Global ischemiaTransientFocal ischemiaNeuronalStrokeInducesCerebral cortexSubarachnoid haemorrhageMigraineDepolarizationVascularIschemic toleranceNeuronsMetabolismCitation neededDiffuseResponsesExtracellularVasospasmDefineSymptomsArteriesMechanismsOccursMethodsBloodVariety of diseasesAreasAutismDistinctPsychiatricWaveDiscoveryResultBrain damageDamageSurfaceEffectsLevelReviewDiscussConditionSingle
Global ischemia2
- and global ischemia, which encompasses wide areas of brain tissue. (wikipedia.org)
- Moreover, certain drugs, such as antidepressants, can accelerate production of neurons from cortical NPCs, and increased neurons from cortical NPCs have the inhibitory effect on neuronal cell death, which is induced by global ischemia 4 . (jneurology.com)
Transient5
- We examined the effect of L-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthase, on CSD-induced tolerance against transient focal cerebral ischemia. (elsevierpure.com)
- Transient ischemic attack Spreading depression: discovery Dodick DW & Gargus JJ (August 2008). (wikipedia.org)
- Ischemic tolerance defines transient resistance to lethal ischemia gained by a prior sublethal noxious stimulus (i.e., preconditioning). (biomedcentral.com)
- Induction of transient chemical ischemia resulted in unexpectedly large Na + influx, accompanied by considerable cell swelling. (jneurosci.org)
- Familial Hemiplegic Migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominantly inherited form of migraine with aura (MA, as opposed to migraine without aura, MO), in which the accompanying aura symptom of the typical half-sided headache is transient motor weakness (hemiparesis) that is frequently accompanied by other cortical symptoms. (frontiersin.org)
Focal ischemia1
- others have described it as a phenomenon which arises spontaneously and repetitively following acute cortical injury in animals, including both focal ischemia and trauma, while yet other researchers consider it to be an electrophysiological substrate of migraine aura, which may trigger headache. (u-szeged.hu)
Neuronal4
- Cortical spreading depression and spreading depolarization (CSD) are waves of neuronal depolarization that spread across the cortex, leading to a temporary saturation of brain activity. (gliaboffin.com)
- This captivating research gave me the chance to study not only the mechanisms behind the normal functioning of the human brain during resting state or neuronal activation, but also during various pathologies such as brain ischemia and cortical spreading depression. (hermathsstory.eu)
- Metabolism of arachidonic acid through cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes is known to be actively involved in the neuroinflammatory events leading to neuronal death after ischemia. (southampton.ac.uk)
- Cortical spreading depression (CSD), recognized as the neuronal phenomenon underlying visual aura, is believed to begin in the occipital region and then gradually spread anteriorly. (medscape.com)
Stroke6
- Other effects that may result from brain ischemia are stroke, cardiorespiratory arrest, and irreversible brain damage. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Other pathological events that may result in brain ischemia include cardiorespiratory arrest, stroke, and severe irreversible brain damage. (wikipedia.org)
- And it may not be enough to cause a stroke, but it may be enough to cause cortical spreading depression, which is a physiological phenomenon of the brain believed to be the correlate of an aura. (migraineagain.com)
- Although the origin of migraine-related stroke is unknown, it is thought that migraine might cause brain ischemia, leading to stroke. (springeropen.com)
- A 'wave' of ATP was seen spreading through the brain after neurons were stimulated with a small electric pulse, mimicking a sudden migraine or stroke. (elifesciences.org)
- These include a group of CNS disorders which consist of: Small artery stroke, large vessels ischemia, carotid atherosclerosis , ischemic shock etc. (epainassist.com)
Induces1
- In the absence of ischemic preconditioning (IPC), MCAO induces a large infarction (ischemia-sensitive phenotype). (biomedcentral.com)
Cerebral cortex6
- Neuroscientists use the term cortical spreading depression to represent at least one of the following cortical processes:[citation needed] The spreading of a self-propagating wave of cellular depolarization in the cerebral cortex. (wikipedia.org)
- Recently, adult neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex is becoming clear gradually, and cortical NSCs and NPCs are identified in a few mammals. (jneurology.com)
- In the last decade, cortical adult neurogenesis and its neural stem cells (NSCs), which are self-renewing and can generate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which have a tendency to differentiate into certain types of neurons, have been found in the cerebral cortex of adult mammals 3 . (jneurology.com)
