Cytosolic isozymeMetabolismEnzymeProteinsDistinguished by their electrophoreticGeneticGenomeVariantsLiverMemberRegulationTotalExpressionMouseReportHighlyAnalysisMitochondrialAcetaldehydeALDHADH1ProteinAlleleSingle-nucleotide poAliphaticMutationsADH1BTumor suppGenome-wideOxidationCellularFunctionalCommonlyAbuseHumanConsumptionAbsenceEvidenceDiseaseVaryCancerIndividualsChemicalLungClinicalAssociationMethodsSmall
Cytosolic isozyme2
- This gene encodes the cytosolic isozyme. (utsouthwestern.edu)
- Most Caucasians have two major isozymes, while approximately 50% of East Asians have the cytosolic isozyme but not the mitochondrial isozyme. (nih.gov)
Metabolism8
- This gene encodes a member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family, a group of isozymes that may play a major role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated by alcohol metabolism and lipid peroxidation. (wikipedia.org)
- Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the next enzyme after alcohol dehydrogenase in the major pathway of alcohol metabolism. (utsouthwestern.edu)
- Studies in mice show that through its role in retinol metabolism, this gene may also be involved in the regulation of the metabolic responses to high-fat diet. (utsouthwestern.edu)
- Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. (nih.gov)
- Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that the predicted target genes were involved in various regulatory processes, such as signal transduction mechanisms, inorganic ion transport and metabolism, defense mechanisms, translation, posttranslational modifications, energy production and conversion, and glycerolipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
- In recent years, with the development of the next generation sequencing, molecular and genetic analysis methods, lots of genes which are involved in the chlorophyll, carotenoid, cell wall, central and secondary metabolism have been identified and confirmed to regulate pigment contents, fruit softening and other aspects of fruit flavor quality. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, given that tomato specialized metabolism is highly complex, in order to identify the novel genes involved in aspects of fruit quality that are associated with these metabolites still requires considerable research effort. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here, we focus on the recently obtained knowledge considering structural genes as well as transcriptional and post-translational regulators involved in the metabolic pathways underlying both appearance and internal quality such as those involved in chlorophyll, carotenoid, cell wall, central and secondary metabolism (Table 1 , Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Enzyme3
- Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member B2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDH3B2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1, also known as ALDH1A1 or retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (RALDH1), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDH1A1 gene. (nsjbio.com)
- TaqMan qRT-PCR detection and enzyme activity determination showed that S. scitamineum rapidly proliferated and incurred significant enzyme activity changes in the reactive oxygen species metabolic pathway and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway at 2 d and 5 d after inoculation, which was the best time points to study target gene degradation during sugarcane and S. scitamineum interaction. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins2
- This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. (nih.gov)
- Both PPAE isozymes were proteins composed of two polypeptides (heavy and light chains) that are linked by disulfide linkage(s) and glycosylated serine proteases. (lookformedical.com)
Distinguished by their electrophoretic2
- There are two major aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in the liver, cytosolic and mitochondrial, which are encoded by distinct genes, and can be distinguished by their electrophoretic mobility, kinetic properties, and subcellular localization. (utsouthwestern.edu)
- Two major liver isoforms of aldehyde dehydrogenase, cytosolic and mitochondrial, can be distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities, kinetic properties, and subcellular localizations. (nih.gov)
Genetic1
- Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 rs671 genetic polymorphisms are associated with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting]. (nih.gov)
Genome3
- Human ALDH3B2 genome location and ALDH3B2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. (wikipedia.org)
- A single copy of the PPAE gene was suggested to be present in the silkworm genome. (lookformedical.com)
- 2017 ). Recently, the high quality tomato genome and large scale transcriptomic datasets have significantly accelerated the illumination of the structural genes and transcriptional regulators underlying the formation of high quality fruit (The Tomato Genome Sequencing Consortium 2012 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Variants2
- Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. (nih.gov)
- PPAE-I and PPAE-II seemed to be post translationally modified isozymes and/or allelic variants. (lookformedical.com)
Liver1
- PHENOTYPE: Mice homozygous for a disruption in this gene show a significantly reduced ability to convert retinol to retinoic acid in the liver. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Member1
- The gene of this particular family member is over 10 kb in length. (wikipedia.org)
Regulation2
- In addition, a number of putative resistance-related target genes regulated by miRNA-mediated cleavage were accumulated in sugarcane during S. scitamineum infection, suggesting that feedback regulation of miRNAs may be involved in the response of sugarcane to S. scitamineum infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- A considerable amount of research has reported that fruit quality is affected by metabolic shifts which are under the coordinated regulation of both structural genes and transcriptional regulators. (biomedcentral.com)
Total1
- A total of 309 target genes were predicted in sugarcane, corresponding to 97 known miRNAs and 112 novel miRNAs, and 337 degradation sites, suggesting that miRNAs can efficiently direct cleavage at multiple sites in the predicted target mRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression2
- qRT-PCR analysis of the expression level of 13 predicted target genes and their corresponding miRNAs revealed that there was no obvious negative regulatory relationship between miRNAs and their target genes. (biomedcentral.com)
- The understanding of how miRNAs regulate the expression of their target genes in response to S. scitamineum infection is limited. (biomedcentral.com)
Mouse1
- FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Report1
- However, to date, there is no report on the identification of microRNA (miRNA) target genes of sugarcane in response to smut pathogen infection by degradome technology. (biomedcentral.com)
Highly1
- Retinal morphology is normal even though the gene is normally highly expressed in the dorsal retina. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Analysis1
- Moreover, to mine the other potential genes involved in fruit quality formation, we additionally carried out a weighted gene correlation network analysis of the representative genes of the fruit quality based on previously published high-resolution spatiotemporal transcriptome data for tomato fruit ripening (Shinozaki et al. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondrial7
- Acetaldehyde is, in turn, oxidized to acetate via an irreversible reaction by the mitochondrial form of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) that also requires the reduction of NAD + to NADH. (medscape.com)
- There are two major aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in the liver, cytosolic and mitochondrial, which are encoded by distinct genes, and can be distinguished by their electrophoretic mobility, kinetic properties, and subcellular localization. (nih.gov)
- Two major liver isoforms of aldehyde dehydrogenase, cytosolic and mitochondrial, can be distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities, kinetic properties, and subcellular localizations. (nsjbio.com)
- Most Caucasians have two major isozymes, while approximately 50% of East Asians have the cytosolic isozyme but not the mitochondrial isozyme. (nsjbio.com)
- A remarkably higher frequency of acute alcohol intoxication among East Asians than among Caucasians could be related to the absence of a catalytically active form of the mitochondrial isozyme. (nsjbio.com)
- This gene encodes a mitochondrial isoform, which has a low Km for acetaldehydes, and is localized in mitochondrial matrix. (nsjbio.com)
- This gene encodes the mitochondrial enzyme ornithine aminotransferase, which is a key enzyme in the pathway that converts arginine and ornithine into the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA. (wildpalm.net)
Acetaldehyde5
- However, the rapid increase in acetaldehyde that occurs in individuals expressing ADH isozymes capable of high rates of alcohol metabolism result in toxic side effects (e.g., "flushing" syndrome, accelerated heart rate, nausea, and vomiting). (medscape.com)
- Ethanol is primarily metabolized in the liver by two rate-limiting reactions: conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and subsequent conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). (nih.gov)
- CONCLUSION: The ALDH2*1 allele was found as a risk factor for alcohol abuse and ALC, and combined genotypes of ADH1B rs1229984, ADH1C rs698, and ALDH2 rs671 with non-acetaldehyde accumulation increase ALC risk. (bvsalud.org)
- In contrast, ALDH2*2 and the genotype combinations related to high acetaldehyde accumulation were protective factors against alcohol abuse and ALC. (bvsalud.org)
- BACKGROUND: Ingested alcohol is predominantly oxidized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B), and acetaldehyde is further oxidized to acetate mainly by aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). (bvsalud.org)
