Pancreatic isletsLiverSecretionLipidsOxidationSynthesisMetabolismGlucagonPancreasLangerhansStorage of glucoseGluconeogenesisProteinOrgansInhibitsHomeostasisMetabolicAmino acidOxidativeDiabetesTransporterDecreaseCarbohydrateExcretionSuppressesEffects of insulinBloodPeripheralInsulin resistanceTumorGlucokinaseFatsVesicleMuscleRenalSuppressionIncreasesHepatocytesBileCellMineralProductionHormonesEnhancesTransport
Pancreatic islets5
- Hyperglucagonemia is caused by a tumor of the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets, most commonly located at the body or tail of the pancreas or, in rare cases, at the head of the pancreas. (medscape.com)
- Diabetes mellitus is the collective name of metabolic abnormalities primarily caused by a defect in the secretion of insulin hormone by the pancreatic islets. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- Secreted by beta cells of pancreatic islets c. glucocorticoids 3. (gpatindia.com)
- Secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets d. epinephrine 4. (gpatindia.com)
- the endocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of clusters of cells called the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). (50webs.org)
Liver12
- The insulin transduction pathway is a biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells and reduces the synthesis of glucose in the liver and hence is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
- In the beta-cells of the pancreas and in liver cells, glucose enters through the GLUT 2 receptors (process described below). (wikipedia.org)
- It promotes the storage of nutrients as glycogen in liver and muscle, and as triacylglycerols in adipose tissue. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- Insulin rapidly increases the expression of Per2 in insulin-sensitive tissues like the liver, muscle, or adipose tissue, but not the lung or brain [ 17 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- Intrahepatic fat deposition has been demonstrated in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (wjgnet.com)
- Leptin and adiponectin can augment the oxidation of fatty acid in liver by activating the nuclear receptor super-family of transcription factors, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. (wjgnet.com)
- The liver controls the blood glucose level in the body. (gpatindia.com)
- In liver, insulin increases the use of glucose by glycolysis and by inducing the synthesis of main enzymes for glycolysis which are: glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase. (gpatindia.com)
- The liver helps regulate glucose levels by reducing its secretion of glucose in the presence of insulin. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- Insulin resistance in muscle and fat cells reduces glucose uptake (and also local storage of glucose as glycogen and triglycerides , respectively), whereas insulin resistance in liver cells results in reduced glycogen synthesis and storage and a failure to suppress glucose production and release into the blood. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- Elevated blood fatty-acid concentrations (associated with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus Type 2), reduced muscle glucose uptake, and increased liver glucose production all contribute to elevated blood glucose levels. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- GSD type Ia demonstrates deficient G6Pase activity in the fresh and frozen liver tissue. (medscape.com)
Secretion2
- c Somatostatin's effects on metabolism are indirect via suppression of secretion of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and thyroid hormone and by effects on gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying time, and pancreatic exocrine secretion (see text). (basicmedicalkey.com)
- Enhanced sympathetic tone, desyn- chronization of tissue circadian clocks, abnormal secretion of hormones, and obesity are relevant to insulin resistance during sleep disturbances. (vdocuments.mx)
Lipids5
- For example, insulin resistance in fat cells reduces the normal effects of insulin on lipids and results in reduced uptake of circulating lipids and increased hydrolysis of stored triglycerides . (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- Increased mobilization of stored lipids in these cells elevates free fatty acids in the blood plasma . (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. (lookformedical.com)
- Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
- A group of compounds that are derivatives of octadecanoic acid which is one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids. (lookformedical.com)
Oxidation8
- Analysis of rat L6 myotubes (skeletal muscle cells) treated with the PPARδ activator, GW-501516, by gene expression studies revealed that PPARδ controls fatty acid oxidation by regulating genes involved in fatty acid transport, β-oxidation, and mitochondrial respiration. (umbrellalabs.is)
- Accordingly, GW-501516 treatment caused fatty acid β-oxidation in L6 myotubes as well as in skeletal muscles. (umbrellalabs.is)
