• We increase the leaching fraction (amount of water applied) in order to push salts below the root zone. (ufl.edu)
  • As water evaporates from the soil surface, more water rises from deeper depths depositing salts in the root zone that need to be flushed. (ufl.edu)
  • As the increased concentration of salts in the water or soil negatively affects crops' growth and productivity, the successive irrigation process causes the salts to be washed under the root zone. (cgiar.org)
  • In areas where rainfall is high at least during some time of the year, infiltrating water is usually sufficient to leach salts from the soil. (iwaponline.com)
  • Salinity is a measure for the content of dissolved salts in water. (iwaponline.com)
  • River water or groundwater used in irrigation contains salts, which remain in the soil after the water has evaporated. (wikipedia.org)
  • All irrigation water derived from rivers or groundwater, however 'sweet', contains salts that remain behind in the soil after the water has evaporated. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the absence of sufficient natural drainage (as in waterlogged soils) and proper leaching and drainage program to remove salts, this would lead to high soil salinity and reduced crop yields in the long run. (wikipedia.org)
  • It leads to an accumulation of salts brought in with the irrigation water as their removal through the aquifer is blocked. (wikipedia.org)
  • Living with Salts in Irrigation Water. (routledge.com)
  • Irrigation were applied on the basis of leaching requirement of the soil to leach down the salts. (bigdatainagriculture.com)
  • The evapotranspiration measurements were also be taken from water balance equation and results were showed that the tubewell water ET was more as compared to canal water because more water was applied to leach down the salts, so more water was also evaporates as compared to the canal water. (bigdatainagriculture.com)
  • The leachate of tubewell water was more as compared to the canal water due to the reason that more salts were present in the tubewell water and applied more water to leach down the salts. (bigdatainagriculture.com)
  • With evaporation, salts in the water settle on the soil. (org.in)
  • Discharge of industrial effluents into irrigation canals is also a potential source of salts in agricultural soil. (hindawi.com)
  • As the region's arid climate evaporates the water, the salts crystalize along the shore. (nasa.gov)
  • Salinity is the result of the accumulation of various salts in paddy fields. (earthjournalism.net)
  • The salts are dissolved in water and deposited in the soil when water is evaporated, causing salinity. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Coastal salinity is caused by salts of ions such as fluoride, sulfate, sodium, and magnesium. (earthjournalism.net)
  • The reasons for this salinity include carbonate and bicarbonate salts formed with ions such as calcium, magnesium and sodium. (earthjournalism.net)
  • But extracting salts from brine to yield commercially viable products could offset the cost of desalinated water production in the next decade. (unu.edu)
  • Extremely coarse-textured soils, or golf greens that are constructed on pure sands, can be watered with higher SAR levels without serious concerns for deflocculation. (ufl.edu)
  • In order to study the effect of brackish water irrigation on water and salt transport in saline-alkali soils, one-dimensional brackish water infiltration experiments of soil columns were conducted. (degruyter.com)
  • Soil salinity control refers to controlling the process and progress of soil salinity to prevent soil degradation by salination and reclamation of already salty (saline) soils. (wikipedia.org)
  • The causes of salty soils are often associated with high water tables, which are caused by a lack of natural subsurface drainage to the underground. (wikipedia.org)
  • Keeping in view the salinity problem in the soils of Pakistan, analysis was taken in order to compute the leaching requirements of the soil of lysimeter at field site of water management research center. (bigdatainagriculture.com)
  • A third factor has led to the current debility of soils in India: irrigation. (org.in)
  • The ACRU agrohydrological model, in the form of ACRU2000 and its salinity module, ACRUSalinity, was employed in catchment-scale assessment of widespread irrigation with low quality mine-water in undisturbed (un-mined) and rehabilitated soils in the Upper Olifants basin of South Africa. (scielo.org.za)
  • The first was a baseline scenario representing the prevailing condition in the study area and the other 2 scenarios represented widespread irrigation with the mine-water on undisturbed and rehabilitated soils. (scielo.org.za)
  • In simulating the widespread irrigation on rehabilitated soils, a distinction was made between a rehabilitated irrigated area before and after the re-establishment of the equilibrium water table. (scielo.org.za)
  • Irrigation on rehabilitated soils depleted the water in the reservoir more rapidly than irrigation on undisturbed soils, due to lower runoff and higher ingress to groundwater in rehabilitated areas. (scielo.org.za)
  • 2004). The need for a cost-effective as well as environmentally sustainable means of mine-water disposal has fostered interest in the possibility of utilising mine-water for irrigation in suitable soils, which could include rehabilitated mined land. (scielo.org.za)