ALDH1
- ADH and ALDH exist in multiple isozymes that differ in their kinetic properties. (nih.gov)
ADH12
- The class I ADH isozymes (ADH1, 2, and 3), thus, form through the combination of different subunits: α, ß, and γ- that are encoded by genes from the same or different loci ( ADH1A, ADH1B and ADH1C, respectively). (medscape.com)
- The resulting aldehydes are reduced to their corresponding alcohols by dehydrogenases (codified by ADH1 - 7, SFA1 ) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein5
- From NCBI Gene: The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. (nih.gov)
- This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. (nsjbio.com)
- The adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) gene is a tumor suppressor gene, and mutations resulting in loss of APC protein function are associated with carcinogenesis. (cdc.gov)
- While we believe that all major protein families that contribute to these defenses are included, it is possible that some individual genes (proteins) have been missed. (springer.com)
- Probe Set ID Ref Seq Protein ID Signal Strength Name Gene Symbol Species Function Swiss-Prot ID Amino Acid Sequence 1367452_at NP_598278 7.9 small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 precursor Sumo2 Rattus norvegicus " Ubiquitin-like protein that can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or as a lysine-linked polymer. (nih.gov)
Allele4
- Notably, polymorphisms within the genes that encode for these isozymes vary in their allele frequencies between ethnic groups, and thus, they have been considered as candidate genes that may differentially influence risk for the development of alcohol dependence across ethnic groups. (nih.gov)
- Presence of at least one ADH1B*2 allele was found in 7% of the Native Americans and 13% of the Mexican Americans, but was only associated with protection against alcohol dependence in the Mexican Americans. (nih.gov)
- METHODS: To disentangle these different pathways, we applied a mediation analysis to an oesophageal cancer case-control study (600 cases and 865 controls) by defining the ADH1B Arg allele and alcohol consumption as exposure and mediator, respectively, and decomposed the total-effect odds ratio of the ADH1B Arg allele into direct- and indirect-effect odds ratio. (bvsalud.org)
- CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that ADH1B Arg allele contributes to oesophageal cancer risk by slowing alcohol breakdown, in addition to its effect on the amount of alcohol consumed. (bvsalud.org)
Single-nucleotide po1
- Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ADH1B, ADH1C, and ALDH2 genes have been reported to be associated with alcohol abuse and alcoholic cirrhosis (ALC). (bvsalud.org)
Aliphatic1
- This gene product catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to fatty acid. (genemedi.net)
Mutations4
- Mutations in the gene cause Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. (genemedi.net)
- Some of the mutations in the p53 gene reflect endogenous causes of cancer, whereas others are characteristic of carcinogens found in our environment. (nih.gov)
- Because mutations in the p53 gene can occur in precancerous lesions in the lung, breast, esophagus, and colon, molecular analysis of the p53 gene in exfoliated cells found in either body fluids or tissue biopsies may identify individuals at increased cancer risk. (nih.gov)
- HNPCC families in which mutations in hMLH1 and hMSH2 are not identified may harbor pathogenic mutations in other mismatch repair genes, such as hMSH6 and hPMS2 . (cdc.gov)
ADH1B2
- Associations between alcohol dependence and polymorphisms in ADH1B, ADH1C, and ALDH2 were compared in a community sample of Native Americans (n 791) living on reservations and Mexican Americans (n 391) living within the same county. (nih.gov)
- This study investigated the association between three SNPs of ADH1B rs1229984, ADH1C rs698, and ALDH2 rs671 with alcohol abuse and ALC in people living in the Northeast region of Vietnam. (bvsalud.org)
Tumor supp3
- p53 tumor suppressor gene: at the crossroads of molecular carcinogenesis, molecular epidemiology, and cancer risk assessment. (nih.gov)
- p53 is the prototypic tumor suppressor gene that is well suited as a molecular link between the causes of cancer, i.e., carcinogenic chemical and physical agents and certain viruses, and the development of clinical cancer. (nih.gov)
- The p53 tumor suppressor gene is mutated in the majority of human cancers. (nih.gov)
Genome-wide1
- The recent years of sequencing efforts have produced high quality genome assemblies from a wide range of species, facilitating genome-wide mapping and annotation of genes. (springer.com)
Oxidation1
- In addition to the oxidation of alcohol by ADH, the role of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) is critical to understanding the role of alcohol in hepatocarcinogenesis. (medscape.com)
Cellular2
- The functional significance of this gene and the cellular localization of its product are presently unknown. (wikipedia.org)
