Interneurons olfactory bulb. Medical search. Frequent questions

The bulb is divided into two distinct structures: the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb. (wikipedia.org)
The accessory olfactory bulb resides on the dorsal-posterior region of the main olfactory bulb and forms a parallel pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Aijón, J. (1994) Histochemical localization of NADPH-diaphorase in the rat accessory olfactory bulb. (uv.es)
Alonso J.R. (1995) Calbindin D-28k immunoreactivity in the rat accessory olfactory bulb. (uv.es)
Aijón, J. (1996) Neurocalcin immunoreactivity in the rat accessory olfactory bulb. (uv.es)
The accessory olfactory bulb, which resides on the dorsal-posterior region of the main olfactory bulb, forms a parallel pathway independent from the main olfactory bulb. (wikidoc.org)
Like the main olfactory bulb, axonal input to the accessory olfactory bulb forms synapses with mitral cells within glomeruli. (wikidoc.org)
However, mitral cells in the accessory olfactory bulb project their axons to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus where they may influence aggressive and mating behavior. (wikidoc.org)
To understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of this neuroplasticity, we investigated the effects of olfactory system activation on neurotransmitter (NT) expression in accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) interneurons during development. (escholarship.org)

A given M/T cell receives excitatory input from a single 'parent' glomerulus through its primary dendrite, and makes lateral connections with several types of inhibitory interneurons. (harvard.edu)
Oligophrenin-1 regulates number, morphology and synaptic properties of adult-born inhibitory interneurons in the olfactory bulb. (univ-paris5.fr)

It sends olfactory information to be further processed in the amygdala, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the hippocampus where it plays a role in emotion, memory and learning. (wikipedia.org)
The mammalian telencephalon, which comprises the cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, basal ganglia (striatum and globus pallidum), and amygdala, is a highly complex and evolutionarily advanced brain structure. (intechopen.com)
Although most neurons are generated during embryogenesis, some regions of the brain, such as the olfactory bulb in rodents and the hippocampus in humans, are capable of constantly regenerating their neurons in adulthood. (neurosciencenews.com)
Genetic ablation of newly formed neurons in adult mice led to a gradual decrease in the number of granule cells in the olfactory bulb, inhibition of increases in the granule cell number in the dentate gyrus and impairment of behaviors in contextual and spatial memory, which are known to depend on hippocampus. (nih.gov)
The Afrotherian, A. hottentotus, presented unusual cholinergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb and amygdala, and exhibited an unusual foreshortening of the brain, such that a major mesencephalic flexure in the brainstem was evident. (wits.ac.za)

The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as glomeruli such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same olfactory receptor. (wikipedia.org)
The glomeruli layer of the olfactory bulb is the first level of synaptic processing. (wikipedia.org)
The spatial map of the glomeruli layer may be used for perception of odor in the olfactory cortex. (wikipedia.org)
Numerous interneuron types exist in the olfactory bulb including periglomerular cells which synapse within and between glomeruli, and granule cells which synapse with mitral cells. (wikipedia.org)
Alonso J.R. (1996) Segregated distribution of nitric oxide synthase-positive cells in the periglomerular region of typical and atypical olfactory glomeruli. (uv.es)
Aijón, J. (1997) Calcium-binding proteins in the periglomerular region of typical and atypical olfactory glomeruli. (uv.es)
Aijón, J. (1997) Segregated distribution of TH-immunoreactivity in olfactory glomeruli. (uv.es)
Glomeruli are also permeated by dendrites from neurons called mitral cells , which in turn output to the olfactory cortex . (wikidoc.org)
Glomerular interneurons had been also extremely correlated with the ORN inputs but demonstrated higher activation thresholds recommending these neurons are powered by strongly turned on glomeruli. (research-in-field.com)
All sensory axons expressing a particular receptor then converge on ~2 glomeruli in each hemisphere of the olfactory bulb. (harvard.edu)
Progress in understanding the circuitry and information processing in the olfactory system has been hampered, in part, due to imperfect control of odor stimuli and the difficulty in stimulating arbitrary combinations of glomeruli at will. (harvard.edu)
A further complicating factor is the poorly understood topography of sensory inputs to the olfactory bulb - neighboring glomeruli can often be functionally dissimilar. (harvard.edu)
Therefore, we generated transgenic mouse lines that express a light-activated ion channel channelrhodopsin (ChR2) specifically in olfactory sensory neurons, rendering the input layer of the olfactory bulb (glomeruli) optically excitable. (harvard.edu)
Here we identify connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) as a critical factor in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) in determining the efficiency of incorporation of postnatally born inhibitory neurons, thus gating the output of glomeruli, the first relay station of olfactory processing in the brain. (hal.science)
Roux L., Benchenane K., Rothstein J., Bovento G., Giaume C. Plasticity of astroglial networks in the olfactory glomeruli. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

