• Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, which often starts in the teenage years. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is the most prevalent type of muscular dystrophy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is a common muscular dystrophy which affects certain muscles of the body causing muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy). (nicklauschildrens.org)
  • Available at: https://www.mda.org/disease/facioscapulohumeral-muscular-dystrophy. (cvs.com)
  • CLIA laboratory genetic testing of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: a retrospective analysis. (uiowa.edu)
  • Validation of optical genome mapping for the molecular diagnosis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). (uiowa.edu)
  • What are the types of muscular dystrophy (MD)? (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) Clinic uses an interdisciplinary team approach to diagnose and care for patients with varying types of muscular dystrophy, a neuromuscular disease. (dartmouth-health.org)
  • This is important for certain types of muscular dystrophy including Duchenne, Becker, Emery-Dreifuss and myotonic dystrophy. (musculardystrophyuk.org)
  • There are several recognised types of muscular dystrophy (MD). These are described below. (healthify.nz)
  • The atria appear cular dystrophy (EDMD), the type reported to be involved earlier than the ventricles, here, is less common. (who.int)
  • 108th ENMC International Workshop, 3rd Workshop of the MYO-CLUSTER project: EUROMEN, 7th International Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD) Workshop, 13-15 September 2002, Naarden, The Netherlands. (medscape.com)
  • Although it was probably first described in the early 1900s, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) was not clearly delineated as a separate disease until the 1960s. (medscape.com)
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with conduction disturbances is one of the leading serious manifestations in genetically transmitted Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD). (longdom.org)
  • It is a deficit of lamins A/C or emerin in skeletal muscle and heart muscle that causes the rare, genetically transmitted disease known as Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD). (longdom.org)
  • Peripheral neuromuscular conditions in which the CK concentration is always elevated from birth include Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) and Becker MD, as well as some congenital and limb-girdle MDs. (medscape.com)
  • Duchenne myopathy (pseudo hypertrofic) starts in the lower limbs, proceeds to the upper limbs and reaches the muscles of the torso. (flowsandforms.com)
  • The Becker type myopathy is a late muscular dystrophy. (flowsandforms.com)
  • The Emery-Dreifuss myopathy is a variant of Duchenne's myopathy, characterised by tendon contractures that appear during childhood and affect primarily the upper limbs, the shin muscles and the extensors of the nape of the neck (rigid spine). (flowsandforms.com)
  • The use of the term muscular dystrophy generally implies an inherited myopathy in which there is progressive degeneration and necrosis of muscle cells ( Fig. 563-1 ). (mhmedical.com)
  • In medicine , a myopathy is a neuromuscular disease in which the muscle fibers do not function for any one of many reasons, resulting in muscular weakness . (wikidoc.org)
  • Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is considered a subgroup of myopathy and the most common type of muscular dystrophy that begins in adulthood. (rxharun.com)
  • There are two major forms recognized based on clinical and molecular presentation: Myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1), known as Steinert disease, and myotonic dystrophy type II (DM2), or proximal myotonic myopathy which is a milder variety of DMI. (rxharun.com)
  • Some mutations can cause both a myofibrillar myopathy and a muscular dystrophy phenotype. (symptoma.com)
  • The term limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) refers to a group of over 20 muscular dystrophies. (mdqld.org.au)
  • Making the diagnosis of a particular type of limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) can appear challenging. (bmj.com)
  • Diagnosing the various disorders within the "limb girdle muscular dystrophies" (LGMD) requires information from the clinical presentation and the results of various investigations, such as serum creatine kinase (CK), muscle biopsy and genetic testing ( fig 1 ). (bmj.com)
  • Diagnosing limb girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD). (bmj.com)
  • Limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is a group of genetic muscle disorders which are mainly characterized by weakness and wasting of the muscles of the pelvic and pectoral girdles. (symptoma.com)
  • Diagnostic tests may also be used to help the doctor distinguish between different forms of muscular dystrophy, or between muscular dystrophy and other disorders of muscle or nerve. (greatstepsop.com)
  • Muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders that cause muscle weakness over time. (cvs.com)
  • Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/muscular-dystrophy. (cvs.com)
  • Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). (ericpedersen.org)
  • Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy is a group of inherited, progressive disorders that are characterized by weakness and of muscles of the hip and shoulder areas. (ericpedersen.org)
