Ions cytosol. Medical search. Frequent questions

[ 1 ] This pump maintains a low cytoplasmic Ca 2+ level by actively transporting calcium ions from the cytosol into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. (medscape.com)

The cytosol consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as proteins). (wikipedia.org)
Although primary and secondary active transport both rely on cell membrane proteins, the latter utilizes energy stored in ions' electrochemical gradients, not ATP, to power these proteins and shift molecules, like glucose, into cells, against gradients. (jove.com)
However, since most zinc ions are strongly combined with proteins, the concentration of free zinc ions in a cell is at the millimolar level or lower. (dojindo.com)
These proteins harness the sodium ion gradient to transport bile acids across the plasma membranes of enterocytes of the terminal ileum and hepatocytes, respectively. (elifesciences.org)
Proteolytic degradation is critical to the maintenance of appropriate levels of short-lived and regulatory proteins as important and diverse as those involved in cellular metabolism, heat shock and stress response, antigen presentation, modulation of cell surface receptors and ion channels, cell cycle regulation, transcription, and signalling factors. (novusbio.com)
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway deconstructs most proteins in the eukaryotic cell cytosol and nucleus. (novusbio.com)
Ions, proteins and molecules. (differencey.com)
As a first step on our way to establish a well-defined model cytosol with a complete experimental description of the effective interactions and the resulting solution structure and thermodynamic stability, we need to identify individual proteins that differ in size and charge and are suitable components for our generic cell cytosol. (lu.se)
One potential candidate is calbindin D 9k, a monomeric calcium-binding protein of the S100 family of the calmodulin-related proteins, involved in Ca 2+ buffering and in trans-cellular transport of Ca 2+ ions. (lu.se)

Current literature shows that particulate-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activity correlates to a decrease in cytosolic K+, which is assumed to be K+ efflux from the cytosol to the extracellular matrix. (nih.gov)
Schematic of the model indicating Ca 2+ compartmentalization in the extracellular matrix, cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix and pathways for Ca 2+ ion movement between the compartments. (cellml.org)

Hepatic vesicular ion-trapping, intrinsic elimination clearance, permeability-surface area product, and intracellular binding were derived using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. (aspetjournals.org)
Lipophilicity and p K a determined hepatic drug retention: a drug with low p K a and low lipophilicity (e.g., antipyrine) distributes as unbound drug, a drug with high p K a and low lipophilicity (e.g., atenolol) by ion-trapping, and a drug with a high p K a and high lipophilicity (e.g., propranolol) is retained by ion-trapping and intracellular binding. (aspetjournals.org)
Monitoring and control of the intracellular ion concentration is extremely important in understanding second messengers and intracellular signal transduction. (dojindo.com)
Dojindo offers a wide selection of fluorescent intracellular ion probes for calcium, proton, zinc, and chloride ions. (dojindo.com)
The role of intracellular zinc ions in apoptosis has also been discussed for several decades. (dojindo.com)
Once inside the cytosol of cells, intracellular esterases convert it to fluorescent Calcein (Ex/Em: 495 nm/515 nm), resulting in uniform cytosolic fluorescence. (mobitec.com)

Fluorescence imaging is an indispensable method for analysis of diverse cellular and molecular processes, enabling, for example, detection of ions, second messengers, or metabolites. (jneurosci.org)
The solute carrier (SLC) family is the most abundant class of transmembrane transporters and is responsible for the translocation of various substances across cell membranes, including nutrients, ions, metabolites, and medicines. (bvsalud.org)

The proportion of cell volume that is cytosol varies: for example while this compartment forms the bulk of cell structure in bacteria, in plant cells the main compartment is the large central vacuole. (wikipedia.org)

Copper, iron, manganese, and zinc are essential transition metal ions for neurotransmission, enzymatic reactions, and mitochondrial functions regulated by the central nervous system (CNS) [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Thus, an imbalance of metal ions has an impact on disease states, among which are neurodegenerative disorders. (hindawi.com)
Moreover, AA is a major reducing agent for iron and copper [Cu2+/Fe3++electron from AA→Cu+/Fe2++dehydroascorbate (DHA)] and potentially for other transition metal ions, such as Mn2+/3+, inside and, hypothetically, outside the cell. (deepdyve.com)
These cells re-uptake the toxic chemicals released and try to contain the release of the the metal ions locally to limit damage. (jackkruse.com)
One of key mechanisms, involved in this phenomenon is chelation of transition metal ions. (encyclopedia.pub)
The chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological properties of flavonoids can be significantly affected by their interaction with transition metal ions, mainly iron. (encyclopedia.pub)