  • Some of the key aspects of the dialogue will be focused on global projects related to the practice of irrigation with brackish or saline waters, as well as innovative approaches and solutions in managing saline soils. (biosaline.org)
  • Under the COVID-19 pandemic, unprecedented challenging conditions push the attention on how local food production can be enhanced by utilizing low-quality water and land resources, such as in salt-affected soils. (biosaline.org)
  • International Network on Salt-Affected Soils (INSAS) and salinity mapping. (biosaline.org)
  • They have proven that remote sensing data using statistical methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), is a useful and promising method to monitor and predict salt-affected soils, especially those with high salinity. (scirp.org)
  • Proper appreciation of the relationships among soils, crops, climate and water is essential for an efficient and economic use of water resources for maximum crop production. (indiaagronet.com)
  • Biodegradation occurs readily in soils and water under aerobic conditions with half-lives on the order of several days to a few weeks. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrolysis and photolysis are also important degradation pathways for guthion in water, foliage, and soils. (cdc.gov)
  • It looks like the groundwater recharge is also coming from water processed under the Colorado River Salinity Control Act ( PDF ), so it may not be much of an issue even longer-term. (golfclubatlas.com)
  • High salinity levels are common in recycled, tailored, and groundwater sources. (ufl.edu)
  • Thus, this study investigates the quality of groundwater and assesses its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. (mdpi.com)
  • Consideration was given to runoff, groundwater storage, evapotranspiration, baseflow, interception, irrigation water supply and rainfall, thereby accounting for all the dominant hydrological components of the system. (scielo.org.za)
  • Continued irrigation of desertified land increases soil salinity, and contaminates groundwater, but does little to reverse the loss of productivity. (jrank.org)
  • This paper presents data on water quantities, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) from a research project with agricultural water reuse in North Namibia and discusses options for salinity management. (iwaponline.com)
  • Since this procedure is very time consuming, salinity is often determined by drying and weighing of water samples or by use of a surrogate parameter such as electrical conductivity (EC), density, sound speed, or refractive index. (iwaponline.com)
  • Detecting water stress in trees using stem electrical conductivity measurements. (agri.gov.il)
  • Increasing the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water from 0.5 dS m -1 (non-salinized control) to 15.7 dS m -1 , caused a reduction of both leaf and root water potentials. (ishs.org)
  • Salinity is measured using the electrical conductivity of water and the unit is deciSiemens per meter. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Statistical correlation between ground measurements of Electrical Conductivity (EC), spectral indices and Landsat original bands showed that the near and short-wave infrared bands (band 4, band 5 and 7) and the salinity indices (SI 5 and SI 9) have the highest correlation with EC. (scirp.org)
  • The parameter value of the normalized root length distribution (NRLD) function was fitted through the estimated RWU rate distributions for treatment S1 without the effect of salinity stress. (agri.gov.il)
  • Effect of Salinity Stress on Growth Parameters and Metabolites of Medicinal Plants: A Review. (routledge.com)
  • However, little is known about the physiological and ionic changes that may contribute to the survival and establishment of seedlings under conditions of salinity. (usda.gov)
  • But one of paspalum s most powerful attributes is its ability to tolerate elevated salinity levels that would affect other turfgrass types much more negatively. (golfclubatlas.com)
  • Kuntze) all tolerate high salinity levels in the water and soil. (ufl.edu)
  • Evidence that differential expression of salt tolerance genes contributes to the ability of the halophytic ARMS, Thellungiella halophila to tolerate higher levels of salinity than Arabidopsis thaliana. (agri.gov.il)
  • To put it in perspective, most crops can only tolerate a salinity level of up to 1gm. (vietnamplus.vn)
  • Most of the crop plants can tolerate salinity within the range of 2-8 deciSiemens per meter. (earthjournalism.net)
  • In China, fresh water resources are scarce, while brackish water resources are abundant. (degruyter.com)
  • Reasonable utilization of brackish water is one of the important measures to alleviate the contradiction of water shortage. (degruyter.com)
  • The influence of brackish water with different salinities on water and salt transport in salinized soil was compared and analyzed. (degruyter.com)
  • The results showed that under brackish water irrigation, the Kostiakov model could better simulate the change in soil infiltration rate with time, the soil infiltration capacity had a positive response to the salinity of irrigation water. (degruyter.com)
  • Therefore, brackish water irrigation has a certain effect on the distribution of water and salt in saline soil. (degruyter.com)
