Intracellular glucose uptake adipose tissue fatty acids. Medical search. Frequent questions

Activation of PPAR-γ causes insulin sensitization and enhances glucose metabolism, whereas activation of PPAR-β/δ enhances fatty acids metabolism. (bodypower.sk)
Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects. (scienceopen.com)
In the basal state, the effects of GH on protein metabolism are modest and include increased protein synthesis and decreased breakdown at the whole body level and in muscle together with decreased amino acid degradation/oxidation and decreased hepatic urea formation. (scienceopen.com)
GH is a counterregulatory hormone that antagonizes the hepatic and peripheral effects of insulin on glucose metabolism via mechanisms involving the concomitant increase in FFA flux and uptake. (scienceopen.com)
The insulin signaling pathway is a central regulator of energy metabolism, particularly in the context of glucose homeostasis. (alliedacademies.org)
Of the numerous lipid classes implicated in eliciting lipotoxicity, sphingolipid: ceramides are among the most deleterious as they modulate signaling pathways involved in regulating glucose metabolism, triglyceride synthesis, apoptosis, and fibrosis. (frontiersin.org)
2010). Senp2 also regulates fatty acid metabolism in skeletal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article-abstract/10/3/258/4763638 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 26 June 2018 Senp2 regulates adipose lipid storage by de-SUMOylation of Setdb1 j 259 muscle (Koo et al. (deepdyve.com)
Adipose tissue serves a significant role in the regulation of energy metabolism in the body. (bvsalud.org)
Since its discovery, adiponectin has been identified as one of the key regulators involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. (encyclopedia.pub)
Fatty acid metabolism plays a central role in energy homeostasis and related disorders such as the metabolic syndrome, obesity or type-II diabetes. (123dok.net)
Insulin promotes glucose uptake and metabolism by the skeletal muscles. (howmed.net)
c Somatostatin's effects on metabolism are indirect via suppression of secretion of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and thyroid hormone and by effects on gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying time, and pancreatic exocrine secretion (see text). (basicmedicalkey.com)
The physiological functions of the Igf 1 receptor signaling pathway include regulation of growth and development, metabolism, tissue repair, and immune function. (ebiwinner.com)
Aberrant energy rate of metabolism in the liver promotes insulin resistance, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). (irjs.info)
Multiple nutrient, hormonal, and neuronal signals have been recognized to regulate glucose, lipid, and amino acid rate of metabolism in the liver. (irjs.info)
Dysfunction of liver signaling and rate of metabolism causes or predisposes to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or type 2 diabetes. (irjs.info)
IR alters glucose metabolism, resulting in an elevation in insulin production by beta-cells. (researchsquare.com)
Insulin resistance (IR) is clinically characterized as the inability of insulin to enhance glucose uptake and metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
Therefore, if we take into consideration the repercussions of IR on the different organs, it is interesting to differentiate between the outcomes secondary to over activation of signaling pathways that remain sensitive to insulin versus changes that are a consequence of an impaired ability of insulin to regulate glucose metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
However, the mechanism underlying the effect of Ad36 induced adipocyte differentiation and changes in glucose and lipid metabolism is unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
We speculate that Ad36 may induce adipocyte differentiation and changes of glucose and lipid metabolism by regulating PI3K/Akt/FoxO1/PPARγ signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
The regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by Ad36 was further explored in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K, was used to further investigate the role of transcription factors FoxO1 and PPARγ and their downstream target genes in promoting adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, and in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
We hypothesized that, using long-term dietary intervention studies, dietary fatty acid composition may modulate gene expression and lipid metabolism in the intestine, and that especially EPA and DHA may stimulate expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Diabetes causes suppressed glucose oxidation leading to inefficient energy production, enhanced fatty acid metabolism, and increased susceptibility to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. (biomedcentral.com)