The term cytosol is now used to refer to the liquid phase of the cytoplasm in an intact cell. (wikipedia.org)
Due to the possibility of confusion between the use of the word "cytosol" to refer to both extracts of cells and the soluble part of the cytoplasm in intact cells, the phrase "aqueous cytoplasm" has been used to describe the liquid contents of the cytoplasm of living cells. (wikipedia.org)
The viscosity of cytoplasm is roughly the same as pure water, although diffusion of small molecules through this liquid is about fourfold slower than in pure water, due mostly to collisions with the large numbers of macromolecules in the cytosol. (wikipedia.org)
Since more sodium ions populate the extracellular space than the cytoplasm, and the cell's interior is more negative, compared to its environment, the transporter-bound sodium ions are moving down their electrochemical gradient. (jove.com)
The sodium ions then detach and enter the cytoplasm. (jove.com)
The two mentioned here have the principle that one cytosol is produced throughout the cytoplasm, where the cytoplasm is produced throughout the phone. (differencey.com)
The cytosol can specify itself due to the primary part of the cytoplasm within it and a large number of different elements and hanging organelles. (differencey.com)
The three main components of a cytoplasm as a whole facet the water must be cytosol and discussed beforehand. (differencey.com)

This exposes two negatively charged sodium binding sites to the environment, which are then bound by positively charged sodium ions. (jove.com)
The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na + ), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. (jove.com)
These transporters, many of which are sodium-coupled, have been shown to use an elevator mechanism of transport, but exactly how substrate binding is coupled to sodium ion binding and transport is not clear. (elifesciences.org)
The BASS family is characterised by two helices that cross-over in the centre of the protein in an arrangement that is intricately held together by two sodium ions. (elifesciences.org)
During molecular dynamics simulations the pantoate remains in this position when sodium ions are present but is more mobile in their absence. (elifesciences.org)
208:3957-3969, 2005) it is clear that proton pumps are present in the decorated tubules and that protons are exchanged for other ions such as calcium, potassium and sodium as these ions can accumulate in the CV against a concentration gradient from the cytosol. (cellimagelibrary.org)

Chloride channels are involved in a variety of important physiological functions that include transepithelial ion transport, cellular electrical excitability and ion homeostasis. (thermofisher.com)

If the calcium ion binds to indicators, donation of the lone electron pair on the aromatic nitrogen to the calcium ion causes a change in the fluorescent signaling. (dojindo.com)
The regions between helices 5 and 7 may be important for ion pore formation and calcium ion binding. (bvsalud.org)

After stimulation, the calcium concentration in the cytosol of hepatocytes, for example, can display complex dynamic behavior including spiking and bursting oscillations. (videolectures.net)
The chromatographic method was used to determine metabolic profiles of methyl parathion in isolated rat hepatocytes, sonicated hepatocytes, p postmitochondrial fraction, microsomes, and cytosol. (cdc.gov)

During this diffusion, part of calcium ions binds to Ca 2+ buffers present in the cytosol. (frontiersin.org)

and potassium ion binding activity. (nih.gov)
Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. (ucsc.edu)

This study investigated the relative contribution of ion-trapping, microsomal binding, and distribution of unbound drug as determinants in the hepatic retention of basic drugs in the isolated perfused rat liver. (aspetjournals.org)
The ionophore monensin was used to abolish the vesicular proton gradient and thus allow an estimation of ion-trapping by acidic hepatic vesicles of cationic drugs. (aspetjournals.org)
In conclusion, monensin inhibits the ion-trapping of high p K a basic drugs, leading to a reduction in hepatic retention but with no effect on hepatic drug extraction. (aspetjournals.org)

These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together and take part in metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol. (wikipedia.org)

With the aid of correlative secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we determined the protein content of different cytosolic organelles, thus enabling the conversion of the optical phase signal to the corresponding dry density and dry mass. (spie.org)
Misfolded protein are retained in the ER and subjected for proteosomal degradation which occurs in the cytosol. (hypothes.is)

Staining of such tissues with TSQ has demonstrated that zinc ions play very important roles in neuronal cell death, endocrine functions, and other physiological phenomena. (dojindo.com)

Using this strategy, we quantified the optical-phase of light transmitted through the cell cytosol and a specific cytosolic organelle, namely the lipid droplet (LD). (spie.org)

Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. (wikipedia.org)
these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. (wikipedia.org)
The term "cytosol" was first introduced in 1965 by H. A. Lardy, and initially referred to the liquid that was produced by breaking cells apart and pelleting all the insoluble components by ultracentrifugation. (wikipedia.org)
Following transcription, the Venus mRNA is expressed in the cytosol and cells are ready to assay. (thermofisher.com)

Although water is vital for life, the structure of this water in the cytosol is not well understood, mostly because methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy only give information on the average structure of water, and cannot measure local variations at the microscopic scale. (wikipedia.org)
Predicted to be located in cytosol and nuclear body. (nih.gov)

Calcium ions entering through a channel pore diffuse to vesicular Ca 2+ sensors. (frontiersin.org)
The slow on rate of EGTA is thought to result in its inability to capture Ca 2+ ions diffusing from VGCCs before they bind to vesicular sensors. (frontiersin.org)
By contrast, BAPTA can capture calcium ions, thereby inhibiting vesicular fusion. (frontiersin.org)

Change in ion concentration is a major step that helps second messengers relay information. (dojindo.com)

In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. (wikipedia.org)

Because of its slow forward rate for binding, EGTA is thought to not capture calcium ions in very proximity to a channel, whereas it does capture calcium ions at the remote distance. (frontiersin.org)
EGTA is a good chelator with selectivity for calcium ions 105 times higher than for magnesium ions. (dojindo.com)

The amount of quench is directly proportional to the ion flux (chloride channel or transporter activity). (thermofisher.com)

A shortage of zinc ions influences DNA transcription, and may have some relationship with the development of cancer. (dojindo.com)

Zinc is an essential metal ion, and its level is reported to be 28.5 mg per 1 g tissue in humans. (dojindo.com)
Furthermore, zinc ions are thought to have a role in controlling gestation and sexual activity. (dojindo.com)
Zinc ion regulates the activities of several enzymes. (dojindo.com)
Some tissues and organs, such as the brain, spermatazoa, and salivary glands, contain a large amount of zinc ions. (dojindo.com)

It's cotransported with the ions into the cell but against its concentration gradient. (jove.com)

Among these, mechanically activated ion channels provide unique features: submillisecond response to mechanical stimuli, high sensitivity, large dynamic range, spatial coding of mechanical stimuli, and the ability to temporally filter repetitive stimuli 1 . (nature.com)

In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others take place within organelles. (wikipedia.org)

Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. (wikipedia.org)

Modeling showed that the ion-trapping was significantly lower after monensin treatment for atenolol and propranolol, but not for antipyrine. (aspetjournals.org)

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations highlight the improved stability for the substrate in the active site when ions are present, suggesting a binding order during the transport cycle. (elifesciences.org)

Arterial blood gas analysis revealed metabolic acidosis with a pH of 7.29, PaCO 2 of 2.1 kPa (reference 9.6-13.7 kPa), base excess −18.3 mmol/L (reference −1.5 to -3.0 mmol/L), lactate level of 10.9 mmol/L (reference 0.5-2.5 mmol/L), and unremarkable strong ion difference. (cdc.gov)

Calcium indicators selectively bind to calcium ions. (dojindo.com)

The combination of BacMam delivery and the bright fluorescence of Venus provide a highly sensitive, robust and easy-to-use tool for efficient screening of halide ion channels and transporter modulators in a range of mammalian cellular models. (thermofisher.com)
Some of the IMPs may function as ion exchange channels. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Within the lysosome, ion channels are indispensable to its function. (nih.gov)

The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. (wikipedia.org)
Most of the cytosol is water, which makes up about 70% of the total volume of a typical cell. (wikipedia.org)
The main one is made up of water, it is about 70% of all this affiliation of the cytosol and it really helps to dissolve the rest of its sections without the clear presence of water that the cytosol will become, but one more portion of it. (differencey.com)

Anatomy35

Organisms11

Chemicals and Drugs115

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Phenomena and Processes52

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care2

Cytoplasmic1

Proteins9

Extracellular matrix2

Intracellular6

Metabolites2

Compartment1

Metal ions6

Cytoplasm8

Sodium6

Homeostasis1

Calcium ion2

Hepatocytes2

Binds1

Potassium2

Hepatic3

Small molecules1

Protein2

Physiological1

Cytosolic1

Cells4

Nuclear2

Vesicular3

Second messengers1

Membranes1

EGTA2

Chloride1

Transcription1

Zinc4

Concentration gradient1

Stimuli1

Organelles1

Organization1

Significantly1

Transport1

Metabolic1

Bind1

Channels3

Water3