- Interestingly, production of new neurons in the cerebral cortex, as well as in the SVZ and HDG, has been found to be strongly increased by brain ischemia 3 . (jneurology.com)
- Historically, the discovery of cortical adult neurogenesis is old, and identifying generation of new cells in the adult cerebral cortex was first reported in 1912 5 . (jneurology.com)
- Objectives: To examine changes in red Oxalosuccinic acid blood cell (RBC) velocity in intraparenchymal capillaries of rat cerebral cortex in response to KCl-induced cortical spreading depression (CSD). (ainhibitor.com)
Subarachnoid haemorrhage2
- Delayed cerebral ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage: looking beyond vasospasm. (ox.ac.uk)
- Despite improvements in the clinical management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage over the last decade, delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI) remains the single most important cause of morbidity and mortality in those patients who survive the initial bleed. (ox.ac.uk)
Migraine11
- The scintillating scotoma of migraine in humans may be related to the neurophysiologic phenomenon termed the spreading depression of Leão. (wikipedia.org)
- Increased extracellular potassium ion concentration and excitatory glutamate contribute to the initiation and propagation of cortical spreading depression, which is the underlying cause of migraine aura. (wikipedia.org)
- Chronic daily administration of migraine prophylactic drugs (topiramate, valproate, propranolol, amitriptyline, and methysergide) dose-dependently suppressed frequency of CSD induced by continuous cortical application of 1 M KCl solution. (wikipedia.org)
- Valproate and riboflavin were shown to have no effect on the triggering of cortical spreading depression though they are effective in migraine without aura. (wikipedia.org)
- Taken together, these results are compatible with a causal role of cortical spreading depression in migraine with aura, but not in migraine without aura. (wikipedia.org)
- Our group is involved in research into both migraine and ischemia-induced pathophysiological states. (u-szeged.hu)
- I think it's a concern, in a young person or an older person, when they have aura, because it's my belief, based on my research and that of others, that there's a certain subset of patients with migraine that have their aura due to a little bit of ischemia (lack of blood flow)," she said. (migraineagain.com)
- Migraine is a neurological condition caused by cortical spreading depression (CSD). (springeropen.com)
- Other theories of the cause of migraine headaches include spreading cortical de-pression, psychological abnormalities, and vasospasm caused by excess local potassium in the cerebral extra-cellular fluid. (brainkart.com)
- For episodic migraine with aura we outline model-based design strategies toward preventive and acute therapies using stereotactic cortical neuromodulation. (reading.ac.uk)
- To this end, we regard a localized spreading depression (SD) wave segment as a central element in migraine pathophysiology. (reading.ac.uk)
Depolarization3
- Cortical spreading depression (CSD) or spreading depolarization (SD) is a wave of electrophysiological hyperactivity followed by a wave of inhibition. (wikipedia.org)
- Spreading depolarization describes a phenomenon characterized by the appearance of depolarization waves of the neurons and neuroglia that propagates across the cortex at a velocity of 1.5-9.5 mm/min. (wikipedia.org)
- Spreading depolarization within brainstem tissues regulating functions crucial for life has been implicated in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, by way of ion channel mutations such as those seen in Dravet syndrome, a particularly severe form of childhood epilepsy that appears to carry an unusually high risk of SUDEP (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy). (wikipedia.org)
Vascular3
- Multiple cerebral ischemic events may lead to subcortical ischemic depression, also known as vascular depression. (wikipedia.org)
- Then, as a result of the intense ischemia, something happens to the vascular walls, perhaps exhaustion of smooth muscle contraction, to allow the blood vessels to become flaccid and incapable of maintaining vascu-lar tone for 24 to 48 hours. (brainkart.com)
- Direct head trauma is thought to result in primarily focal primary injury, cortical contusion, vascular injury, and haemorrhages accompanied by ischemia. (alliedacademies.org)
Ischemic tolerance1
- Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has been documented to confer ischemic tolerance on brain. (elsevierpure.com)
Neurons3
- Chronic pain enhances this cortico-cortical connection, as manifested by an increased number of ACC neurons that respond to S1 inputs and the magnified contribution of these neurons to the nociceptive response in the ACC. (iasp-pain.org)