The hallmarks of impaired insulin sensitivity in these three tissues are decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, impaired insulin-mediated inhibition of hepatic glucose production in liver, and a reduced ability of insulin to inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue. (jci.org)
In response to hyperglycemia after a meal, pancreatic insulin secretion is stimulated and the combination of hyperinsulinemia plus hyperglycemia promotes glucose uptake (by splanchnic and peripheral, primarily muscle, tissues) and suppresses hepatic glucose production. (justia.com)
Adipocyte lipid chaperone AP2 is a secreted adipokine regulating hepatic glucose production. (harvard.edu)
NEFAs are oxidized in hepatic mitochondria through fatty acid oxidation and generate ketone body (ketogenesis). (irjs.info)
however, deletion of does not impact hepatic glucose production in the fasted state (231), suggesting that glucose is able become released from hepatocytes through additional transporters (e.g. (irjs.info)
1 The main function of insulin is to maintain glucose homeostasis, enabling glucose absorption and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, besides acting as an anabolic hormone that favors not only the absorption of amino acids and fatty acids, but also promotes cell growth and energy storage. (researchsquare.com)
It reduces hepatic glucose output, may decrease intestinal absorption of glucose, and may increase glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. (medscape.com)

Insulin resistance is defined as an inadequate response by insulin target tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, to the physiologic effects of circulating insulin. (jci.org)
Additionally, insulin signaling inhibits gluconeogenesis, the process of glucose production from non-carbohydrate sources, in the liver. (alliedacademies.org)
This basal glucose uptake is precisely matched by the release of glucose from the liver. (justia.com)
It follows, therefore, that defects at the level of the β-cell, muscle and liver can lead to the development of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus. (justia.com)
Notably, recent studies suggest that the accumulation of sphingolipids, namely ceramides and it's metabolites, play essential roles in the development of insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and, adipose tissue in obese rodents, and humans ( 6 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
releasing large amounts of free fatty acids (FFA) affecting the liver and muscle. (thepmc.org)
Excess energy/calorie intake results in the overproduction of the LDL as a result of INCREASED FFA UPTAKE by the liver causing elevated triglycerides (TG) and low HDL cholesterol. (thepmc.org)
Adiponectin is the adipokine associated with insulin sensitization, reducing liver gluconeogenesis, and increasing fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. (encyclopedia.pub)
Insulin increases glucose utilization by the liver cells promoting glycolysis and glycogenesis, at the same time decreasing glucose utilization by decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. (howmed.net)
It stimulates fatty acid synthesis in liver. (howmed.net)
To assess mitochondrial biogenesis at transcript level in a systematic manner, we resorted to a publiclyavailable transcriptome dataset of npc1 ko mice liver and brain, the two tissues most affected in niemannpick type c. (web.app)
It promotes the storage of nutrients as glycogen in liver and muscle, and as triacylglycerols in adipose tissue. (basicmedicalkey.com)
One particular study performed in morbidly obese sufferers showed that Vitamin D deficiency is related using a greater danger of steatosis represented by Fatty Liver Index (FLI) score [7]. (atminhibitor.com)
Vitamin D and Vitamin D receptors take part in the liver, adipose, and gut homeostasis, owing to its notable insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic CXCR4 Source effects [11]. (atminhibitor.com)
Fasting also promotes lipolysis in adipose tissue to release nonesterified fatty acids which are converted into ketone bodies in the liver though mitochondrial oxidation and ketogenesis. (irjs.info)
Food is definitely digested in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver through the portal vein blood circulation system. (irjs.info)
In the postprandial state, glucose is definitely condensed into glycogen and/or converted into fatty acids or amino acids in the liver. (irjs.info)
In the fasted state or during exercise, gas substrates (e.g. glucose and TAG) are released from your liver into the blood circulation and metabolized by muscle mass, adipose cells, and additional extrahepatic cells. (irjs.info)
Alanine, lactate, and glycerol are delivered to the liver and used as precursors to synthesize glucose (gluconeogenesis). (irjs.info)
Liver-generated glucose and ketone body provide essential metabolic fuels for extrahepatic cells during starvation and exercise. (irjs.info)
To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the protective effects of R. oldhamii leaf extract on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in vivo and in vitro . (medsci.org)
In this study, the effects of R. oldhamii leaf extract on inhibiting the free fatty acid (FFA)-induced accumulation of fat in HepG2 cells and on improving fatty liver syndrome in mice with high fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD were investigated. (medsci.org)
After 11 weeks, body weight, serum biochemical indices and the mRNA expressions of the liver tissue, as well as the outward appearance, weight and histopathological analysis of liver and adipose tissues were evaluated. (medsci.org)
In addition, the EtOAc fraction of R. oldhamii leaf significantly improved fatty liver syndrome and reduced total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in HFD-induced NAFLD mice at a dosage of 200 mg/kg BW. (medsci.org)
The majority of those studies focused on liver and white adipose tissue (WAT), which is not surprising given the fact that these are considered the main target organs in a dietary intervention with fatty acids. (biomedcentral.com)
Insulin rapidly increases the expression of Per2 in insulin-sensitive tissues like the liver, muscle, or adipose tissue, but not the lung or brain [ 17 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