- Carcinogenesis is a multistage process involving the inappropriate activation of normal cellular genes to become oncogenes, e.g., ras, and the inactivation of other cellular genes called tumor suppressor genes. (nih.gov)
Functional1
- Teleost fish is the largest group of vertebrate species and can provide valuable insights into the evolution and functional diversity of defensome genes. (springer.com)
Commonly1
- In addition, deletions in mismatch repair genes appear to occur relatively commonly, particularly in hMSH2 . (cdc.gov)
Abuse1
- Despite community education programs on the consequences of harmful drinking, only about 15 percent of those who have an AUD seek treatment, citing reasons that include social stigma, expense, skepticism about treatment efficacy, lack of knowledge on available treatment options, and lack of treatment facilities (National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 2014). (nih.gov)
Human2
- Human ALDH3B1 genome location and ALDH3B1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. (wikipedia.org)
- Genetic analysis of human cancer is providing clues to the etiology of these diverse tumors and to the functions of the p53 gene. (nih.gov)
Consumption2
- In the case of moderate, short-term alcohol consumption, the majority of alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) located in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. (medscape.com)
- As such the toxic side effects of alcohol ingestion tend to elicit a "protective" effect due to an adversity to alcohol consumption. (medscape.com)
Absence1
- Genome mining revealed evolved differences in the number and composition of defensome genes that can have implication for how these species sense and respond to environmental pollutants, but we did not observe any candidates of compensatory mechanisms or pathways in cod and stickleback in the absence of pxr . (springer.com)
Evidence1
- Evidence to support a role for the mismatch repair genes hMLH1 and hMSH2 in the etiology of colorectal cancer has come from linkage analysis, segregation studies, and molecular-biologic analysis. (cdc.gov)
Disease2
- However, in an analysis by Homan et al, in which care was taken to use matched "control patients" with alcohol related noncancer disease, an increased relative risk for developing HCC of 3.56 (confidence interval of 1.33 to 9.53) was reported in patients expressing the ADH1C*1/1 genotype. (medscape.com)
- Each year, alcohol misuse is attributed to approximately 88,000 deaths in the United States and 2.5 million deaths worldwide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2014). (nih.gov)
Vary1
- The diversity in both presence and number of gene homologs can vary substantially between fish species due to the two whole genome duplication (WGD) events in early vertebrate evolution 7 and a third fish-specific WGD event 8 , in addition to other evolutionary mechanisms such as gene loss, inversions and neo- and subfunctionalizations. (springer.com)
Cancer1
- The discovery of genes responsible for inherited colorectal cancer syndromes has been important in identifying important etiologic pathways such as the beta-catenin/ APC and TGF beta/SMAD pathways. (cdc.gov)
Individuals1
- Many individuals who drink are able to consume small amounts of alcohol without progressing into heavy drinking that often leads to AUD. (nih.gov)
Chemical3
- The chemical nature of alcohol, being both water and lipid soluble, allows for the diffusion of alcohol into and across the plasma membrane of hepatocytes. (medscape.com)
- In this study, we compared the genes comprising the chemical defensome of five fish species that span the teleosteii evolutionary branch often used as model species in toxicological studies and environmental monitoring programs: zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), medaka ( Oryzias latipes ), Atlantic killifish ( Fundulus heteroclitus ), Atlantic cod, and three-spined stickleback. (springer.com)
- The importance of PXR in response to chemical stressors in vertebrates, raises questions of how some fish species cope without this gene. (springer.com)
Lung1
- The gene encodes a single transcript of 2.8 kb that is highly expressed in kidney and lung. (wikipedia.org)
Clinical1
- Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic heritable brain disorder with a variable clinical presentation. (nih.gov)
Association1
- Genetic association analyses have revealed several polymorphisms-small differences in DNA-that increase a person's vulnerability to develop AUD and other alcohol-related intermediate characteristics, such as severity of drinking, age of AUD onset, or measures of craving. (nih.gov)
Methods1
- Despite decades of research on various methods for treating alcohol use disorder (AUD), AUD remains prevalent throughout the world, making it critical to develop a more comprehensive approach to address the issue. (nih.gov)
Small1
- Following ingestion, ~20% of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach, the remainder being absorbed by the duodenum and small intestine. (medscape.com)