  • China is rich in brackish water resources and can exploit 13 billion m 3 annually [ 2 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • The requirements for safe and sustainable development of brackish water irrigation are high. (degruyter.com)
  • There was no significant difference in the yield of fresh water and brackish water (3-5 g/L) irrigated during the jointing stage of winter wheat in North China for four consecutive years, and compared with dry farming, the yield increased by an average of 31.6 %, and the water use efficiency could be improved [ 3 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • On using brackish water to plant tomatoes in coastal saline-alkali land, it was found that brackish water irrigation with EC i ≤ 4.7 dS/m could produce tomatoes with good quality under the condition of ensuring the balance of yield and soil salinity [ 4 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • However, long-term brackish water irrigation may still aggravate soil salinization, thereby affecting crop growth. (degruyter.com)
  • Salinity - salt content - of fresh, brackish and sea water. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • These results indicate that using brackish water with ECw up to 5,0 dS m-1 allow for production of good quality seedlings of dwarf coconut. (usda.gov)
  • This knowledge is important for farmers in the semi-arid who rely on brackish water for their agricultural production of dwarf coconut and to save potable water for human and livestock consumption. (usda.gov)
  • Our results clearly suggest the possibility of using brackish water with ECw up to 5,0 dS m/1 for production of seedlings of dwarf coconut, without reducing the quality of seedlings. (usda.gov)
  • Deep inland aquifers with brackish or salty water exist in volumes estimated to total millions of cubic kilometres . (unu.edu)
  • Huge pumping stations were built to pump out Sasyk's brackish water and replace it with freshwater from the Danube. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • It is suggested that the soil salt content and soil relative solution concentration under saline water irrigation should not exceed the salt tolerance limit of crops. (degruyter.com)
  • Tolerance to Soil Salinity. (routledge.com)
  • Download and View the Presentation from Evaluation of rootstocks for salinity tolerance by Peggy Mauk, Ph.D. (indexfresh.com)
  • In this study, we characterized plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase and examined their effect on salinity stress tolerance in okra through the induction of ROS-scavenging enzyme activity. (hindawi.com)
  • UPMR18 could be an effective bioresource for enhancing salt tolerance and growth of okra plants under salinity stress. (hindawi.com)
  • Although the plant is fairly salt-tolerant once established, there is scarce information on the salt tolerance of coconut seedlings needed for maintaining and expanding the planted area in semi-arid regions to keep up with the growing demand for coconut water and other crop products (dry pulp, oil, milk, and fiber). (usda.gov)
  • To increase the knowledge on seedling tolerance to salinity, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of salinity of irrigation water on physiological responses of dwarf coconut seedlings. (usda.gov)
  • Alvarez-Gerding X, Cortés-Bullemore R, Medina C, Romero-Romero JL, Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Aquea F, Arce-Johnson P (2015) Improved salinity tolerance in Carrizo Citrange rootstock through overexpression of glyoxalase system genes. (springer.com)
  • Cervera M, Ortega C, Navarro A, Navarro L, Peña L (2000) Generation of transgenic citrus plants with the tolerance-to-salinity gene HAL2 from yeast. (springer.com)
  • When salinity levels increase, the osmotic potential of the soil water decreases, making water less available for plants, and potentially inducing physiological drought stress. (ufl.edu)
  • However, when turfgrass and ornamentals are grown in fields, they are subjected to multiple stresses, including heat and drought, that exacerbate the salinity stressor. (ufl.edu)
  • Besides drought, the Brazilian northeast is a semi-arid region afflicted by salinity of the soil, water, or both. (usda.gov)
  • A study published in 2007 concluded that both drought and increased demand for irrigation water contributed to the lake's falling water levels and rising salinity. (nasa.gov)
  • Drought, floods, salinity and iron toxicity are among the key environmental factors that affect paddy cultivation in Sri Lanka, an island nation in the Indian Ocean. (earthjournalism.net)
  • The severity of salinity increases with the effects of the level of drought and higher evaporation. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Also, with climate change, the risk of salinity increases, mainly due to rising temperatures, higher evaporation, increased intensity of drought, water scarcity and rising sea levels. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Abiotic stressors such as drought and salinity adversely affect physiological citrus performance and survival. (springer.com)
  • Canals began to weave their way through the land, bringing subsidised water right up to the farm-gate. (org.in)
  • The Mekong Delta province of Tra Vinh will dredge its 18 main irrigation canals that run a total of 162 km in the next four years at a cost of 387 billion VND (16.7 million USD) to improve the supply of water for irrigation during the dry season. (vietnamplus.vn)