The prevailing dogma is that thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to improvements in glucose homeostasis in obesogenic animal models, though much of the evidence supporting this premise is from thermostressed rodents. (diabetesjournals.org)
In this review, we intend to provide a perspective on ceramides and ceramide metabolites in the maintenance of adipose tissue homeostasis and how adipose tissue ceramides contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Excess or insuf﫿cient lipid storage in generation of the intermediate species of diacylglycerol (DAG) adipose tissues would impair nutrient homeostasis, which is and monoacylglycerol (MAG) (Young and Zechner, 2013). (deepdyve.com)
While the metabolic pathways involved in fatty acid homeostasis are quite well understood and referenced, the genetic regulations are much less accurately described. (123dok.net)
Also, Vitamin C impacts lipid and glucose homeostasis and suppresses visceral obesity and NAFLD by activating PPAR [25]. (atminhibitor.com)
IR is calculated with the use of homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) using the formula: fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) × fasting serum insulin (mU/mL)/22.5. (researchsquare.com)

During fasting and other catabolic states, GH predominantly stimulates the release and oxidation of FFA, which leads to decreased glucose and protein oxidation and preservation of LBM and glycogen stores. (scienceopen.com)
PPARα activates fatty acid catabolism, stimulates gluconeogenesis and ketone body synthesis and is involved in the control of lipoprotein assembly [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It also stimulates the synthesis of proteins in tissues such as muscle. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Nateglinide is an amino acid derivative that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas (within 20 minutes of oral administration), which, in turn, reduces blood glucose levels. (medscape.com)

This study aimed to determine whether I3C or DIM could increase glucose uptake via enhanced insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, as well as the mechanism involved. (researchgate.net)

Several other promising scientific studies now show that lipoic acid has a beneficial effect on a number of the factors involved in metabolic syndrome: it reduces triglyceride levels, lowers cholesterol, improves fasting plasma glucose, and causes weight loss in rodent models of obesity. (lifeextension.com)
Ad36 may promote fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, and improve insulin sensitivity by affecting the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1/PPARγ signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
A fat tolerance test evidenced delayed plasma triglyceride clearance and greater transient availability of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) during the post-prandial state in the apoCIII mice plasma. (biomedcentral.com)

It has been demonstrated that 10,12 CLA increased mRNA levels and protein levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, which have been linked to increased energy expenditure associated with white adipose tissue (WAT) browning and uncoupling of ATP synthesis. (uncg.edu)
Disruption of adipocyte de novo lipogenesis (DNL) by deletion of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in mice induces browning in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). (biomed.news)

When subjects are well nourished, the GH-induced stimulation of IGF-I and insulin is important for anabolic storage and growth of lean body mass (LBM), adipose tissue, and glycogen reserves. (scienceopen.com)
therefore, muscles under normal conditions have excess glucose - glycogen stores. (howmed.net)
Excess of glucose that cannot be converted into glycogen is converted into fatty acids. (howmed.net)