  • Myotonia Atrophica / Myotonic dystrophy is characterized by progressive multisystem genetic impairment in relaxation of muscles after voluntary contraction due to repetitive depolarization of the muscle membrane disorders muscle wasting and weakness. (rxharun.com)
  • There are many forms of muscular dystrophy, some noticeable at birth (congenital muscular dystrophy), others in adolescence (Becker MD), but the 3 most common types are Duchenne, facioscapulohumeral, and myotonic. (greatstepsop.com)
  • How do the forms of muscular dystrophy differ? (greatstepsop.com)
  • There is no specific treatment for any form of muscular dystrophy but certain medications, physical therapy and assistive devices can slow the progress of some forms of muscular dystrophy. (stgeorgeorthopaedics.com.au)
  • It is generally less severe, progresses more slowly, and affects fewer muscles than other forms of muscular dystrophy. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). (cvs.com)
  • Becker muscular dystrophy is a neuromuscular condition that causes progressive weakness of the skeletal muscles and commonly affects the heart muscle, making cardiac problems a characteristic. (mdqld.org.au)
  • The muscular dystrophies (MD) are a group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement. (greatstepsop.com)
  • Muscular dystrophies correspond to a family of muscle diseases characterized by weakness and progressive muscle degeneration. (recherche-myologie.fr)
  • Muscular dystrophy is a genetic condition characterized by progressive muscle weakness, difficulties with movement and other symptoms. (nicklauschildrens.org)
  • Muscular dystrophy is a chronic disease that causes gradual weakness and loss of muscle over time. (nicklauschildrens.org)
  • Although it is a commonly held belief that carriers merely pass on the disease and are unaffected, female carriers can have similar muscular weakness as affected males. (healthify.nz)
  • In its most common form, Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy causes progressive weakness that begins in the hips and moves to the shoulders, arms, and legs. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • The two forms that have been identified - Fukuyama and congenital muscular dystrophy with myosin deficiency - cause muscle weakness at birth or in the first few months of life, along with severe and early contractures. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • Myopathies are named based on the classical description (eg, Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy), their phenotype to include the distribution of weakness (eg, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy or facioscapulohumeral dystrophy), or the specific underlying genetic defect (eg, laminopathy secondary to LMNA mutations). (mhmedical.com)
  • Clinically, muscular dystrophies are typically progressive, because the muscles' ability to regenerate is eventually lost, leading to progressive weakness, often leading to use of a wheelchair , and eventually death, usually related to respiratory weakness. (wikidoc.org)
  • Mild Myotonic Dystrophy - The mild form of DM1 or the oligosymptomatic form is associated with mild weakness, myotonia, and cataracts that begin between 20 to 70 years (typically after age 40 years). (rxharun.com)
  • Muscle biopsy is often helpful to determine if weakness is caused by muscular dystrophy, an inherited disorder, or by other acquired causes of muscle degeneration such as from inflammation or toxic exposure. (symptoma.com)
  • Generally, the first symptom that people with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy will notice is muscle weakness that causes trouble walking, resulting in a 'waddling' gait and difficulty climbing stairs or getting up from chairs. (symptoma.com)
  • Conditions in which CK is mildly elevated or normal include spinal muscular atrophy, neuropathies, and congenital myopathies. (medscape.com)
  • G71.0) Dystrophies (or muscular dystrophies) are a subgroup of myopathies characterized by muscle degeneration and regeneration. (wikidoc.org)
  • In Becker dystrophy, the mutations result in production of abnormal dystrophin or insufficient dystrophin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Duchenne MD primarily affects boys and is the result of mutations in the gene that regulates dystrophin - a protein involved in maintaining the integrity of muscle fiber. (greatstepsop.com)
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy occurs when that gene fails to make dystrophin. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • Becker muscular dystrophy is in the category of inherited muscle wasting diseases caused by a gene abnormality (mutation) that results in deficient or abnormal production of the dystrophin protein (dystrophinopathies). (ericpedersen.org)
  • Becker muscular dystrophy is caused by abnormalities (mutations) in the DMD gene that is responsible for the production of the dystrophin protein. (ericpedersen.org)
  • The DMD gene mutations that cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy result in little or no dystrophin protein to be made. (ericpedersen.org)
  • The molecular basis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) was first elucidated twenty years ago as a perturbation of dystrophin (Koenig et al. (justia.com)
  • Selective muscle involvement on magnetic resonance imaging in autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • Others are based on the type of muscle problem involved ("myotonic" means difficulty relaxing muscles), the age of onset of the disease (as in "congenital," or birth-onset, dystrophy), or the doctors who first described the disease (Duchenne, Becker, Emery and Dreifuss are doctors' names). (greatstepsop.com)