Lowered c-Fos activity in the external plexiform layer and a reduction in the number of dendritic processes of somatostatin-releasing, GABAergic interneurons (SOM-INs) in the ELS mice led us to hypothesise the underlying circuit. (nature.com)
It does not contain many cell bodies, rather mostly dendrites of mitral cells and GABAergic granule cells are also permeated by dendrites from neurons called mitral cells, which in turn output to the olfactory cortex. (wikipedia.org)
The adult mouse subependymal zone (SEZ) harbors neural stem cells that are thought to exclusively generate GABAergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb. (cipsm.de)
Changing the relative number of dopaminergic and GABAergic AOB interneurons or locally introducing DA or GABA receptor antagonists alters kinship preference. (escholarship.org)
Neurogenesis persists in the mammalian subventricular zone after birth, producing various populations of olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons, including GABAergic and mixed dopaminergic/GABAergic (DA) neurons for the glomerular layer. (bvsalud.org)
In Dlx1/2 −/− double mutant mice, the tangential migration of GABAergic interneurons into pallial structures is nearly extinguished and neuronal precursors accumulate in the SVZ of the MGE and CGE (Anderson et al. (biomedcentral.com)

The scientists showed that this neuronal dynamism can enable optimal processing of sensory information by the olfactory bulb. (neurosciencenews.com)
They next observed the neuronal spines, the structure where synapses form, and demonstrated that 20% of the synapses between new and pre-existing neurons were changed on a daily basis - a phenomenon that was also observed in their synaptic partners, the principal olfactory bulb neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
These results suggest that continuous neurogenesis is required for the maintenance and reorganization of the whole interneuron system in the olfactory bulb, the modulation and refinement of the existing neuronal circuits in the dentate gyrus and the normal behaviors involved in hippocampal-dependent memory. (nih.gov)
Neuronal activity has been identified as a key regulator of neuronal network development, but the impact of activity on migration and terminal positioning of interneuron subtypes is poorly understood. (bvsalud.org)
Altogether these findings suggest that neuronal excitability plays a subtype specific role during the late stage of migration of postnatally born OB interneurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT While neuronal activity is a critical factor regulating different aspects of neurogenesis, it has been challenging to study its role during the migration of different neuronal subpopulations. (bvsalud.org)
Changes in CTGF expression levels in the OB led to modifications in local neuronal circuitry and olfactory behaviors. (hal.science)

Tepe B, Hill MC, Pekarek BT, Hunt PJ, Martin TJ, Martin JF, Arenkiel BR " Single-Cell RNA-Seq of Mouse Olfactory Bulb Reveals Cellular Heterogeneity and Activity-Dependent Molecular Census of Adult-Born Neurons . (bcm.edu)

But we also have provided the first evidence that BMDCs can contribute simultaneously to different encephalic areas through different mechanisms of plasticity - cell fusion for Purkinje cells - among the largest and most elaborately dendritic neurons in the human brain - and differentiation for olfactory bulb interneurons. (eurekalert.org)
Our study highlights the dynamic nature of glomerular neurons in response to sensory deprivation and provide valuable insights into the plasticity and adaptability of the olfactory system. (bvsalud.org)
Lukas M, Holthoff K, Egger V (2018) Long-Term Plasticity at the Mitral and Tufted Cell to Granule Cell Synapse of the Olfactory Bulb Investigated with a Custom Multielectrode in Acute Brain Slice Preparation. (uniklinikum-jena.de)

As a neural circuit, the olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input (axons from olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium), and one output (mitral cell axons). (wikipedia.org)
Mitral cells, the principal output neurons of the olfactory bulb, receive direct synaptic activation from primary sensory neurons. (yale.edu)

Olfactory bulb mitral cell granule cell (see Mori 1987 Prog Neurobiol. (modeldb.science)
In order from surface to the center the layers are: Glomerular layer External plexiform layer Mitral cell layer Internal plexiform layer Granule cell layer The olfactory bulb transmits smell information from the nose to the brain, and is thus necessary for a proper sense of smell. (wikipedia.org)
The granule cell layer is the deepest layer in the olfactory bulb. (wikipedia.org)
The Functional Role of Olfactory Bulb Granule Cell Subtypes Derived From Embryonic and Postnatal Neurogenesis. (researchmap.jp)
Shunting inhibitory inputs delivered by granule cell interneurons onto mitral cell lateral dendrites are believed to influence spike timing and underlie coordinated field potential oscillations. (yale.edu)