Adipocytes, the key components of the adipose tissue, have unique ability to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides, sense systemic energy demands, and secrete factors (lipids, peptides, cytokines, and adipokines) to regulate other metabolic tissues. (frontiersin.org)
The presence of various types of adipocytes (white, brown, and beige) characterized by the number/size of lipid droplets, mitochondrial density, and thermogenic capacity, further highlights how intricate is the communication of these cell-types with other metabolic tissues to sense nutrients. (frontiersin.org)
Accumulation of neutral lipids, such as triglycerides, in key insulin target tissues, has been postulated to inhibit metabolic functions, however, they are less likely to be deleterious. (frontiersin.org)
The lactic acid cycle in cancer cells influences the cytosolic concentration of metabolic fluorophores including NADH (the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). (bvsalud.org)
Excess FFA increase the OXYGEN DEMANDS of ischemic heart muscle and reduce the use of glucose as a metabolic fuel by the heart. (thepmc.org)
Trans-palmitoleic acid, metabolic risk factors, and new-onset diabetes in U.S. adults: a cohort study. (harvard.edu)
30,31 Lipoic acid has been particularly effective in reducing body weight and BMI in patients taking antipsychotics, which are known for causing weight gain and other metabolic disturbances. (lifeextension.com)
Lipoic acid displays striking benefits in components of metabolic syndrome, including inducing weight loss, improving insulin resistance, and lowering blood pressure. (lifeextension.com)
The main metabolic differences between HHS and DKA are the extreme elevations of glucose seen in HHS and the lack of significant ketoacidosis. (medscape.com)
Ketone bodies provide a metabolic fuel for extrahepatic tissues. (irjs.info)
7 Moreover, these rats enjoy better glucose tolerance, reduced oxidative stress and decreased serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting that metabolic syndrome and systemic inflammation are ameliorated in such rats. (bmj.com)
T2DM is a complex, chronic metabolic condition that impacts how the body metabolizes glucose. (nursingce.com)
The injured myocardium develops an evolving dependence on glucose as its preferred metabolic substrate while development of myocardial insulin resistance is associated with the progression of heart failure and increased incidence as well as severity of the damaged hearts. (biomedcentral.com)
Insulin, glucose and potassium (GIK) are touted as useful metabolic adjuvant, associated with improvement of cardiac function in acute myocardial function, but the general acceptance of this therapeutic approach is limited by requirements for concomitant infusion of glucose and concerns regarding hypoglycemia. (biomedcentral.com)

One such area of interest is the ability to modulate myocardial glucose uptake and its impact on cardioprotection. (biomedcentral.com)

Insulin-dependent tissues, adipose tissue and primarily skeletal muscles, are responsible for the remaining 25% of glucose utilization. (justia.com)
Also during exercise, contraction of muscles promotes utilization of glucose. (howmed.net)
Insulin is a key regulator of glucose uptake and utilization in insulin-responsive tissues. (encyclopedia.pub)
Accordingly, mechanism of enhancing myocardial energetic efficiency by stimulating glucose availability and utilization has led to the vigorous pursuit of therapeutic approaches designed to augment glucose uptake and oxidation. (biomedcentral.com)

Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaf extract will activate AMPK to stimulate fat oxidation and glucose uptake, and can potentially reduce blood glucose levels. (bodypower.sk)
DIM decreased STZ-increased high blood glucose levels and food and water intake in diabetic mice. (researchgate.net)
Following food intake, increased blood glucose levels trigger pancreatic β-cells to secrete insulin. (encyclopedia.pub)