  • They water the plots through a network of small canals fed by a spring. (nzdl.org)
  • Water is a costly input when canals supply it. (indiaagronet.com)
  • Water is a costly input when canals supply it misuse of water leads to water logging, salt imbalance etc. rendering agricultural lands unproductive. (indiaagronet.com)
  • Because water characteristics can affect soil and plant status, it is important to check water quality periodically. (ufl.edu)
  • When reading a water analysis report, there is a common misconception that sodium (Na) is the most important or only salt that can create problems to plant and soil. (ufl.edu)
  • Split - split plot with R. C. B. D. experimental design was used with three replicates, Plant height, leaf area and Plant root length were decreased with the increasing of irrigation water salinity and the depletion percent while the same parameters increased when magnetized water used for irrigation. (edu.iq)
  • This important volume, Soil Salinity Management in Agriculture , addresses the crucial issue of soil salinity of potential farmland and provides a comprehensive picture of the saline environment and plant interactions, along with management and reclamation methods and policies. (routledge.com)
  • Due to osmotic pressure, plant roots tend to lose water and nutrients instead of absorbing them from the soil. (org.in)
  • Soil salinity is a major problem in agriculture that limits plant growth and causes significant loss of crop productivity worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A high percentage of salt in the root zone affects root density, root turgor pressure, and water absorption, which eventually affects plant growth and development. (hindawi.com)
  • The okra plant is sensitive to salinity especially in the early stage of its growth [ 7 ] where salinity affects water and nutrient uptake of the plant, and ionic stress reduces leaf expansion. (hindawi.com)
  • The increase in plant carotenoids and lycopene contents obtained upon mild saline irrigation was comparable to that obtained via genetic engineering. (ishs.org)
  • Salinity results in salt toxicity and plant fatigue. (earthjournalism.net)
  • The impact of salinity is higher during seed germination and plant growth and the effect is less during the flowering and mature stages of paddy. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Soil salinity limits plant growth, reduces crop productivity and degrades soil. (scirp.org)
  • In the drylands , lack of water limits plant growth for at least several months of the year (Figure 1.2). (nzdl.org)
  • Dodd I, Ryan A (2016) Whole-Plant Physiological Responses to Water-Deficit Stress. (springer.com)
  • In the root zone, high salt concentration decreases soil water potential and water availability, which causes dehydration at the cellular level, eventually leading to osmotic stress [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Leaf osmotic adjustment was linearly related to the salinity of the irrigation water. (ishs.org)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the effect of salinity of irrigation water on physiological and ionic parameters, and changes in compatible solubles in dwarf coconut seedlings. (usda.gov)
  • Waterlogging, caused by irrigation without drainage, leads to high rates of evaporation. (org.in)
  • Different paddy varieties and agricultural practices have been developed and used to reduce the effect of salinity. (earthjournalism.net)
  • SMEC has built a broad client base across the Central Asia Republics and Caucasus region with ongoing projects in Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Georgia.SMEC will help implement nature-based solutions for soil stabilisation and effective irrigation management practices that will enable a more sustainable way of life for the Tajikistan farming community. (smec.com)
  • The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) is a non-profit, scientific research organization focusing on the sustainable use of water and land resources in developing countries. (landportal.org)
  • This should contribute to efficient and sustainable irrigation scheduling . (agri.gov.il)
  • Demand for agricultural water use is difficult to be generally satisfied, especially in the arid and semi-arid areas of northwest China, where precipitation is scarce and the average annual precipitation is only 300 mm [ 1 ], which seriously restricts the sustainable development of agriculture. (degruyter.com)
  • For long-term sustainable irrigation of agricultural areas, salt accumulation on the fields needs to be controlled. (iwaponline.com)
  • He has held several positions in the World Bank including as Senior Economic Advisor in the Water Practice, Lead Economist in the Africa Region's Sustainable Development Department, in the South Asia and Latin America and Caribbean Regions of the World Bank. (worldbank.org)
  • Thanks to the project, providing people, including the poor, with household-level access to sustainable, safe and potable drinking water supply through piped water-supply schemes and improved sanitation contributes to the improvement of their health and livelihoods. (worldbank.org)
  • Future research needs identified include: Interaction between eucalypts and other species, soil water and nutrient cycles, matching of species and sites, impacts on wildlife, genetic improvements leading to efficient water use management, and stand management strategy to be adopted for maximizing benefits. (fao.org)
