenza viruses. (uni-bonn.de)
  • The activity of MTr1 is thus essential for the replication of the influenza virus in the cell. (uni-bonn.de)
  • Among thousands of candidates, we were able to identify a molecule that inhibits MTr1 in human lung explants and also in vivo in mice, curtailing influenza replication," reports Prof. Hiroki Kato, a member of the Cluster of Excellence ImmunoSensation2 at the University of Bonn. (uni-bonn.de)
  • Human A/H2N2 viruses from 1957 and 1958 bound to human-type α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, but the 1958 virus had a more stable HA, indicating adaptation to replication and spread in the new host. (bvsalud.org)
  • This virus is second only to the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as the most commonly identified cause of pediatric LRTI. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza B more commonly affects children. (cdc.gov)
  • To investigate the function of apoptotic monocyte disassembly, we used influenza A virus (IAV) infection as a proof-of-concept model, as IAV commonly infects monocytes in physiological settings. (nature.com)
  • Four coronaviruses commonly infect humans, causing colds. (defenseone.com)
  • ABSTRACT Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry has been conducted since 2009. (who.int)
  • Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
  • The Government of Egypt has taken the threat of pandemic influenza seriously and developed the National Influenza Pandemic Executive Committee (NIPEC). (who.int)
  • Regional and international tools and frameworks have been implemented to address the threat of pandemic influenza and other emerging diseases. (who.int)
  • To date there is no evidence of transmission of canine influenza viruses from dogs to people and there has not been a single reported case of human infection with a canine influenza virus. (campbowwow.com)
  • For this reason, the CDC is monitoring the canine influenza viruses closely but in general they are considered to pose a low threat to humans. (campbowwow.com)
  • Where did canine influenza viruses come from and how long has it been around? (campbowwow.com)
  • As part of routine influenza surveillance, the respiratory specimen was forwarded to the University of Iowa State Hygienic Laboratory (SHL) for further evaluation. (cdc.gov)
  • As part of routine influenza surveillance, respiratory specimens were forwarded to SHL for further evaluation. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus far, no additional cases of S-OtrH3N2 infection have been identified, and surveillance data from the state have shown low levels of influenza activity currently and at the time of all these patients' illnesses. (cdc.gov)
  • WHO and FAO have established a platform for joint risk assessment on avian influenza where both epidemiological and virological surveillance data are shared regularly and a risk assessment report is developed. (who.int)
  • To prevent incidents such as this, many labs around the world conduct routine surveillance of avian influenza viruses in their natural reservoir. (csuchico.edu)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), the University of Iceland, and other partners, has explored the ecology and movement of AI viruses in the North Atlantic region since 2010. (usgs.gov)
  • As infected animals and contaminated environments are the primary source of human infections, regional analyses that bring together human and animal surveillance data are an important basis for exposure and transmission risk assessment and public health action. (who.int)
  • virus in 2006, the veterinary authorities influenza viruses in Egypt during 1 year in Egypt implemented a comprehensive of active surveillance in 2015. (who.int)
  • As human population immunity against these IAVs gradually decreases, the risk of reintroduction to humans increases. (cdc.gov)
  • Human population immunity is a major factor determining the pandemic risk for swIAVs. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigenic drift, along with waning immunity, results in annual influenza epidemics, since the protection that remains from past exposures to similar viruses is incomplete. (cdc.gov)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • Cowpox virus "scarification" by Jenner, used to induce protective immunity against smallpox, is not a single species but a group of up to 5 virus species that infects cows, humans, and other animals. (medscape.com)
  • A] team led by Dr Mohammed Madjid noted that last century a series of flu epidemics from Spain to Russia and Hong Kong had killed millions of people as the virus naturally mutated. (sourcewatch.org)
  • The researchers identified a total of 179 swine influenza viruses, including G4, which began to predominate in the samples from 2016 onward. (medicalnewstoday.com)