PhosphatidylethanolamineProteinsPhospholipidMembraneCaspasePhosphatidylinositolReceptorsImmunosorbent AssayApoptoticPhospholipidsExposureExtracellularPhysiologicalDownstreamTriggersOxidativePhospholipaseSubstratesGlucoseYeastCellsPathwaySignalDistinctActivityReactionRoleFamilyActionImpactEssentialConditions
Phosphatidylethanolamine5
- There is usually less of it than of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. (hmdb.ca)
- LPA is a membrane-derived lysophospholipid from phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- For instance, GIII, GV and GX sPLA 2 s efficiently hydrolyse phosphatidylcholine, while GIIA sPLA 2 has higher activity against negatively charged phospholipid substrates, and in particular, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. (ijbs.com)
- A parallel Kennedy pathway forms phosphatidylethanolamine from ethanolamine - the only difference being a different enzyme, ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, catalyzing the second step. (smpdb.ca)
- Phosphatidylethanolamine is also synthesized from phosphatidylserine in the mitochondrial membrane by phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. (smpdb.ca)
Proteins5
- Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
- Autophagy, the type II cell death, is a physiological mechanism involving degradation of intracellular damaged proteins and organelles into membrane vacuoles. (ijpsonline.com)
- The recruitment of specific cytosolic proteins to intracellular membranes through binding phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) controls such processes as endocytosis, regulated exocytosis, cytoskeletal organization, and cell signaling. (embl.de)
- Active caspases can then cleave many proteins, including poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), other caspases and other protein substrates en masse. (bdbiosciences.com)
- To date, research has been focussed primarily on Old Yellow Enzyme-like proteins, due to their ease of handling, whereas 2-enoate reductases from clostridia have received much less attention, because of their oxygen sensitivity and a lack of suitable expression systems. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Phospholipid1
- Graphical Abstract INTRODUCTION Phosphatidylserine (PS) is usually a phospholipid normally found on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in healthy cells. (cell-metabolism.com)
Membrane12
- Upon prolonged high intracellular rises in Ca 2+ , platelets develop a procoagulant phenotype that is characterized by the surface membrane exposure of phosphatidylserine and by the inactivation of integrin α IIb β 3 (procoagulant platelet population) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Phosphatidylserine-exposing platelets, usually located around a thrombus, provide a negatively charged membrane surface, which supports coagulation factor binding and the formation of tenase and prothrombinase complexes ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The polyphosphoinositides are important intracellular transducers of signals emanating from the plasma membrane. (hmdb.ca)
- Cullen, 1997), suggesting that an increase in intracellular IP4 levels leads to the release of the PH domain from the membrane. (sdbonline.org)
- PAR2 and NK1R induce membrane blebbing, resulting in phosphatidylserine externalization in the cellular membrane, which is required for ADAM10/17 metalloprotease activation. (scientificarchives.com)
- Apoptosis can be detected by the presence of phosphatidylserine (PS), which is normally located on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. (bdbiosciences.com)
- Since intracellular annexin V is also exposed if the plasma membrane is compromised, a membrane-impermeant dye such as 7-AAD is commonly used to distinguish between apoptotic and dead cells to exclude the dead cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
- It can bind to phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, which are important for its membrane association. (creativebiomart.net)
- Upon activation of certain downstream signals (e.g., caspase-3/7), enzymes such as scramblases can collapse the polarized distribution of PS, causing accumulation around the outer membrane (Birge et al. (cell-metabolism.com)
- When oxalate's around, it causes membrane damage to the point where that innate structure where the phosphatidylserine is now showing up on the outside of the membrane. (aestheticsadvisor.com)
- Reaction Biology offers a suite of cell death assay services to investigate events that have been linked to apoptosis including activation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, caspase activation, surface exposure of phosphatidylserine, and more. (reactionbiology.com)
- During apoptosis, the loss of plasma membrane symmetry results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the outer plasma membrane, which serves as a signal for the uptake of apoptotic bodies by macrophages. (reactionbiology.com)
Caspase3
- granzymes, all variables of apoptosis such as for example caspase activation, phosphatidylserine publicity, mitochondrial depolarization, and DNA fragmentation, had been low in magnitude dramatically. (healthweblognews.info)
- The individual synthetic tetrapeptide substrates, together with the caspase inhibitors and active caspase enzymes, offer flexibility in the experimental design of a caspase activity assay. (bdbiosciences.com)
- however, PS exposure on apoptotic cells is usually caspase-3/7 dependent with slow kinetics (in hours) and is irreversible, whereas PS exposure on viable cells is thought to depend on intracellular Ca2+ with more quick kinetics (in moments) EPI-001 and is reversible (Birge et al. (cell-metabolism.com)
Phosphatidylinositol2
- In animal tissues, phosphatidylinositol is the primary source of the arachidonic acid required for biosynthesis of eicosanoids, including prostaglandins, via the action of the enzyme phospholipase A2. (hmdb.ca)
- The synthesis, chemical derivatization, and investigation of the inhibitory properties of novel cyclitol derivatives on the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase enzymes PI4K55 and PI4K230 involved in the phosphatidylinositol cycle are reported. (embl.de)
Receptors2