The results indicated that phospholipase C plays an important role in 10,12 CLA-mediated activation of intracellular calcium accumulation, inflammatory signaling, delipidation, and insulin resistance in human primary adipocytes. (uncg.edu)
Adipocyte Senp2 de﫿ciency resulted in less adipose lipid storage accompanied by an ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance under high-fat diet feed- ing. (deepdyve.com)
Although clinically relevant lesions become evident in middle-aged adults, it has been demonstrated that fat accumulation (known as fatty streaks) begins in early childhood [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Moreover, I3C exerts anti-obesity effects by reducing body weight and fat accumulation in epididymal adipose tissue in HFD-induced obese mice and thereby improves hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia [126]. (researchgate.net)
were the first to demonstrate in obese mice and in humans with obesity that fat accumulation is positively associated with systemic oxidative stress, suggesting that the oxidative stress increase in people with obesity could be explained by reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in adipose tissue [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
In addition, ectopic fat accumulation in the muscle promotes ROS production in this tissue [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)

Compared with the control, MICT increased GPx and catalase activities and the FRAP level in epididymal adipose tissue. (hindawi.com)
However, HIIT was more efficient than MICT in the skeletal muscle, whereas MICT was more efficient in epididymal adipose tissue. (hindawi.com)

Glucose is converted into glycerol in adipose tissues and thus insulin promotes deposition of fat. (howmed.net)
In hepatocytes, free fatty acids are esterified with glycerol-3-phosphate to generate triacylglycerol (TAG). (irjs.info)
Adipose tissue generates and releases nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and glycerol via lipolysis. (irjs.info)

Insulin resistance (IR) is recognized as a biological reaction to insulin stimulation in target tissues. (researchsquare.com)

The hormone resistin is a member of a novel family of cysteine-rich secreted proteins associated with pulmonary inflammation (FIZZ3) and expressed in the murine small bowel and adipose tissue ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Intracellular and extracellular interactions with proteins enables the functional and mechanistic diversity of lipids. (harvard.edu)
Capillary endothelial fatty acid binding proteins 4 and 5 play a critical role in fatty acid uptake in heart and skeletal muscle. (harvard.edu)
Amino acids are metabolized to provide energy or CC-5013 novel inhibtior CC-5013 novel inhibtior used to synthesize proteins, glucose, and/or additional bioactive molecules. (irjs.info)

Adiponectin connects energy balance regulation in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Ginger root extract is standardized for gingerols, which activate PPAR-δ to improve weight loss by increasing energy expenditure and "browning" white fat, in turn reducing body weight, glucose levels, leptin, insulin, and lipids. (bodypower.sk)
3. Excess free fatty acids are converted into phospholipids and cholesterol which increases plasma cholesterol and lipids leading to an increased risk of atherosclerosis. (howmed.net)
16-20 In a recent placebo-controlled clinical trial, researchers found that after only 6 months of lipoic acid supplementation, patients with type II diabetes had reduced fasting blood glucose and lowered levels of oxidized lipids. (lifeextension.com)
We measured body energy balance, tissue capacity to store exogenous lipids, lipogenesis and lipolysis rates in non-transgenic and apoCIII overexpressing mice fed a HFD during two months. (biomedcentral.com)

Plasma glucose concentrations are normally maintained within a fairly narrow range despite wide fluctuations in the body's supply (e.g. meals) and demand (e.g. exercise) for nutrients. (justia.com)
Cardiovascular disease rose progressively as fasting plasma glucose and post-load glucose levels rose above 75 mg/dL = 4.2 mmol/liter (Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Usuf S. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. (thepmc.org)
Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)

We then discuss how obesity leads to insulin resistance via a complex interplay among systemic fatty acid excess, microhypoxia in adipose tissue, ER stress, and inflammation. (jci.org)
Adipose tissue is a key nutrient-sensing depot that regulates excess energy storage and consumption. (frontiersin.org)
Excess glucose is oxidized to FRUCTOSE depleting intracellular GLUTATHIONE, increasing susceptibility to oxidative stress. (thepmc.org)