- Interestingly, brain damages can up-regulate the production of new neurons by a factor of 0.06-1% of total cortical neurons 4,13-16 . (jneurology.com)
- These reports indicate that cortical NSCs and NPCs may produce neurons in a damage or stimulation-dependent manner. (jneurology.com)
Metabolism2
- Ischemia leads to alterations in brain metabolism, reduction in metabolic rates, and energy crisis. (wikipedia.org)
- Invasive monitoring of cerebral metabolism and intracranial pressure is to be applied in patients with impaired consciousness in order to detect a threatening cerebral ischemia as early as possible. (csnn.eu)
Citation needed7
- Ischemia within the arteries branching from the vertebral arteries in the back of the brain may result in symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, double vision, or weakness on both sides of the body[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Late onset depression is increasingly seen as a distinct sub-type of depression, and can be detected with an MRI. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Compression of blood vessels may also lead to brain ischemia, by blocking the arteries that carry oxygen to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Blockage of arteries due to plaque buildup may also result in ischemia. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Large blood clots can also cause ischemia by blocking blood flow. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] A heart attack can also cause brain ischemia due to the correlation that exists between heart attack and low blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Congenital heart defects may also cause brain ischemia due to the lack of appropriate artery formation and connection. (wikipedia.org)
Diffuse1
- The causes of disorders of consciousness include traumatic brain injuries, diffuse cerebral ischemia or hypoxia as can follow cardiac arrest, or cerebral infarction or hemorrhage. (medlink.com)
Responses3
- Brain tissue responses to ischemia. (southampton.ac.uk)
- The fate of the brain tissue after focal cerebral ischemia is determined by the degree and duration of ischemia, and even without preconditioning, resident brain cells naturally respond to brain ischemia by mobilizing a host of defences and counter responses to mitigate cell injury and death [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- When the lethal ischemic insult is applied onto this latent protective phenotype, a separate set of responses are triggered that constitute ischemia-tolerant phenotype, which strikingly differs from the unprimed or unpreconditioned brain's phenotype (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Extracellular1
- Modeling extracellular space electrodiffusion during Leao's spreading depression. (reading.ac.uk)
Vasospasm1
- The vasospasm theoretically produces ischemia of portions of the brain, and this is responsible for the prodromal symptoms. (brainkart.com)
Define2
- To describe nucleation and propagation features of the SD wave segment, we define the new concepts of cortical hot spots and labyrinths, respectively. (reading.ac.uk)
- Our results thus define a cortical circuit that plays a potentially important role in integrating sensory and affective pain signals. (iasp-pain.org)
Symptoms5
- The main symptoms of brain ischemia involve impairments in vision, body movement, and speaking. (wikipedia.org)
- Symptoms of brain ischemia can include unconsciousness, blindness, problems with coordination, and weakness in the body. (wikipedia.org)
- The symptoms of brain ischemia reflect the anatomical region undergoing blood and oxygen deprivation. (wikipedia.org)
- Ischemia within the arteries branching from the internal carotid artery may result in symptoms such as blindness in one eye, weakness in one arm or leg, or weakness in one entire side of the body. (wikipedia.org)
- The symptoms of brain ischemia range from mild to severe. (wikipedia.org)
Arteries1
- Individuals with sickle cell anemia, compressed blood vessels, ventricular tachycardia, plaque buildup in the arteries, blood clots, extremely low blood pressure as a result of heart attack, and congenital heart defects have a higher predisposition to brain ischemia in comparison to the average population. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms3
- Novel pathological mechanisms have been suggested, including damage to cerebral tissue in the first 72 h after aneurysm rupture ('early brain injury'), cortical spreading depression, and microthrombosis. (ox.ac.uk)
- The mechanisms of neurotoxicity associated with increased COX activity after ischemia will also be examined. (southampton.ac.uk)
- Cortical mechanisms of sensory and affective integration, however, remain poorly defined. (iasp-pain.org)
Occurs2