  • 2002). These investigations focused on field assessments (at centre pivot scale) of the impacts of irrigation with mine-water on crop production, soil characteristics and the quantity and quality of drainage water. (scielo.org.za)
  • A combination of structural and non-structural measures was implemented including awareness campaigns, water resources management planning and infrastructure reconstruction to mitigate impacts caused by climate change. (worldbank.org)
  • Land degradation by salinity, sodicity or combination of both is one of the major impediments to agricultural productivity throughout the world. (bigdatainagriculture.com)
  • The salt concentration of the drainage water is normally 5 to 10 times higher than that of the irrigation water, thus salt export more closely matches salt import and it will not accumulate. (wikipedia.org)
  • m-1 and drainage water, which was brought from a surface drain, located on the opposite side of the riverbank with Ec 4 ds. (edu.iq)
  • 2001), and the impact of the irrigation drainage water on water resources. (scielo.org.za)
  • Irrigation generally results in two types of drainage water: water on the surface, and water that seeps into the earth. (unu.edu)
  • Salinity of drainage water is higher, but salt-tolerant crops and new varieties can meet this challenge. (unu.edu)
  • Then, dye patterns were captured using a digital camera and soil water and pore water electric conductivity were measured by a WET-sensor. (lu.se)
  • For example, assuming irrigation water with a low salt concentration of 0.3 g/L (equal to 0.3 kg/m³ corresponding to an electric conductivity of about 0.5 FdS/m) and a modest annual supply of irrigation water of 10,000 m³/ha (almost 3 mm/day) brings 3,000 kg salt/ha each year. (wikipedia.org)
  • the first one was irrigation water salinity with two levels: Euphrates river water with electric conductivity 1 ds. (edu.iq)
  • The soil water content directly affects soil salinity. (ufl.edu)
  • Salinity affects up to 20% and 50% of the total cultivated and irrigated land in the world, respectively [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Water affects the performance of crops not only direclty but also indirectly by influencing the availability of other nutrients, the timing of cultural operations, etc. (indiaagronet.com)
  • However, the use of saline water in agriculture is gradually increasing owing to shortage of fresh water. (hindawi.com)
  • The Global Framework on Water Scarcity in Agriculture (WASAG) hosted by the FAO Land and Water Division is organizing a series of webinars in collaboration with its Partners. (biosaline.org)
  • The working group on "Saline Agriculture", under the framework of WASAG, is organizing a webinar titled " Water and Soil Management in salt affected areas: practical solutions and tools " to share knowledge and experience in addressing the multiple challenges related to agriculture of these zones. (biosaline.org)
  • Biosaline agriculture techniques: soil and water salinity in Cabo Verde. (biosaline.org)
  • Therefore, to cope with the effects of growing water scarcity for agriculture, climate smart agricultural techniques were implemented to increase water productivity. (worldbank.org)
  • One in four people on Earth face shortages of water for drinking, sanitation, agriculture, and economic development. (unu.edu)
  • Agriculture is the most common form of employment but over time irrigation and drainage (I&D) infrastructure has deteriorated, putting heightened pressure on food security and the wider economy. (smec.com)
  • Despite women's crucial role in agriculture and as primary water users, they do not have equal access to knowledge and inputs for improved agricultural productivity. (smec.com)
  • With proper combination of water and soil nutrients the crop yields can be boosted manifold under irrigated agriculture. (indiaagronet.com)
  • Besides being fairly bewildered by the complexity of water delivery in the American West, I was pretty surprised by the high and persistent salinity levels that come from long periods of irrigation. (golfclubatlas.com)
  • Furthermore, T2 and daily irrigation showed lower salinity levels in the flow domain as compared to other irrigation treatments and regimes. (lu.se)
  • Appropriate salt tolerant crops, fine irrigation levels, and good soil characteristics are needed. (degruyter.com)
  • m-1, the second factor was two levels of irrigation water magnetization, which were magnetized with 1500 gauss magnetization intensity and without magnetization. (edu.iq)
  • ESPs fell to pre-irrigation levels after irrigation ceased. (londonmet.ac.uk)
  • The salinity levels have been 1 - 7.7 grammes per litre since December. (vietnamplus.vn)
  • In dry years, when freshwater inflows are low, nutrient levels drop but salinity increases, especially in Lake Wellington which is normally quite fresh. (environmentvictoria.org.au)
  • Satellite observations of Orumiyeh's surface levels show an overall decline of about 4 meters between 1992 and 2011, with an increase in water levels in the mid-1990s. (nasa.gov)
  • Amin Eimanifar, lead author of the 2007 study, remarks that water levels have dropped throughout the lake (follow the high-resolution links above for wider views). (nasa.gov)
  • Water levels are at their lowest since 1937. (nasa.gov)