Objective Indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring compound found in cruciferous vegetables, and its metabolite 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) reduce body mass and serum glucose levels in high‐fat‐diet‐induced obese mice. (researchgate.net)
Even without a change in diet or exercise, large doses of lipoic acid ( 800-1,800 mg/day ) have produced moderate weight loss in obese patients. (lifeextension.com)
Ad36-induced obese rats did not exhibit disorders in blood glucose and blood TG, insulin resistance and lipid ectopic deposition. (biomedcentral.com)
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two training modalities (moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)) on the pro/antioxidant status of different tissues in obese Zucker rats. (hindawi.com)

Insuf﫿cient adipose lipid storage is asso- ciated with many pathological conditions including hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. (deepdyve.com)
Using 32 adipose tissues and quantitative PCR, however, there was increased amount of resistin mRNA in abdominal depots compared with thigh depots, suggesting an increased risk for type 2 diabetes as a result of central obesity and higher resistin ( 12 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
GLP-1 has insulinotropic, insulinomimetic, and glucagonostatic effects, thereby exerting multiple complementary actions to lower blood glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (biomedcentral.com)

The first two receptors have a similar structure, with seven transmembrane domains, and an intracellular zinc binding motif capable of downstream signaling in the cell [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Novel research has also shown distinct ceramidase activity for the intracellular part of these receptors [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Free T3 exerts its effects by binding to its cognate intracellular thyroid hormone receptors (TRs)[3]. (myendoconsult.com)

One of the most common, and perhaps the most damaging forms of tissue injury in the setting of revascularized acute MI is intramyocardial hemorrhage-a condition leading to bleeding within the heart muscle (myocardium). (nature.com)
14 Lipoic acid is well tolerated and effective for prolonged use at 600 mg per day (equivalent to 300 mg of R-lipoic acid)-a level that noticeably improves muscle function and stops further impairment in movement. (lifeextension.com)
Moreover, Vitamin D favors glucose uptake within the muscle by intensifying the intracellular expression on the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and enhancing the insulindependent glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) on fat tissues [11]. (atminhibitor.com)
It functions like a hub to metabolically connect to numerous cells, including skeletal muscle mass and adipose cells. (irjs.info)
Epididymal (visceral) and subcutaneous adipose tissue, gastrocnemius muscle, and plasma samples were collected to measure oxidative stress markers (advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)), antioxidant system markers (ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities), and prooxidant enzymes (NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities, myeloperoxidase content). (hindawi.com)

On the other hand, pyruvate is used to CC-5013 novel inhibtior synthesize fatty acids through lipogenesis (Fig. 3). (irjs.info)
Lipogenesis rates were similar, while exogenous lipid retention was increased in perigonadal (2-fold) and brown adipose tissues (40 %) of apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)

In obesity the inherent capacity of adipose tissue to store and sense nutrients is compromised, causing spillover of the intermediate lipid metabolites into circulation and resulting in their ectopic deposition in tissues not suitable for lipid storage, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. (frontiersin.org)
In this study, we observed the overexpression of SUMO-speci﫿c protease 2 (Senp2) in adipose tissues during obesity. (deepdyve.com)
Resistin expression in humans has been reported at low levels in the adipose tissue of some but not all humans ( 7 , 8 ), and its reduced expression has also been proposed as a hallmark of obesity ( 9 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
In this report, you will discover how the alpha lipoic acid benefits vital cellular energy while shielding against and possibly reversing the damaging effects of disorders that include diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. (lifeextension.com)
In addition to its anti-diabetic effects, lipoic acid has a known ability to help combat obesity. (lifeextension.com)
We previously hypothesized that apoCIII overexpression would compromise fatty acid delivery to adipose tissues and would thus contribute to resistance to diet-induced obesity, similarly to what was described for overexpression of apoCI [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Insulin signaling pathway activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates and activates Akt (also known as protein kinase B). Akt regulates glucose transport by promoting the translocation of glucose transporters, such as GLUT4, to the plasma membrane. (alliedacademies.org)
The enhanced uptake of glucose by cancer cells via aerobic glycolysis occurs when the lactic acid pathway is favored over the citric acid cycle. (bvsalud.org)
Secretion of fatty acid binding protein aP2 from adipocytes through a nonclassical pathway in response to adipocyte lipase activity. (harvard.edu)
Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)
3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
The intracellular signaling pathway of IR is complex, involving several factors and molecules, and activation of specific points has been demonstrated in individuals with insulin resistance. (researchsquare.com)