- Aniamls fed GW-501516 along with a calorie-dense diet showed reducded obesity and improved insulin resistance, effects that were accompanied by enhanced metabolic rate and fatty acid β-oxidation, proliferation of mitochondria (the powerhouses of cells), and a significant reduction of lipid fat droplets in skeletal muscles. (umbrellalabs.is)
- These results strongly suggest that PPARδ activated by GW-501516 is pivotal to control the program for fatty acid oxidation in the skeletal muscle, thereby protecting against body fat increases and insulin resistance. (umbrellalabs.is)
- Among the peripheral signals that are generated to regulate the uptake of food, signals from adipose tissue are of major relevance and involve the maintenance of energy homeostasis through processes such as lipogenesis, lipolysis, and oxidation of fatty acids. (wjgnet.com)
- Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
- Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. (lookformedical.com)
- A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis. (lookformedical.com)
Synthesis5
- This suggests that the acute response to glucose of the insulin synthesis is independent of mRNA synthesis in the first 45 minutes because the blockage of the transcription decelerated the insulin accumulation during that time. (wikipedia.org)
- It also stimulates the synthesis of proteins in tissues such as muscle. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- AMPK pathways inhibit biosynthetic pathways with energy consumption, such as protein, fatty acid and glycogen synthesis. (springer.com)
- Insulin increases protein synthesis and decreases the catabolism of protein which in turn increases the release of amino acids. (gpatindia.com)
- A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems. (lookformedical.com)
Metabolism7
- Mitochondrial stress can affect tissue metabolism independent of AMPK. (cyberleninka.org)
- Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
- A deeper understanding of the effects of these medications on glucose metabolism and their underlying mechanisms of action is crucial for the treatment of diabetic patients with sleep disorders. (vdocuments.mx)
- In this review we focus on the bene fi cial impact of sleep on glucose metabolism and suggest a possible strategy for therapeutic intervention against sleep-related metabolic disorders. (vdocuments.mx)
- However, it is important to note that some studies have indicated that REM sleep plays an important role in glucose metabolism. (vdocuments.mx)
- Treatment with melatonin improves glu- cose metabolism by increasing insulin sensitivity in target tissues in T2D ani- mals. (vdocuments.mx)
- It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism. (lookformedical.com)
Glucagon2
- Improvements have been noted with tumor resection and normalization of the glucagon levels, as well as with amino acid therapy and zinc supplementation. (medscape.com)
- A decrease in insulin/glucagon ratio inhibits glycolysis which in turn decreases energy production. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
Pancreas4
- When carbohydrates are consumed, digested, and absorbed the pancreas senses the subsequent rise in blood glucose concentration and releases insulin to promote uptake of glucose from the bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
- Insulin is produced by the pancreas in a region called Islets of Langerhans. (wikipedia.org)
- The glucose that goes into the bloodstream after food consumption also enters the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
- According to literally thousands of publications spanning nearly two centuries, the brain is the only organ that is known to regulate body fat mass in humans and other animals-- neither fat tissue itself, nor the insulin-secreting pancreas have the ability to regulate body fat mass as far as we currently know. (blogspot.com)
Langerhans2
- In the islets of Langerhans, there are beta-cells, which are responsible for production and storage of insulin. (wikipedia.org)
- The exposure of rat Langerhans islets to glucose for 1 hour is able to remarkably induce the intracellular proinsulin levels. (wikipedia.org)
Storage of glucose1
- When insulin binds to the insulin receptor, it leads to a cascade of cellular processes that promote the usage or, in some cases, the storage of glucose in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Gluconeogenesis2
- Insulin also inhibits the gluconeogenesis to stop the further formation of glucose. (gpatindia.com)
- This hormone is secreted by adrenal cortex which increases gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, hepatic uptake amino acids. (gpatindia.com)
Protein5
- PTBP1 enable the insulin gene-specific activation and insulin granule protein mRNA by glucose. (wikipedia.org)
- AMPK is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase composed of a catalytic a subunit and two regulatory p and y subunits, and is activated by an increased AMP : adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio in metabolic stress conditions, such as hypoxia or glucose depriva-tion5. (cyberleninka.org)
- FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
- Antidiuretic hormone is a polypeptide with eight amino acids, too small to accurately be called a protein. (50webs.org)
- Sleep disorders are treated using anti-insomnia drugs that target ionotropic and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including g -aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists, melatonin agonists, and orexin receptor antagonists. (vdocuments.mx)
Organs1
- Taurine exists in free form in the cytoplasm in various organs and tissues such as the heart, retina, developing brain, and blood. (jomes.org)
Inhibits1
Homeostasis3
- The process of the regulation of blood glucose (also known as glucose homeostasis) also exhibits oscillatory behavior. (wikipedia.org)
- ERS pathways are triggered by the unbalance of ER environment, including hypoxia, disturbance of Ca 2+ homeostasis and glucose starvation. (springer.com)
- Thus, an adequate quantity of sleep is important for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. (vdocuments.mx)
Metabolic4
- The primary role of insulin is to manage circulating concentrations of nutrients (principally glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, the body's three main fuels), keeping them within an optimal range, and coordinating the shift between metabolic fuels that is required when a person consumes more of one or the other. (blogspot.com)
- High plasma levels of insulin and glucose due to insulin resistance are a major component of the metabolic syndrome . (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. (lookformedical.com)
- Our research on the metabolic front utilizes a combination of mouse genetics and detailed genome-wide mapping of e.g. gene expression and chromatin activities at tissue and single-cell levels, with an aim to extrapolate the main findings to human metabolic genetics through conserved metabolic regulatory cascades. (uef.fi)
Amino acid2
Oxidative1
- Evidence from human and animal studies indicates that taurine is involved in conjugation of bile acids and regulation of blood pressure and has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesogenic properties. (jomes.org)
Diabetes4
- Medical treatment of glucagonoma syndrome includes therapy for NME, treatment of diabetes, treatment of hyperglucagonemia, and treatment of islet cell tumor. (medscape.com)
- Despite a modest body weight change relative to placebo-treated mice, GW-501516 treatment also improved diabetes as revealed by the decrease in blood glucose and blood insulin levels in genetically obese animals. (umbrellalabs.is)
- If this compensatory increase does not occur, blood glucose concentrations increase and type 2 diabetes occurs. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- Sleep disturbances have been implicated in the dysregulation of blood glucose levels and reported to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic complications. (vdocuments.mx)
Transporter3
- Akt signaling prompts glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to translocate to the cell membrane where it initiates cellular glucose uptake. (encyclopedia.pub)
- By stimulating the active the active transport of glucose across cell membranes of muscle and adipose tissue by stimulating GLUT-4 transporter. (gpatindia.com)
- GSD type Id is deficiency in a transporter that translocates free glucose molecules from microsomes into the cytosol. (medscape.com)
Decrease2
- A decrease in the effectiveness of insulin on target tissues consequently leads to a series of irregularities that affect both the biochemistry and physiology of the human body. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- it can easily increase or decrease the concentration of blood glucose according to the need of the body. (gpatindia.com)
Carbohydrate1
- It's telling tissues to stop burning fat because carbohydrate is the available fuel. (blogspot.com)
Excretion1
- The method of absolutely free fatty acid excretion remains to become elucidated. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
Suppresses1
- The reason insulin suppresses fat burning is because it's a signal of glucose abundance. (blogspot.com)
Effects of insulin2
- The effects of insulin vary depending on the tissue involved, e.g., insulin is most important in the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue. (wikipedia.org)
- Insulin resistance normally refers to reduced glucose-lowering effects of insulin. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
Blood16
- Insulin is secreted as a response mechanism for counteracting the increasing excess amounts of glucose in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
- Following food intake, increased blood glucose levels trigger pancreatic β-cells to secrete insulin. (encyclopedia.pub)
- The disease is chiefly manifested in the form of elevated levels of blood glucose. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- whereas T EM cells were shown to recirculate predominantly through blood, and peripheral tissues ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