Using the Cre-LoxP system, the mTOR gene was specifically knocked out in cells expressing Vip (vasoactive intestinal peptide), which represent a major population of interneurons widely distributed in the neocortex, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), olfactory bulb (OB), and other brain regions. (concordia.ca)
Beierlein M, Gibson JR, Connors BW (2000) A network of electrically coupled interneurons drives synchronized inhibition in neocortex. (springer.com)

The external plexiform layer contains astrocytes, interneurons and some mitral cells. (wikipedia.org)
Mitral cells are connected by interneurons known as granule cells , which by some theories produce lateral inhibition between mitral cells. (wikidoc.org)
Six weeks after transplantation, however, more bone marrow-derived microglial cells were observed in the olfactory bulbs of the test animals where the degeneration of mitral cells was still in progress. (eurekalert.org)
Olfactory receptor neurons inputs are conveyed downstream from the OB generally by two populations of projection neurons-mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs). (research-in-field.com)

1998). Dendrodendritic inhibition in the olfactory bulb is driven by NMDA receptors. (modeldb.science)
Dendrodendritic inhibition and simulated odor responses in a detailed olfactory bulb network model. (modeldb.science)
Refinement of odor molecule tuning by dendrodendritic synaptic inhibition in the olfactory bulb. (modeldb.science)
MicrocircuitDB: Lateral dendrodenditic inhibition in the Olfactory Bulb (David et al. (yale.edu)

The next level of synaptic processing in the olfactory bulb occurs in the external plexiform layer, between the glomerular layer and the mitral cell layer. (wikipedia.org)

The scientists spent several months observing the development of neurons formed in adulthood in the olfactory bulbs of mice. (neurosciencenews.com)

The olfactory bulb (Latin: bulbus olfactorius) is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell. (wikipedia.org)
The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction , the perception of odors. (wikidoc.org)
Simoes de Souza FM, Restrepo D. Does miRNA ablation in VIP+ interneurons of the olfactory bulb impair olfaction? (ucdenver.edu)

The main olfactory bulb connects to the amygdala via the piriform cortex of the primary olfactory cortex and directly projects from the main olfactory bulb to specific amygdala areas. (wikipedia.org)

Since each glomerulus receives input from a single type of odorant receptor, each point on the surface of the olfactory bulb has a specific chemical response spectrum. (harvard.edu)

Sensory inputs through the nasal epithelium towards the olfactory bulb (OB) are arranged being a discrete map in the glomerular layer (GL). (research-in-field.com)

The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, which in mammals separates it from the olfactory epithelium, and which is perforated by olfactory nerve axons. (wikipedia.org)
It receives axonal input from the vomeronasal organ , a distinct sensory epithelium from the main olfactory epithelium that detects pheremones, among other chemical stimuli. (wikidoc.org)

2003). In vivo whole-cell recording of odor-evoked synaptic transmission in the rat olfactory bulb. (modeldb.science)

As olfactory bulb (OB) circuitry plays a critical role in odour learning, we studied the plausible changes in the OB of ELS mice. (nature.com)
We reasoned that direct glomerular activation (bypassing smells) might overcome these limitations and enable more detailed studies of functional circuitry in the olfactory bulb and its projection areas. (harvard.edu)

Here, using a genetic labeling method in adult mice, we found that continuous neurogenesis results in the replacement of the majority of granule neurons in the olfactory bulb and a substantial addition of granule neurons to the hippocampal dentate gyrus. (nih.gov)
The physiological variability of channel density in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and interneurons explored using a unified data-driven modeling workflow. (neurotree.org)
Stark E.*, Roux L.*, Eichler R.*, Senzai Y., Royer S., Buzsáki G. (*equal contribution) Pyramidal cell-interneuron interactions underlie hippocampal ripple oscillations. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

By implementing go/no-go odour discrimination paradigm, we observed olfactory learning and memory impairments in early life stressed (ELS) male mice. (nature.com)
Summary: Researchers observe how adult neurons form and evolve in the olfactory bulb of mice. (neurosciencenews.com)
Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and the CNRS were able to make real-time observations over a period of several months that reveal how new adult-born neurons are formed and evolve in the olfactory bulb of mice. (neurosciencenews.com)
This new type of stem cell, and not the one previously known, is primarily involved in the production of new neurons in the olfactory bulb of adult mice. (uni-heidelberg.de)
They were once believed to form the precursor cells that then differentiate in the olfactory bulb of mice into interneurons, nerve cells that modulate stimuli transmission between interconnecting neurons. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Odor-evoked c-Fos responses along the olfactory pathway were abolished in mice lacking mTOR in VIP neurons, which is consistent with reduced olfactory sensitivity in these animals. (concordia.ca)
Mice use ~1000 odorant receptor types in the main olfactory system to probe chemical space. (harvard.edu)
We used these mice to make an exciting discovery about how odors are coded in the olfactory bulb. (harvard.edu)