  • A combination of measures including awareness raising, water resources management planning, etc. were designed to create the needed water management infrastructure and to increase the institutional capacities at all levels to cope with increasing saline intrusion, variable flow regimes and growing competition for water resources. (worldbank.org)
  • After the Danube-Dniester Irrigation System devastated Sasyk, levels of local unemployment and poverty rose and people started to leave. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • The harm of salt to crops and its effect on yield are less than that caused by water. (degruyter.com)
  • Salt uptake in crops is only substantial to the salt balance if TDS contents of the irrigation water are relatively low. (iwaponline.com)
  • Waterlogging causes three problems: The shallow water table and lack of oxygenation of the root zone reduces the yield of most crops. (wikipedia.org)
  • New fruit crops with high water use efficiency. (agri.gov.il)
  • What crops will be grown in the expansion of the Ord Irrigation Scheme? (abc.net.au)
  • Water is one of the most important inputs essential for the production of crops. (indiaagronet.com)
  • Artificial water supply through irrigation on one occasion, and the removal of excess water through drainage on another occasion, therefore, become imperative, if the crops are to be raised successfully. (indiaagronet.com)
  • Large quantities of water in irrigation projects are not consumed by plants and must go somewhere. (wikipedia.org)
  • In irrigation projects, it is impossible to achieve 100% irrigation efficiency where all the irrigation water is consumed by the plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Salinity monitoring for desalination plants. (environmental-expert.com)
  • Increased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, APX, and CAT) and upregulation of ROS pathway genes (CAT, APX, GR, and DHAR) were observed in PGPR inoculated okra plants under salinity stress. (hindawi.com)
  • Saline water reduces the transpiration rate of plants by disrupting the evapotranspiration system thus reducing crop yield [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The use of salt-tolerant plants is an important alternative to cope with the problem of salinity in semi-arid regions. (usda.gov)
  • Plants are less tolerant to salinity higher than 8 deciSiemens per meter. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Although a small percentage of microorganisms are harmful to certain plants and animals and may cause serious disease in humans, the vast majority of microorganisms provide beneficial services, such as assisting in water purification and the production of certain foods, and many are essential for the proper functioning of Earth's ecosystems. (researchgate.net)
  • Desertification is a process of continuous, gradual ecosystem degradation, during which plants and animals, and geological resources such as water and soil, are stressed beyond their ability to adjust to changing conditions. (jrank.org)
  • Available water for crop plants. (indiaagronet.com)
  • During a 15-day treatment of water deficit by cessation of irrigation, the transgenic lines LM2 and LM14 showed lower stomatal conductance and transpiration paired with lower photosynthesis, whereas transgenic line LM7 maintained its photosynthesis, declining stomatal conductance, and transpiration compared to WT plants, which is manifested into more efficient water use. (springer.com)
  • with the increase in the salinity of irrigation water, the water salt content and the concentration of Na + and Cl − increased gradually, but the difference in the desalination zone was not obvious. (degruyter.com)
  • Desalination - removing salt from seawater - contributes over 100 million cubic metres of water a day, supporting about 5% of the world's population. (unu.edu)
  • New developments in desalination will likely make it the lowest-cost unconventional water supply resource worldwide. (unu.edu)
  • IWMI works in partnership with governments, civil society and the private sector to develop scalable agricultural water management solutions that have a real impact on poverty reduction, food security and ecosystem health. (landportal.org)
  • Options for salinity management are assessed. (iwaponline.com)
  • Soil Salinity Management in Crop Production. (routledge.com)
  • Problems of allelopathy, nutrient depletion and water use are considered by the author together with remedial management techniques such as early thinnings for firewood, greater spacing of trees, selection of appropriate species and provenances, hybrids and clones. (fao.org)
  • 1999). Other factors that need to be considered are the resultant soil water and salt balance for different cropping systems, the choice of irrigation management strategies (Jovanovic et al. (scielo.org.za)
  • Many factors contribute to this change including increased water extraction, poor irrigation management, and sea-level rise. (worldbank.org)
  • Aim of the Webinar is the understanding of major issues and the role that tailored soil management and irrigation techniques can play in ensuring food security in such areas. (biosaline.org)
  • Irrigation management under saline conditions. (biosaline.org)
  • Water management in land reclamation areas of southern Spain. (biosaline.org)
  • Saline water management in land reclamation areas of northern Italy. (biosaline.org)