- Neutrophils release serine proteases such as neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G. These proteolytic enzymes activate protease-activated receptors (PARs) to induce intracellular signaling. (scientificarchives.com)
- Its activity is directed by intracellular signals mediated by various types of receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors. (embl.de)
Immunosorbent Assay1
- Cytokine levels can be accurately detected at minute volumes (picograms per milliliter) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (cd-bioparticles.net)
Apoptotic1
- Neutralization of intracellular acidification using chloroquine inhibited the speedy apoptotic loss of life. (healthweblognews.info)
Phospholipids1
Exposure1
- This prevents exposure of tissue to toxic enzymes, oxidants and other intracellular components such as proteases and caspases. (wikipedia.org)
Extracellular2
- What is the precise role of intracellular and extracellular galectins in the control of cell death programs? (nature.com)
- This enzyme produces most of the extracellular LPA. (hindawi.com)
Physiological2
- The natural agonist, diacylglycerol (DAG), and the natural product superagonist, phorbol dibutyrate (PDB), activate the enzyme to produce wide-ranging physiological effects. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- The physiological roles of sPLA 2 s as enzymes have been very well described, while their functions as ligands are still poorly known. (ijbs.com)
Downstream1
- Efferocytosis triggers specific downstream intracellular signal transduction pathways, for example resulting in anti-inflammatory, anti-protease and growth-promoting effects. (wikipedia.org)
Triggers1
- Thrombin, which is generated at these phosphatidylserine sites, triggers the formation of fibrin fibers, which consolidate the platelet thrombus into a stable clot sealing the breach in a vessel wall ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Oxidative1
- Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
Phospholipase1
- Furthermore, a strong positive genetic interaction occurs between Gap1 and phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma), an enzyme that generates inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, a precursor for IP4 and a second messenger for intracellular Ca2+ release. (sdbonline.org)
Substrates1
- Indeed, SrtA enabled site-specific cell-surface and intracellular protein labeling in low Ca2+ settings, demonstrating its versatility in covalently linking substrates and nucleophiles are critical to increase our understanding of cellular signaling and organismal development. (healthweblognews.info)
Glucose1
- As a consequence, these cells have high concentrations of intracellular glucose during hyperglycaemia. (madridge.org)
Yeast1
Cells3
- 5 Functionally, proinflammatory polarization leads to potent effector cells that kill intracellular micro-organisms and tumor cells. (haematologica.org)
- Several compounds have been shown to inhibit the efflux activity of ABC transporters, thereby increasing intracellular drug accumulation and sensitising cancer cells to therapy. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Moreover, we revealed the ability of proadifen to increase the intracellular hypericin content in HT-29 cells most likely via the inhibition of BCRP and MRP1 transporters ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Pathway1
- The first reaction of the Kennedy pathway involves the cytosol-localized enzyme choline/ethanolamine kinase catalyzing the conversion of choline into phosphocholine. (smpdb.ca)
Signal1
- The protein is processed in the ER lumen by an enzyme (a signal peptidase ), which removes the signal peptide. (cloudfront.net)
Distinct2
- LDH exists in four distinct enzyme classes. (dehydrogenase-signal.com)
- sPLA 2 isoforms have unique tissue and cellular distributions, and therefore it is evident that individual sPLA 2 s have distinct enzyme-activity-related biological functions. (ijbs.com)
Activity2
- However, it seems not to be dependent on the inhibitory activity against cytochrome P450 enzymes. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Among the seven members of this family, ATX is a unique enzyme that shows lysophospholipase D activity [ 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Reaction2
- SrtA is a Ca2+-dependent enzyme that is not functional when expressed in the cytoplasm.17,18 However, SrtA, a Ca2+-independent enzyme that catalyzes the same reaction, can be used to substitute for Vincristine sulfate SrtA in reaction environments with low Ca2+ levels. (healthweblognews.info)
- The reaction of the mutant AKR1B10 is definitely inhibited by fenofibric acid, but manifests genuine non-competitive inhibition kinetics that are different from those shown for the wild-type enzyme. (tam-receptor.com)
Role1
- PITP plays an essential role in intracellular vesicle flow and inositol lipid signaling. (embl.de)
Family2
- Classical protein kinase C (PKC) family members are activated by the binding of various ligands to one of several cysteine-rich domains of the enzyme. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- ATX (also known as ENPP2) is a 125 kDa-secreted enzyme from the family of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases (reviewed by [ 15 ]) located on Chr8q24 [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
Action1
- The glycosylation machinery is responsible for assembling a diverse repertoire of glycan structures, collectively termed 'glycome', through the synchronized action of a portfolio of glycan-modifying enzymes including glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. (nature.com)
Impact1
- MDR-associated protein 1 is a protein that has a big impact on the intracellular availability of MDR-prone medicines[ 6 , 7 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Essential1
- A lack of a safe and affordable treatment has led drug discovery programmes to focus, for years, on the search for molecules enabling interference with enzymes that are essential for T. cruzi survival. (bvsalud.org)
Conditions1
- Successful expression depended on the use of strictly anaerobic conditions for both growth and enzyme preparation, since FldZ was oxygen-sensitive. (microbiologyresearch.org)