  • Flaws in muscle protein genes cause muscular dystrophies. (greatstepsop.com)
  • Corticosteroids such as prednisone can slow the rate of muscle deterioration in patients with Duchenne MD but causes side effects. (greatstepsop.com)
  • Studying a small piece of muscle tissue taken from an individual during a muscle biopsy can sometimes tell a physician whether a disorder is muscular dystrophy and which form of the disease it is. (greatstepsop.com)
  • Myotonic dystrophy is an inherited systemic disorder affecting skeletal muscle and the heart. (bvsalud.org)
  • At the skeletal muscular level, they manifest themselves by a decrease in muscle strength (muscular dystrophy), and a lack of mobilité́ joints (muscle retractions) that begin in childhood or in young adults. (recherche-myologie.fr)
  • Previous studies have provided moderate-quality evidence that glucocorticoid therapy improves muscle strength or function or both for up to 2 years in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but there are also clinically significant adverse effects of long-term glucocorticoid treatment. (medscape.com)
  • According to medical registers, it is transmitted through chromosome X. The child starts showing hypertrophy in the shin muscles (the muscle is replaced by adipose tissue) and it develops to muscular retraction, with the usual cardio-respiratory complications in the long run. (flowsandforms.com)
  • For over 60 years Muscular Dystrophy UK has supported research with an aim to develop effective treatments and ultimately cures for all muscle-wasting and associated neuromuscular conditions. (musculardystrophyuk.org)
  • Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy (CDM) - The congenital form presents in about 15% of cases, with fetal-onset involvement of muscle and the CNS, and typically is seen in those with more than 1,000 repeats. (rxharun.com)
  • Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of more than 30 genetic diseases . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is a genetic, degenerative disease primarily affecting the muscles used for movement. (mdqld.org.au)
  • Genetic testing for myotonic dystrophy is diagnostic and identifies those at risk for cardiac complications. (bvsalud.org)
  • The 2 major genetic forms of myotonic dystrophy, type 1 and type 2, differ in genetic etiology yet share clinical features. (bvsalud.org)
  • PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a severe, progressive genetic disease that affects between 1 in 3,000 and 8,000 individuals globally. (bvsalud.org)
  • This condition can occur with no known family history of BMD or DMD, so all females who are suspected of having any form of muscular dystrophy should be tested to determine if they could be a manifesting carrier because of the genetic implications. (healthify.nz)
  • When your patients are looking to understand if they are a carrier for specific genetic conditions like cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, fragile X syndrome, or Tay-Sachs disease, appropriate genetic screening and actionable results are essential . (questwomenshealth.com)
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an x-linked recessive genetic disease that is also caused by mutations in the DMD gene. (ericpedersen.org)
  • Becker dystrophy has later onset and causes milder symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This form is similar to Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but the disease is much milder: symptoms appear later and progress more slowly. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • A milder, more slowly progressing form of Duchenne MD (see below). (globalgenes.org)
  • Dystrophinopathies include a severe form of disease known as DMD and a milder form, called Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). (mhmedical.com)
  • Becker's muscular dystrophy is a disorder that causes the muscles of the pelvis and legs to get gradually weaker over time. (nicklauschildrens.org)
  • A full list of the diseases supported by our clinic can be found on the Muscular Dystrophy Association website. (dartmouth-health.org)
  • Some of the diseases of the muscular system are anecdotal and easily solvable (such as contractures), but others occur congenitally and can lead to the death of the patient in a few years. (muysalud.com)
  • Before entering fully into the most widespread diseases of the muscular system, we find it interesting to contextualize these diseases from an epidemiological point of view. (muysalud.com)
  • Although it's more of a "bone pain", lumbago falls into the category of the most common muscular diseases due to its origin in this system. (muysalud.com)
  • According to the National Library of Medicine of the United States , contractures and cramps are included within the group of muscular diseases. (muysalud.com)
  • In some cases, a type of muscular dystrophy that looked like it might be one disease has been found to be several different diseases, caused by several different gene defects. (greatstepsop.com)
  • Muscular dystrophy refers to group of hereditary diseases that weakens the muscles associated with movements. (stgeorgeorthopaedics.com.au)
  • Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of inherited diseases in which the muscles that control movement (called voluntary muscles) progressively weaken. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • DMD is the most common hereditary childhood muscular dystrophy, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 3500 boys. (mhmedical.com)
  • The most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults, myotonic muscular dystrophy affects both men and women, and it usually appears at any time from early childhood to adulthood. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • The most common form of muscular dystrophy in children, Duchenne muscular dystrophy typically affects only males. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • Like Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy typically affects only males (1 in 30,000) and causes heart problems. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • This form of muscular dystrophy appears in teens to early adulthood and affects males and females. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • This rare form of muscular dystrophy appears from childhood to early teens and affects mainly males. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • Becker muscular dystrophy follows x-linked recessive inheritance so it mostly affects males, but some females are affected. (ericpedersen.org)
  • Myotonic Dystrophy Type II - DM2 typically manifests in adulthood (median age 48 years) and has a variable presentation. (rxharun.com)
  • As with other muscles in the body, there is potential for the disease process in muscular dystrophy to affect the heart. (musculardystrophyuk.org)
  • First described in 1902, distal muscular dystrophy is a class of muscular dystrophies that primarily affect distal muscles. (mdqld.org.au)
  • Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is a form of muscular dystrophy that causes problems with the skeletal muscles and the heart. (nicklauschildrens.org)
  • Your muscles are responsible for using nearly 60% of your total calories on an average day - potentially far more if you're very active (or very muscular! (blogspot.com)
  • In 1961 Dreifuss and colleagues described a family with form of muscular dystrophy distinct from more severe Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subsequent evaluation of this family by Emery and Dreifuss in 1966 led to distinguishing this type of X-linked dystrophy from the more severe Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. (medscape.com)
  • Becker muscular dystrophy, which is similar to Duchenne but is less severe and gets worse more slowly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gueneau L, Bertrand AT, Jais JP, Salih MA, Stojkovic T, Wehnert M. Mutations of the FHL1 gene cause Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • Identification of a novel X-linked gene responsible for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations in the gene encoding lamin A/C cause autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • As the root causes (gene defects) of the muscular dystrophies are discovered, doctors are beginning to change their thinking about how to classify some of the dystrophies. (greatstepsop.com)
  • Muscular dystrophy is caused by defects in certain genes, with the type determined by the abnormal gene. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • In 1986, researchers discovered the gene that, when defective or flawed, causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • The DMD gene is located on the X chromosome and Becker muscular dystrophy follows x-linked recessive inheritance. (ericpedersen.org)
  • A new titinopathy: Childhood-juvenile onset Emery-Dreifuss-like phenotype without cardiomyopathy. (medscape.com)
  • The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved vamorolone oral suspension (Agamree, Santhera) for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients as young as age 2 years, the company has announced . (medscape.com)
  • Patients who have Duchenne dystrophy should be offered prednisone or deflazacort and sometimes exon-skipping treatments using antisense oligonucleotides. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In Becker dystrophy, 85% of patients have a deletion, and 10% have a duplication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Patients with myotonic dystrophy and Emery-Dreifuss dystrophy are more prone to develop this sort of problem and should be under regular hospital review. (musculardystrophyuk.org)
  • ReveraGen BioPharma Inc, a privately held corporation, today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted Fast Track designation for vamorolone (VBP15) for the treatment of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy . (mda.org)
  • Morbidity, Clinical Course and Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Patient Reported Survey. (cdc.gov)
  • Is It Possible to Have Home E-Monitoring of Pulmonary Function in Our Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in the COVID-19 Pandemic? (cdc.gov)
  • A web-based questionnaire survey on the influence of coronavirus disease-19 on the care of patients with muscular dystrophy. (cdc.gov)
  • Changes in motor function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients after travel restrictions due to COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