  • The Mekong Delta Water Management for Rural Development project created gains in agricultural productivity for local farmers, provided access to water supply for rural households, and contributed to climate change adaptation and resilience. (worldbank.org)
  • This vulnerability is exacerbated by human activities leading to inadequate management and degradation of water resources. (worldbank.org)
  • The project protected and enhanced the use of water resources in seven provinces of the Mekong Delta region - Can Tho, Soc Trang, Hau Giang, An Giang, Kien Giang, Ca Mau, Bac Lieu -- to sustain agricultural productivity, provided access to water supply, and contributed to climate change adaptation through a concerted effort towards integrated approaches for water resource management. (worldbank.org)
  • From 2011 to 2017, the project invested in water management infrastructure - river and sea dykes, sluices, and dredging of secondary and tertiary canal systems - to protect and enhance the utilization of water resources in project provinces of the Mekong Delta to sustain gains in agricultural productivity. (worldbank.org)
  • They also have a limited role in decision-making on water management because of their low representation in water user associations. (smec.com)
  • Strengthening of policy for suitable water management. (smec.com)
  • Water management in India thus comprises of irrigation and drainage or both. (indiaagronet.com)
  • Abnormal acidity or basicity can influence nutrient availability, corrode irrigation equipment, and alter pesticide efficacy. (ufl.edu)
  • Ecological aspects of eucalypt plantings are reviewed, notably those concerning soil degradation, the water cycle and biodiversity. (fao.org)
  • Salinity thresholds for turfgrass species and ornamentals have been established in several greenhouse studies. (ufl.edu)
  • Salinity stress generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), namely, H 2 O 2 , O −2 , and OH − that damage the DNA, RNA, and proteins [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Many landscapers and turfgrass managers are forced to switch from fresh/canal water to other sources, such as reclaimed wastewater. (ufl.edu)
  • The Yovon I&D has a net irrigation command area of 40,335 hectares, and the system is highly exposed to climate and earthquake hazards. (smec.com)
  • Salinity, however, remained a persistent problem and as a result over 30,000 hectares of prime agricultural land were destroyed. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • The primary method of controlling soil salinity is to permit only 10-20% of the irrigation water to leach the soil, so that it will be drained and discharged through an appropriate drainage system. (wikipedia.org)
  • We set out to characterize the influence of soil salinity on tomato RWU under conditions of irrigation with high salinity water and to improve methods for optimizing parameters of RWU model. (agri.gov.il)
  • Increasing population growth and urbanization have set limits on the amount of fresh water that can be utilized for outdoor irrigation. (ufl.edu)
  • Typiclal limits for impurities in drinking water. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Salinity is a major environmental stress that limits crop production worldwide. (hindawi.com)
  • Evaluation of TDR use to monitor water content in stem of lemon trees and soil and their response to water stress. (agri.gov.il)
  • Stress induced water content variations in mango stem by time domain reflectometry. (agri.gov.il)
  • As an alternative resource, it can be rationally developed and utilized to increase irrigation water source, alleviate the pressure of insufficient freshwater resources, improve irrigation guarantee rate, and ensure crop yield, which has important practical significance. (degruyter.com)
  • Freshwater scarcity has raised concerns about the long-term availability of the water supplies within the transboundary Mesilla (United States)/Conejos-Médanos (Mexico) Basin in Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua. (mdpi.com)
  • Water scarcity is expected to intensify in regions like the Middle East and North Africa, which has 6% of the global population but only 1% of the world's freshwater resources. (unu.edu)
  • Conventional water sources - which rely on snowfall, rainfall and rivers - are not enough to meet growing freshwater demand in water-scarce areas. (unu.edu)
  • Sasyk lagoon as seen from the 14-kilometer concrete dike, which the Soviets built in order to cut it off from the sea and turn it into a giant freshwater irrigation reservoir. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • Salinity is one of the challenges facing agricultural production, especially in arid and semi-arid desert areas. (cgiar.org)
  • The study investigated whether good growth rates could be obtained for trees in a semi-arid environment (Formentera, Balearic Islands) using small quantities of highly saline irrigation water. (londonmet.ac.uk)
  • The experiment demonstrates a low cost and effective technique for rapid tree establishment with low quality water which could have a wide application in semi-arid zones. (londonmet.ac.uk)
  • Although it has good nutritional value as well as high consumer demand, the yield of okra per hectare is very low, and this lower productivity arises mainly from soil salinity. (hindawi.com)