In vertebrates, odors are sensed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) in the nose, each of which expresses one out of ~1000 odorant receptors. (harvard.edu)

Mammalian olfactory bulb (OB) is a specialised pre-cortical area of the brain that processes smell and can be modulated by the affective states. (nature.com)
In the adult mammalian subventricular zone (SVZ), GFAP-positive neural stem cells (NSCs) generate neuroblasts that migrate tangentially along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) toward the olfactory bulb (OB). (jneurosci.org)

2) mapping functional connectivity of brain circuits, with emphasis on the olfactory system, basal forebrain and hypothalamus. (bcm.edu)
The researchers determined that the basal - and not the apical - stem cells are responsible for the formation of neurons in the olfactory bulb. (uni-heidelberg.de)
In the developing telencephalon, the majority of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons arise from progenitor zones [ventricular (VZ) and subventricular (SVZ) zones] within the lateral, medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (LGE, MGE and CGE, respectively) of the basal ganglia anlage (subpallium). (biomedcentral.com)

In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral (forward) part of the brain, as seen in rats. (wikipedia.org)
Neural stem cells regionalized along the border of the lateral ventricle produce two main subtypes of neural progenitors, granule cells and periglomerular neurons that migrate tangentially in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) before migrating radially in the olfactory bulb (OB) layers. (bvsalud.org)

At cellular level, the telencephalon is populated by a large diversity of neurons, including glutamatergic projection neurons, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-ergic interneurons and projection neurons, as well as cholinergic interneurons and projection neurons. (intechopen.com)

Odor stimulated mTOR activation in the OB, anterior olfactory nucleus, as well as piriform cortex. (concordia.ca)

Therefore, olfactory bulb circuits process the incoming information and send out smell information coded both in the average activity of output cells as well as the precise timing of their spikes. (harvard.edu)

Although it is known that olfactory centres are entwined with limbic brain regions, olfactory dysfunctions under conditions of ELA remain elusive. (nature.com)
In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior (bottom) side of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
By analogy to similar parts of the brain such as the retina, many researchers have focused on how the olfactory bulb filters incoming information from receptor neurons in space, or how it filters incoming information in time. (wikipedia.org)
The olfactory bulb transmits smell information from the nose to the brain, and is thus necessary for a proper sense of smell. (wikidoc.org)
The olfactory bulb also receives massive feedback projections from higher brain areas, which allow "top-down" control of sensory coding. (harvard.edu)
The goal of our team is to identify the network mechanisms underlying the formation of olfactory memory traces across distributed brain regions. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

As a neural circuit, the glomerular layer receives direct input from afferent nerves, made up of the axons from approximately ten million olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa, a region of the nasal cavity. (wikipedia.org)

To prove this, they separately labelled both cell populations and then observed whether labelled neurons turned up in the olfactory bulb. (uni-heidelberg.de)

In adult humans with history of childhood maltreatment, which is a type of ELA, OB volume was reduced by 20% with a concomitant decrease in their olfactory detection thresholds and problems in identifying odours [ 13 ]. (nature.com)
Results-Principal cell activity induces spine relocation of adult-born interneurons in the olfactory bulb. (openaccessjournals.com)

Cavarretta F , Burton SD , Igarashi KM , Shepherd GM , Hines ML , Migliore M . Parallel odor processing by mitral and middle tufted cells in the olfactory bulb. (neurotree.org)

2009 Glomerular interneurons consist of also short-axon cells (SA) developing interglomerular lateral cable connections. (research-in-field.com)

The main olfactory bulb has a multi-layered cellular architecture. (wikipedia.org)
Aijón, J. (1997) Calretinin- and parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat main olfactory bulb do not express NADPH-diaphorase activity. (uv.es)

Aijón, J. (1997) Calretinin immunoreactivity in the developing olfactory system of the rainbow trout. (uv.es)
It is the second processing stage of the accessory olfactory system . (wikidoc.org)
Simoes de Souza FM, Restrepo D. Unraveling the role of oxytocin in social behaviours mediated by the olfactory system. (ucdenver.edu)
The computations performed by a neural system such as the olfactory bulb are constrained by its architecture. (harvard.edu)

While olfactory sensory activity is a major factor controlling the integration of new neurons, its impact on specific subtypes is not well understood. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy52

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Accessory olfactory bulb9

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Mouse olfactory bulb1

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Neurons of the olfactory2

Granule cell5

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