Our lab has demonstrated that 10,12 CLA triggered calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum in human primary adipocytes, which activated downstream inflammatory signaling, resulting in impaired uptake of glucose and fatty acid, and delipidation. (uncg.edu)
Therefore, my Aim 1 investigated the upstream mechanism by which 10,12 CLA increases intracellular calcium and inflammatory signaling in human primary adipocytes. (uncg.edu)
2003). Selective Cellular uptake of fatty acids and following storage in the form of disruption of Pparγ2 or adipocyte-speci﫿c Pparγ knockout leads TGs in adipocytes are key steps in lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)
In another study, resistin mRNA was not related to insulin resistance when using RNA isolated from cultured adipocytes ( 10 ) but was upregulated by acute hyperglycemia in various mouse adipose depots ( 11 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
DIM also enhanced glucose uptake by increasing expression of glucose transporter 4 in adipocytes. (researchgate.net)

The longest variant consists of 428 amino acids in rat (TV3) and mice (CRAb), while the human (TV3) variant is missing the second to last amino acid (threonine), resulting in a protein of a length of 427 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
Insulin increase protein synthesis by increasing amino acid transport into the cells as well as by increasing DNA transcription and RNA translation. (howmed.net)

The initial stage of diabetes is characterised by impaired glucose tolerance and postprandial hyperglycemia. (justia.com)
With time, however, the beta-cell fails to maintain its high rate of insulin secretion and the insulin resistance leads to the development of impaired glucose tolerance and eventually overt diabetes mellitus. (justia.com)

This could result in ROS generation via different pathways in these tissues. (hindawi.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)

The shortest group of sequences consists of 409 amino acids: TV2 in humans and rats, CRAc in mice. (wikipedia.org)
We used loss- and gain-of-function approaches including genetic manipulation of the lipolytic enzyme Pnpla2 , change in environmental temperature, and lifestyle interventions to comprehensively test the premise that a thermogenic-like BAT phenotype is coupled with enhanced glucose tolerance in female mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
Although less fat stor- adqcKO pose lipid storage in adipocyte-speci﫿c Senp2 knockout mice fed age was shown in Senp2 adipose tissues, the increased with high-fat diets (HFD). (deepdyve.com)
In a study conducted on high-fat-diet-induced mice, prophylactic use of low (15 mg/kg per day) and medium (30 mg/kg each day) doses of Vitamin C lowered the risk of NAFLD development, as evidenced by the significantly decreased weight in the physique, adipose tissue mass, and steatosis [25]. (atminhibitor.com)
However, the adipose tissue mass (45 %) and leptin plasma levels (2-fold) were significantly greater in apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Transgenic mice overexpressing human apoCIII have marked elevated TG and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Free T4 is the biologically active form that can enter target cells and exert various intracellular effects. (myendoconsult.com)
Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)
DIM, a major metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, which is naturally produced in broccoli and cabbage, enhances glucose uptake through the improvement of insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells [13] . (researchgate.net)
Glucose permeability of brain cells is insulin independent. (howmed.net)
In the rest of the cells, insulin increase glucose transport and usage. (howmed.net)
3. Activation of lipoprotein lipase which splits triglycerides into fatty acids, which are transported into adipose cells and stored. (howmed.net)
Human insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta-cells (β-cell) of the pancreas, and its release is dependent on glucose levels in the circulation, in addition amino acids, incretins and cholecystokinin also promote its release. (researchsquare.com)
Efferocytosis not only prevents tissue necrosis and inflammation caused by secondary necrosis of dying cells, but it also promotes pro-resolving signaling in macrophages, which is essential for tissue resolution and repair following injury or inflammation. (biomed.news)