- In the early 2000's, large and persistent populations of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues were initially classified as T EM cells in recirculation from the blood ( 8 , 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Just after the meal which includes a lot of carbohydrates, the level of blood glucose reaches 120-140mg/dl. (gpatindia.com)
- Normally there is an increased blood glucose level just after the meal which is known as postprandial hyperglycemia. (gpatindia.com)
- When blood glucose level rises to high level, the kidney also shows the regulatory effect. (gpatindia.com)
- If the blood glucose level is above 180mg/100ml, the tubular reabsorption of glucose does not occur completely and the extra amount of glucose is then excreted through the urine. (gpatindia.com)
- The 180mg/100ml is the limiting level of glucose in the blood. (gpatindia.com)
- If the blood glucose rises this level, the the reabsorption does not occur completely. (gpatindia.com)
- What is the normal range of blood glucose level? (gpatindia.com)
- which factor controls the blood glucose level? (gpatindia.com)
- The resulting increase in blood glucose may raise levels outside the normal range and cause adverse health effects, depending on dietary conditions. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- When these cells fail to respond adequately to circulating insulin, blood glucose levels rise. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood that are made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. (lookformedical.com)
Peripheral4
- Resident memory (T RM ) cells are a distinct tissue-localized T cell lineage that is crucial for protective immunity in peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)
- Recent studies in mouse tumor models have shown that T RM cells are induced by cancer vaccines delivered in peripheral tissue sites, or by the depletion of regulatory T cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Such tumor-specific T RM cells are recognized as both necessary and sufficient for long-lived protection against tumors in peripheral tissue locations. (frontiersin.org)
- Following effective priming in lymph nodes, T cells traffic to tumors and other peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)
Insulin resistance1
- This normal reduction in the liver's glucose production may not occur in people with insulin resistance. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
Tumor1
- The most commonly used treatment for islet cell tumor is combination chemotherapy with streptozocin and 5-fluorouracil, which is reported to cause tumor shrinkage in as many as 10% of patients. (medscape.com)
Glucokinase1
- Inside the beta cell, the following process occurs: Glucose gets converted to Glucose-6-Phosphate (G6P) through Glucokinase, and G6P is subsequently oxidized to form ATP. (wikipedia.org)
Fats1
- A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. (lookformedical.com)
Vesicle2
- The glucose diffuses in the beta-cell facilitated by a GLUT-2 vesicle. (wikipedia.org)
- Extracellular vesicle DNA from human melanoma tissues contains cancer-specific mutations. (gu.se)
Muscle1
- [ 1 ] Certain cell types such as fat and muscle cells require insulin to absorb glucose. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
Renal3
- Glucose is continuously filtered by the glomeruli and is reabsorbed completely by the renal tubules. (gpatindia.com)
- The capacity of the renal tubules to reabsorb the glucose is 350mg/min which is known as tubular maximum for glucose(TmG). (gpatindia.com)
- This is known as renal threshold value of glucose. (gpatindia.com)
Suppression1
- For example, it has been reported that metformin-induced suppression of glucose production is more pronounced in AMPKa1a2-null hepatocytes compared with control cells7. (cyberleninka.org)
Increases2
- Glucose in the body increases after food consumption. (wikipedia.org)
- Increased level of glucose increases the release of insulin. (gpatindia.com)
Hepatocytes1
- Note the intensively stained vacuoles in the hepatocytes (periodic acid-Schiff, original magnification X 27). (medscape.com)
Bile1
- Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), first discovered as a component of ox bile, has recently been recognized as a potential pharmaconutrient due to its various clinically significant effects in non-human animal and human models. (jomes.org)
Cell1
- Depending on the tissue type, the glucose enters the cell through facilitated diffusion or active transport. (wikipedia.org)
Mineral1
- Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. (lookformedical.com)
Production1
- Le of your enzyme in fatty acid production in E. coli (11). (angiotensinreceptor.com)
Hormones1
- These are hormones derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. (50webs.org)
Enhances1
- Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Transport1
- FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. (lookformedical.com)