  • COVID-19 in advanced Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Establishing a telerehabilitation program for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the COVID-19 pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • The care of patients with Duchenne, Becker, and other muscular dystrophies in the COVID-19 pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Long-term glucocorticoid treatment is associated with slower progression and reduced risk of death in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, according to results from the Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group (CINRG). (medscape.com)
  • Our future plans are to expand the CINRG Duchenne Natural History Study (increased numbers of patients with longer-term follow-up), which will yield additional data on the effect of other treatment standards, alone or in combination, that are articulated in internationally recommended care considerations guidelines," the researchers note. (medscape.com)
  • This syndrome is now designated Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. (wikipedia.org)
  • SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Emery-Dreifuss Syndrome in a Young Patient with a Family History of Dilated Cardiomyopathy. (cdc.gov)
  • A heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy without the involvement of nervous system. (umassmed.edu)
  • FSH is the third most common muscular dystrophy. (healthify.nz)
  • Nesprin-1 and -2 are involved in the pathogenesis of Emery Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and are critical for nuclear envelope integrity. (medscape.com)
  • We hope that the novel analyses of milestone-related disease progression assessed by time-to-event across the lifespan used in this study will provide a framework through which multiple therapeutics targeting various aspects of Duchenne muscular dystrophy pathogenesis can be assessed for long-term efficacy. (medscape.com)
  • The CK concentration is significantly elevated in Duchenne MD (DMD), usually above 1000 U/L. DMD is an X-linked disorder, and there may be a family history of affected males on the maternal side. (medscape.com)
  • Because the muscular dystrophies can be inherited, it's important for the doctor to know if anyone in the family ever had a similar disorder. (greatstepsop.com)
  • As a rare disorder, large scale clinical trial data to guide the management of myotonic dystrophy are largely lacking. (bvsalud.org)
  • June 21, 2023 - Notice of Intent to Publish a Funding Opportunity Announcement for Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Centers (MDSRC) (P50 Clinical Trial Optional). (nih.gov)
  • The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to publicize a competition for Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Centers (MDSRCs). (nih.gov)
  • These Centers promote collaborative basic, translational, and clinical research and provide important resources that can be used by the national muscular dystrophy research communities. (nih.gov)
  • The Centers also provide outstanding environments for the training of new researchers capable of addressing high priority objectives in muscular dystrophy research. (nih.gov)
  • A goal of this Centers program is to support important and innovative research in the muscular dystrophies that is best pursued through this interdisciplinary and collaborative center environment, and projects that may not be as effective if supported by "stand-alone" research project grants. (nih.gov)
  • The Centers also provide outstanding environments for the training of new scientists electing to pursue careers conducting research in high priority areas of muscular dystrophy. (nih.gov)
  • In 1974 Dreifuss competed successfully for an NIH-sponsored grant for the formation of a comprehensive epilepsy center, forming one of the three original centers in the US. (wikipedia.org)
  • For more detailed, up-to-date information about a specific disease, visit the Muscular Dystrophy Association's disease information centers . (globalgenes.org)
  • Heart-specific localization of emerin: new insights into Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • Dominant LMNA mutations can cause combined muscular dystrophy and peripheral neuropathy. (medscape.com)
  • Other symptoms depend on the type of muscular dystrophy a person has. (cvs.com)
  • In 1961, Dreifuss and Hogan described a large family with an X-linked form of muscular dystrophy that they considered to be a benign form of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • Myotonic dystrophy (DM), also known as Steinert's disease, is the most common form of adult muscular dystrophy. (mdqld.org.au)
  • The joints most commonly impacted by this form of muscular dystrophy include the elbows, ankles and neck. (nicklauschildrens.org)
  • Muscular dystrophy can appear in infancy up to middle age or later, and its form and severity are determined in part by the age at which it occurs. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • This form of muscular dystrophy appears in men and women in their 40s, 50s, and 60s. (healthnbeautytips.co)
  • Classic Myotonic Dystrophy - The classic form of DM1 usually manifests during 2, 3, or 4 decades of life. (rxharun.com)
  • At the University of Virginia, Dreifuss achieved the title of full Professor of Neurology in 1968 and was awarded the first T.R. Johns Chair of Neurology in 1990 and the Worrell Chair in 1993. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cardiomyopathies are more likely to affect people with Duchenne or Becker MD. Those with Duchenne are, to a certain extent, protected by the lack of mobility and the cardiomyopathy will often be mild and without symptoms so treatments is rarely required. (musculardystrophyuk.org)