- Delayed phase of IT occurs in days, when the latent cerebroprotective phenotype is complete, the brain is again ischemia-tolerant. (biomedcentral.com)
- A seizure is an abnormal, unregulated electrical discharge that occurs within the brain's cortical gray matter and transiently interrupts normal brain function. (msdmanuals.com)
Methods1
- METHODS: In Experiment 1, two contamination methods (immersion method according to EN 1500 and low-volume method according to ASTM E2755) were tested with the EN 1500 test organism Escherichia coli using 60% v/v iso-propanol. (bvsalud.org)
Blood3
- Often, the torn blood vessel is a vein that connects the cortical surface of the brain to a dural sinus (termed a bridging vein). (medscape.com)
- Please cite this paper as: Unekawa M, Tomita M, Tomita Y, Toriumi H and Suzuki N. Sustained Decrease and Remarkable Increase in Red Blood Cell Velocity in Intraparenchymal Capillaries Associated With Potassium-Induced Cortical Spreading Depression. (ainhibitor.com)
- Cerebral ischemia is caused by a reduction in blood flow that lasts longer than several seconds. (epainassist.com)
Variety of diseases1
- Brain ischemia has been linked to a variety of diseases or abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
Areas3
- if MCAO is applied during this phase, mainly cortical areas are spared (early ischemia-tolerant phenotype). (biomedcentral.com)
- Effect of Surface Area A four-way cross-over research documented that when 1 mL of 2% minoxidil resolution was spread over floor 2 2 areas ranging from one hundred cm to 200 cm, the amount of minoxidil absorbed was minimally affected [url=https://xaqlab.com/medpractice/purchase-online-pariet-no-rx/] gastritis diet queen buy 20mg pariet free shipping[/url]. (ehd.org)
- Cranial imaging of 3 encephalitic patients documented changes consistent with cerebral atrophy ( 3 ), meningoencephalitis ( 4 ), and areas of diffusion restriction suggesting ischemia ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Autism1
- A lower level of KYNA is observed in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases or psychiatric disorders such as depression and autism spectrum disorders, whereas a higher level of KYNA is associated with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. (mdpi.com)
Distinct1
- There are two temporally distinct windows of protection from ischemia afforded by PC. (biomedcentral.com)
Psychiatric1
- Psychosocial distress caused by bereavement, stress, and stigma and formal psychiatric diagnoses of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder have been reported ( 17 - 21 ). (cdc.gov)
Wave2
- The spreading of a wave of ischemia passing through an area of cortex. (wikipedia.org)
- The spreading of a wave of vasoconstriction following vasodilation and prolonged sustained vasoconstriction of contiguous cortical arterioles. (wikipedia.org)
Discovery1
- Accordingly, this discovery raised the possibility of intervening after brain ischemia before the damage becomes irreversible. (wikipedia.org)
Result1
- Similar to cerebral hypoxia, severe or prolonged brain ischemia will result in unconsciousness, brain damage or death, mediated by the ischemic cascade. (wikipedia.org)
Brain damage1
- Neuroinflammation is one of the key pathological events involved in the progression of brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia. (southampton.ac.uk)
Damage1
- Unlike COX-1, COX-2 expression is dramatically induced by ischemia and appears to be an effector of tissue damage. (southampton.ac.uk)
Surface1
- In particular, we firstly focus exclusively on curvature-induced dynamical properties by studying a generic reaction-diffusion model of SD on the folded cortical surface. (reading.ac.uk)
Effects1
- This review focuses on the effects of regulating factors on cortical adult neurogenesis, such as brain damages, aging and certain drugs, and we discuss implications of cortical adult neurogenesis for brain diseases and damages. (jneurology.com)
Level1
- The exact pathogenesis of migrainous infarct is not known, but and devices have been Shes to treat pain and inflammation level from cortical spreading depression. (rl-hard.hu)
Review2
- This review article will focus specifically on the involvement of COX isozymes in brain ischemia. (southampton.ac.uk)
- In this review, I summarize recent studies of cortical adult neurogenesis. (jneurology.com)
Discuss1
- Finally, we will provide a critical evaluation of the therapeutic potential of COX inhibitors in cerebral ischemia and discuss new targets downstream of COX with potential neuroprotective ability. (southampton.ac.uk)
Condition1
- Brain ischemia is a condition in which there is insufficient bloodflow to the brain to meet metabolic demand. (wikipedia.org)
Single1
- We introduced two models of CSD induction: CSD evoked during continuous topical KCl application and CSD induced through a single KCl microinjection into the cortical tissue. (u-szeged.hu)