Activation of HSL resulting in increased hydrolysis of triglycerides and increased release of free fatty acids. (howmed.net)

The adipocyte secreted hormone resistin has been proposed as a link between the adipocyte and insulin resistance by inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and/or blocking adipocyte differentiation. (diabetesjournals.org)

Interestingly, animal studies have shown that adiponectin ameliorates the proinflammatory effect of saturated free fatty acid rich diet in hypothalamus. (encyclopedia.pub)
Thus and increase in plasma free fatty acid levels occurs. (howmed.net)

Most processed food contains highly refined carbohydrates that alter insulin physiology and promote adipose tissue deposition [17,18] . (diabeets.com)

Here we show, using large animal models of reperfused MI, that intramyocardial hemorrhage - the most damaging form of reperfusion injury (evident in nearly 40% of reperfused ST-elevation MI patients) - drives delayed infarct healing and is centrally responsible for continuous fatty degeneration of the infarcted myocardium contributing to adverse remodeling of the heart. (nature.com)
In the ischemic myocardium, an increase in glucose uptake and subsequent ATP generated through glycolysis helps to sustain myocardial electric and mechanical performance, maintains cellular ultrastructure, promotes myocardial recovery. (biomedcentral.com)

When activated, AMPK phosphorylates and inhibits enzymes involved in ATP-consuming processes, such as fatty acid synthesis (e.g., acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ACC) and protein synthesis (e.g., mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR). (alliedacademies.org)

Conversely, it activates enzymes involved in ATP-generating processes, such as fatty acid oxidation (e.g., carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, CPT1) and glucose uptake (e.g., translocation of GLUT4). (alliedacademies.org)
The expression of Adipoq, Lpin1 and Glut4 in the adipose tissue increased. (biomedcentral.com)
Akt signaling prompts glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to translocate to the cell membrane where it initiates cellular glucose uptake. (encyclopedia.pub)

Blood glucose enters hepatocytes via GLUT2, a plasma membrane glucose transporter. (irjs.info)

Pyruvate is definitely channeled into the mitochondria and completely oxidized to generate ATP through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Fig. 1) and oxidative phosphorylation. (irjs.info)

These agents lower postprandial glucose by slowing glucose absorption and delaying the hydrolysis of ingested complex carbohydrates and disaccharide. (medscape.com)

Glucose is definitely phosphorylated by glucokinase in hepatocytes to generate glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), CC-5013 novel inhibtior leading Rabbit Polyclonal to B4GALT1 to a reduction in intracellular glucose concentrations which further increases glucose uptake (Fig. 1). (irjs.info)

This suggests that oxidative stress responses to HIIT and MICT are tissue-specific. (hindawi.com)

During periods of energy stress such as exercise, AMPK is activated, stimulating energy-generating processes such as glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation for ATP production. (bodypower.sk)

Anatomy28

Organisms10

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs124

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes53

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science2

Health Care3

Metabolism25

Hepatic7

Liver26

Homeostasis6

Stimulates4

Increase glucose uptake1

Triglyceride3

White adipos2

Glycogen3

Metabolic14

Modulate1

Utilization4

Blood glucose levels3

Accumulation6

Epididymal adipose tissue2

Glycerol3

Target tissues1

Proteins4

Peripheral tissues1

Lipids4

Plasma glucose3

Excess3

Obese4

Type 2 diabet3

Receptors3

Muscle5

Lipogenesis2

Obesity6

Pathway6

Adipocytes5

Amino acid2

Impaired glucose t2

Pathways2

Mice6

Cells8

Triglycerides1

Adipocyte differentiation1

Free fatt2

Deposition1

Myocardium2

Protein synthesis1

GLUT43

Transporter1

Phosphorylation1

Postprandial1

Increases glucose1

Oxidative1

AMPK1