  • In this paper we develop a plausibly causal model to test the sensitivity of global and regional agricultural productivity to changes in water salinity. (worldbank.org)
  • To do so, we utilize several local and global datasets on water quality and agricultural productivity and a model which isolates the impact of exogenous changes in water salinity on yields. (worldbank.org)
  • High salinity leads to a decrease in paddy productivity or the yield per hectare, rather than the death of the entire crop. (earthjournalism.net)
  • The project will help to enhance climate resilience, water productivity, and the income of female and male farmers by modernising selected areas of the Yovon I&D system. (smec.com)
  • Soil water and salinity distribution under different treatments of drip irrigation. (lu.se)
  • In this study, field experiments and numerical simulations for different drip irrigation treatments in a sandy loam soil were conducted to investigate soil water and salinity distribution as well as dye infiltration patterns. (lu.se)
  • Moreover, T2 provided higher soil water content within the soil domain as compared to other treatments. (lu.se)
  • In sum, mulching treatment with daily irrigation regime is recommended for arid areas over other drip irrigation treatments and regimes. (lu.se)
  • were tested with four irrigation treatments. (londonmet.ac.uk)
  • The study cited growing populations in the surrounding area and the consequent need for potable water. (nasa.gov)
  • Other key interventions included implementing safe and potable water supply through piped water schemes to improve access for the population to water supply and delivery. (worldbank.org)
  • Advanced treatment systems can convert wastewater into potable water. (unu.edu)
  • Treated wastewater provides 25% of the potable water supply of Windhoek, Namibia's capital, for example. (unu.edu)
  • and subsurface drip irrigation (T3), were used. (lu.se)
  • An inverse method based on a one-dimensional equation of soil water movement was used to estimate the RWU rate distribution under drip irrigation and determined to be reliable. (agri.gov.il)
  • Hence a proper appreciation of the relationship and economic utilization of water resources for maximum crop production. (indiaagronet.com)
  • Ageing infrastructure is also vulnerable to earthquakes, and not fit to deliver reliable irrigation, which locks farmers into rigid cropping with low yields. (smec.com)
  • The absolute concentration of Na in water has been given too much importance by landscape and turf managers. (ufl.edu)
  • Although the presence of Na in irrigation water in important, it is its concentration in relationship to calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) that must be scrutinized. (ufl.edu)
  • In wetter years the opposite occurs - inflows are higher so the water is fresher, less salty, but it has a much higher concentration of nutrients, both washed in from the catchments and stirred up from the bottom. (environmentvictoria.org.au)
  • Administrative influences contributing to desertification include encouragement of the widespread cultivation of a single crop for export, particularly if irrigation is required, and the concentration of dense human populations in arid lands. (jrank.org)
  • Irrigation volume and frequency were calculated by evaporation pan and tensiometer balance. (londonmet.ac.uk)
  • This paper will review several important water quality properties that need to be assessed when water samples are sent for analysis. (ufl.edu)
  • This publication is intended for any homeowner or landscape manager dealing with bad water quality. (ufl.edu)
  • A large amount of low quality mine-water is generated by the coal mines in South Africa. (scielo.org.za)
  • Pauline's story is a perfect illustration of how water quality has declined in our rivers. (environmentvictoria.org.au)
  • A recent study by the EPA shows that the Lakes are caught in a water quality tug-of-war between salinity and nutrients. (environmentvictoria.org.au)
  • CO 2 uptake and water loss accompanying vernalization for detached cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica . (agri.gov.il)
  • Analysis of xylem water as an indicator of current chloride uptake status in citrus tree. (agri.gov.il)
  • A field experiment was carried out to study the impact of irrigation water salinity, water magnetization and soil available moisture depletion percent on some soil physical properties and potato yield and growth during the spring season 2012. (edu.iq)
  • These findings can be used to estimate the NRLD distribution and determine actual crop water requirements under saline conditions with no root distribution data required. (agri.gov.il)
  • We then train a machine learning model to predict salinity globally in order to simulate average global food losses from 2000-2013. (worldbank.org)
  • He swings the full bucket over the river bank, emptying it into a small canal that carries the water to tomatoes and eggplants growing in a narrow plot. (nzdl.org)
  • It was the first - and last - canal built as part of the Danube-Dniester Irrigation System. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • The constructing of dams and reservoirs, the conveying of water from storage points to the fields, the operating and the maintaining of canal systems involve huge expense. (indiaagronet.com)
  • A. Canal or surface water including liftsb. (indiaagronet.com)